Combined assessment of lysine and N-acetyl cadaverine levels assist as a potential biomarker of the smoker periodontitis.

Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition of supporting structures of teeth leading to attachment and bone loss. Cigarette smoking is the single most important and modifiable risk factor with 5 to 20-fold susceptibility for periodontal diseases. Reverse smoking is a peculiar habit of smoking where the lit end is kept inside the mouth, which is predominant in the northern coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh. Polyamines are biologically active amines involved in tissue regeneration and modulation of inflammation. The study aimed to evaluate polyamines and check their utility as a marker in detection of periodontitis among different groups. Total polyamine levels showed significant increase in reverse smokers with periodontitis when compared to the other groups. Qualitative analysis by thin layer chromatography showed three polyamine bands with varying intensity among the different groups. Mass spectrometric and NMR analyses of the three bands identified them as N1, N8-diacetyl spermidine, N-acetyl cadaverine and lysine. Most significantly elevated levels of lysine was observed in the smoker and reverse smoker periodontitis groups when compared to healthy and non-smoker periodontitis groups. The significantly elevated levels of N-acetyl cadaverine could be responsible for the more destruction of periodontium in the reverse smoker group. Antioxidant potential decreased significantly in different smoker periodontitis groups. The present study suggests that the quantitative analysis of salivary polyamines, lysine and N-acetyl cadaverine can aid as an easy noninvasive diagnostic method for assessing the periodontal status, especially in smokers.

Bivoltine cocoon color sex-limited breeds of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) show enhanced economic performance and fecundity following spermidine supplementation.

Sericulture has immense economic significance. Separating male and female silkworm pupae for egg production in grainage is a laborious task; hence, sex-limited breeds for cocoon color are advantageous for this process. The major constraint in sex-limited breeds is their low fecundity. Sex-limited female moths lay a lower number of eggs than nonsex-limited breeds. Polyamine, spermidine was shown to improve fecundity in several organisms, including the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. In the present study, cocoon color sex-limited breeds, HTO2SL, APS27SL, and SLFC27, were selected and fed with spermidine to improve fecundity and nutritional efficiency. The fifth-instar silkworm larvae of the selected breeds were subjected to standard rearing conditions with and without spermidine supplementation up to spinning. The spermidine-supplemented sex-limited breeds exhibited a significant increase in fecundity, nutritional indices, and economic parameters compared with the control sex-limited breeds. Among the 3 sex-limited breeds tested, the performance of APS27SL improved significantly.

Thermal tolerance role of novel polyamine, caldopentamine, identified in fifth instar Bombyx mori.

Silkworms have limited ability to regulate their body temperature; therefore, environmental changes, such as global warming, can adversely affect their viability. Polyamines have shown protection to various organisms against heat stress. This study evaluated the qualitative and quantitative changes in heat-stressed Bombyx mori larvae polyamines. Fifth instar Bombyx mori larvae were divided into two groups; control group, reared at room temperature, i.e., 28 ± 2 °C, and the heat shock group, exposed to 40 °C. Dansylation of the whole worm polyamines and subsequent thin-layer chromatography revealed the presence of components with the same Rf value as dansyl-putrescine, spermidine, and spermine. The dansyl-putrescine, spermidine, and spermine polyamines were identified by mass spectrometric analyses. After heat shock, the thin-layer chromatography of the whole-larvae tissue extracts showed qualitative and quantitative changes in dansylated polyamines. A new polyamine, caldopentamine, was identified, which showed elevated levels in heat-stressed larvae. This polyamine could play a role in helping the larvae tolerate various stress, including thermal stress. No significant changes in silk fiber's economic and mechanical properties were observed in our study. This study indicated that PA, caldopentamine, supplementation could improve heat-stress tolerance in Bombyx mori.

Spermidine alleviates heat shock and promotes the growth of Bombyx mori.

Silkworms have limited ability to regulate their body temperature upon exposure to varying atmospheric temperatures. Environmental changes, such as global warming, adversely affect silkworm viability. Spermidine, a polyamine, protects various organisms against heat stress. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of spermidine on the thermotolerance of Bombyx mori larvae. 5th instar Bombyx mori larvae were divided into the control and spermidine groups and reared at 28 ± 1 °C and 80%-85% relative humidity. To induce heat stress, the larvae were exposed to various temperatures 32 °C, 36 °C, and 40 °C for 1 h on day 5 and subsequently allowed to recover at 28 ± 1 °C. Growth characteristics were evaluated by examining larval viability and quantifying proteins and carbohydrates. The thermotolerance of the spermidine group was higher than that of the control group at 40 °C heat stress conditions. The spermidine feeding increased the protein content and reduced the carbohydrate content significantly under heat stress condition. For the first time, this study demonstrated that spermidine alleviated thermal stress by enhancing the nutritional indices and antioxidant potential of the Bombyx mori larvae. A significant increase in economic properties was observed in spermidine fed groups. Thus, foliar feeding of spermidine to B. mori larvae markedly improved silkworm thermotolerance.