Amalgamation of nanotechnology with chicken IgY to enrich therapeutic and diagnostic applications: a systematic review.

Aim: The article explores the possibility of using nanoparticles and IgY technology together for biosensing and antibody delivery to fight mammalian infections. The use of IgG in passive immunotherapy has drawbacks; however, nanoparticles and IgY technology offer new opportunities for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Methods: The primary selection of reports was based on the title and abstract, and potential studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria such as nanoparticle/nanomaterials and IgY, studies that have employed nanoparticles-IgY for diagnostic and therapeutic applications and animal experiments. Results: Nanoparticle-IgY conjugates have great potential in diagnostics and therapeutics, but translation of nanotechnology-based IgY technology from laboratory settings to clinical setup is still a challenge. As science advances, nanoimmunotherapy can be explored in modern-day medicine.

The human body makes proteins, called antibodies, that fight germs. Scientists use chickens and their eggs to make these proteins for treating diseases. If antibodies are used to treat diseases in the stomach, they can get damaged, but they can be protected with nanoparticles. They protect the proteins from degradation and deliver them safely to the target place. Thus, scientists use this combination to treat infections. The same combination also helps detect the germs.

Passive immunotherapy using chicken egg yolk antibody (IgY) against diarrheagenic E. coli: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Animal diarrhea due to diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) has been a major concern in the field of livestock farming leading to a severe loss of domesticated animals. This systematic review aims to analyze medical shreds of evidence available in the literature and to discover the effect of IgY in treatment and protection against E. coli diarrhea. METHODS AND RESULTS: Research reports that aimed to evaluate the effect of IgY against E. coli diarrhea were searched and collected from several databases (Science Direct, Springer link, Wiley, T&F). The collected studies were screened based on the inclusion criteria. 19 studies were identified and included in the meta-analysis. The pooled relative risk ratios were calculated for the studies and found to be statistically significant to support the therapeutic effect of IgY against E. coli diarrhea but the 95% confidence interval of a majority of studies includes a relative risk of 1. This variability between the effect of IgY in the overall estimate and individual studies accounts due to the presence of methodological heterogeneity. In addition, subgroup analysis revealed the grounds for heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review and meta-analysis provide concrete evidence for the favorable effect of IgY as a prophylactic and therapeutic modality against E. coli diarrhea. Yet, more research pieces of evidence with standardized animal studies aimed to utilize IgY against E. coli are vital. Further studies and trials on human subjects could open new perspectives in the application IgY as a therapeutic agent.

Antibody therapy against antibiotic-resistant diarrheagenic Escherichia coli: a systematic review.

Over four billion episodes of diarrhea occur annually in developing countries with diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) outbreaks also being reported, until now bacterial diarrhea is conventionally addressed by the antibiotic treatment regimes. In recent decades, the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant strains has become a major obstacle in diarrheal treatment; hence, novel and ideal therapeutics are needed. Notably, 80% of DEC is resistant to first-class antibiotics. Among the existing strategies, passive immunization is considered as an alternative to combat drug-resistant bacteria. Antibodies specific to an antigen can be used for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes. In this review, we have systematically discussed the effect of passive immunotherapy to combat DEC and explored the types and advancements in antibodies used against antibiotic-resistant DEC.

Antibody Mimetics, Peptides, and Peptidomimetics.

In spite of their widespread applications as therapeutic, diagnostic, and detection agents, the limitations of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies have enthused scientists to plan for next-generation biomedical agents, the so-called antibody mimetics, which offer many advantages compared to traditional antibodies. Antibody mimetics could be designed through protein-directed evolution or fusion of complementarity-determining regions with intervening framework regions. In the recent decade, extensive progress has been made in exploiting human, butterfly (Pieris brassicae), and bacterial systems to design and select mimetics using display technologies. Notably, some of the mimetics have made their way to market. Numerous limitations lie ahead in developing mimetics for different biomedical usage, particularly for which conventional antibodies are ineffective. This chapter presents a brief overview of the current characteristics, construction, and applications of antibody mimetics.

Preparation of chicken IgY against recombinant E2 protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and development of ELISA and ICA for BVDV detection.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infects cattle and may lead to persistent infection (PI). The PI animals harbor BVDV throughout their life and become immune tolerant against BVDV. Thus, diagnosis of this virus in herd is highly important. Recombinant E2 protein expression (using pET-32a in Escherichia coli) was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting; then purified by Ni+ affinity chromatography. Chickens were immunized with BVDV-E2 protein, and IgY antibodies were extracted from egg yolk by PEG-6000. The peak titer of anti-BVDV-E2-IgY was 1:128,000 after the fifth immunization. IgY-based enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) and immunochromatographic assay (ICA) were further developed. Coincidence of ELISA and ICA test with RT-PCR was 95.45 and 90.91%, respectively. The anti-BVDV-E2 IgY could be used in routine screening of BVDV infection. Besides, it can also be applicable while licensing and/or using live vaccines; screening of imported products containing bovine serum and strong surveillance of BVDV outbreaks.

Effect of passive immunotherapy against Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review aimed to determine the effect of antibody therapy against Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) using meta-analysis. In total, 28 studies (animals - 12; human - 17) were identified from the database on the basis of inclusion criteria; then selected studies were systematically reviewed and statistically analyzed. In animal experiments, the pooled relative risk of eight potential studies suggested that the antibody treatment could reduce the risk of CDI. However, the methodological heterogeneity was moderately higher. In human subjects, the majority of reports demonstrated the beneficial effect of passive immunotherapy against CDI. However, this systematic review and meta-analysis recommends that more intensive controlled studies are indispensable for legitimate confirmation.

Affinity purification of egg yolk immunoglobulins (IgY) using a human mycoplasma protein.

Egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) is a superior functional equivalent to mammalian IgG. However, the preparation of refined and highly purified IgY is still attributed as difficult task. Protein M (a transmembrane protein from human mycoplasma) has been newly demonstrated as an ideal affinity regent for mammalian antibody purification. This study aimed to evaluate the interaction between protein M and IgY. The results showed protein M could be a superior affinity reagent for IgY, scFv as well as IgYΔFc, based on pull down and western blot investigations; in addition, it was found that ∼125 times increase of effective IgY in the elutent was obtained using protein M affinity chromatography column compared with traditional IgY extraction methods. This indicates, the purification strategy of protein M is entirely different to traditional IBPs and the salient purification feature of protein M would be a breakthrough for purifying not only non-mammalian antibodies, but also monoclonal antibodies and engineered antibodies based on variable region.

Quantitative Investigation on Correlation Between IgG and FcRn During Gestation and Lactating Periods in Rat.

PROBLEM: IgG is transformed from maternal serum into the offspring as passive immunization by FcRn expressed in placenta and/or infant intestine. This study aimed to investigate the quantitative correlation between IgG and FcRn during gestation and lactating periods in rat. METHOD OF STUDY: ELISA was performed to determine the variation of maternal and offspring IgG. Western blot and RT-qPCR were carried out to characterize FcRn expression in placenta and infant intestine. RESULTS: Maternal serum IgG appeared higher in first 2 weeks of lactation. The embryo IgG was in accordance with the FcRn expression in placenta. During the post-natal, the serum IgG concentration in feta was obviously lower than maternal IgG on day 0 before uptaking colostrums and rapidly increased on day 1. CONCLUSION: These findings would provide clues for the endogenous transportation and exogenous administration of IgG for a better IgG intervention in offspring.

Effect of chicken egg yolk antibodies (IgY) against diarrhea in domesticated animals: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: IgY antibodies are serum immunoglobulin in birds, reptiles and amphibians, and are transferred from serum to egg yolk to confer passive immunity to their embryos and offspring. Currently, the oral passive immunization using chicken IgY has been focused as an alternative to antibiotics for the treatment and control of diarrhea in animals and humans. This systematic review was focused to determine the effect of IgY in controlling and preventing diarrhea in domesticated animals including Piglets, Mice, Poultry and Calves. METHODS AND RESULTS: Previous research reports focused on treatment effect of Chicken IgY against diarrhea were retrieved from different electronic data bases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, SPRINGER-LINK, WILEY, AGRICOLA, MEDWELL Journals, Scientific Publish, Chinese articles from Core periodicals in 2012). A total of 61 studies in 4 different animal classes met the inclusion criteria. Data on study characteristics and outcome measures were extracted. The pooled relative risk (RR) of 49 studies of different animals [Piglets--22; Mice--14; Poultry--7 and Calves--6] in meta-analyses revealed that, IgY significantly reduced the risk of diarrhea in treatment group when compare to the placebo. However, the 95% confidence intervals of the majority of studies in animal class piglets and calves embrace RR of one. The same results were obtained in sub group analyses (treatment regiment--prophylactic or therapeutic; pathogen type--bacterial or viral). Perhaps, this inconsistency in the effect of IgY at the individual study level and overall effect measures could be influenced by the methodological heterogeneity. CONCLUSION: The present systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis demonstrated the beneficial effect of IgY. This supports the opinion that IgY is useful for prophylaxis and treatment. However, more intensive studies using the gold standard animal experiments with the focus to use IgY alone or in combination with other alternative strategies are indispensable.