RESUMEN
There is evidence that elite soccer players live longer than general population, but there is no information on soccer coaches and referees. We aimed to analyze the longevity of both professionals, comparing them with soccer players and with general population. In this retrospective cohort study, a total of 328 male Spanish soccer coaches, 287 referees, and 1230 soccer players, all born before 1950, were divided in two cohorts, matched 2:1 with coaches and referees. We compared the survival of the cohorts with the Kaplan-Meier estimator and significance with the log-rank test. We calculated hazard ratios of death for coaches and referees compared with male Spanish general population of the same period. Differences in survival among cohorts were found, but they did not reach statistical significance. The estimated median survival time was 80.1 years (95% CI 77.7-82.4) for referees, 78 years (95% CI 76.6-79.3) for coaches, 78.8 years (95% CI 77.6-80) for referees matched with players, and 76.6 years (95% CI 75.3-77.9) for coaches matched with players. Both coaches and referees had lower mortality than general population, but this advantage disappeared after 80 years of age. We found no differences in longevity among Spanish elite soccer referees, coaches and players born before 1950. Both coaches and referees had lower mortality than general population, but this advantage disappeared after 80 years of age.
Asunto(s)
Fútbol , Humanos , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , LongevidadRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Stressful situations may have a negative effect on population's mental health, including impaired sleep quality. Thus, we analysed the effect on sleep during the confinement due to the COVID-19 outbreak, in a Galicia population sample, measuring subjective sleep satisfaction, and insomnia intensity and incidence. METHODS: Through an adapted questionnaire from the Cuestionario Oviedo de Sueño, distributed telematically and printed, using a convenience sampling in Galicia, we compared sleep situation, before and during the first two weeks of confinement for COVID-19. We compared the results of the questionnaire before and during confinement with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and McNemar's test. RESULTS: In 451 analysed subjects, there was about half point decrease in sleep satisfaction (in a 1 to 7 scale), three points increase in insomnia score (9 to 45 scale) and an increase from 23.1 to 36.3% in the insomnia incidence (p<0.001 for all the comparisons). There existed less affectation in the insomnia incidence in elderly above 65 years (from 21.7 to 26.1%, p=1) and in subjects that telecommuted (unchanged 28.1% incidence, p=1). In a post-hoc analysis of a health workers subgroup, sleep affectation was similar to that of others workers. CONCLUSIONS: Confinement situation in COVID-19 outbreak context in our environment has caused important alterations in the population's sleep quality, increasing the symptoms and incidence of insomnia.
OBJETIVO: Las situaciones de estrés pueden tener repercusiones sobre la salud mental de la población, que pueden incluir alteraciones en la calidad del sueño. Por ello analizamos el efecto sobre el sueño durante el confinamiento por la pandemia del COVID-19 en una muestra de población española, midiendo la satisfacción subjetiva con el sueño, y la intensidad e incidencia de insomnio. METODOS: Mediante un cuestionario adaptado a partir del Cuestionario Oviedo de Sueño, distribuido de forma telemática e impresa, a través de un muestreo de conveniencia en Galicia, se comparó la situación del sueño en la población, antes y durante los primeros quince días del confinamiento por el COVID-19. La comparación de los resultados del cuestionario antes y durante el confinamiento se realizó con la prueba de rangos con signo de Wilcoxon y el test de McNemar. RESULTADOS: En los 451 sujetos analizados, se encontró una disminución de medio punto en la satisfacción del sueño (en una escala de 1 a 7), un incremento de tres puntos en la puntuación de insomnio (escala de 9 a 45) y un incremento del 23,1 al 36,3% en la incidencia de insomnio (p<0,001 para todas las comparaciones). Existió menor afectación en la incidencia de insomnio en los mayores de 65 años (pasó del 21,7 al 26,1%, p=1), y en los sujetos que se encontraban realizando teletrabajo (se mantuvo en el 28,1%, p=1). En un análisis post-hoc de un subgrupo de personal sanitario, la afectación del sueño fue similar a la de otros trabajadores. CONCLUSIONES: La situación de confinamiento en el contexto de la pandemia del COVID-19 en nuestro entorno ha provocado alteraciones importantes en la calidad del sueño de la población, incrementando los síntomas y la incidencia de insomnio.