Financial Toxicity in Relation to Childbirth.

OBJECTIVE: To measure change in financial toxicity from pregnancy to the postpartum period and to identify factors associated with this change. DESIGN: Repeated cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Obstetric clinics at an academic medical center in Massachusetts between May 2020 and May 2022. PARTICIPANTS: Obstetric patients who were 18 years of age or older (N = 242). METHODS: Respondents completed surveys that included the Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity tool during pregnancy and in the postpartum period. We collected additional medical record data, including gestational age, birth weight, and cesarean birth. We used paired t tests to assess changes in financial toxicity before and after childbirth and one-way analysis of variance to compare average change in financial toxicity by demographic and medical variables. RESULTS: The mean current financial toxicity score was significantly lower after childbirth (M = 19.0, SD = 4.6) than during pregnancy (M = 21.8, SD = 5.4), t(241) = 13.31, p < .001. Concern for future financial toxicity was not significantly different after childbirth (M = 8.5, SD = 2.9) compared to during pregnancy (M = 8.2, SD = 3.0), t(241) = -1.80, p = .07. Individual-level sociodemographic variables (e.g., racial/ethnic category, insurance, employment) and medical factors (e.g., cesarean birth, preterm birth) were not associated with change in financial toxicity. CONCLUSION: Among respondents, financial toxicity worsened after childbirth, and patients are at risk regardless of their individual socioeconomic and medical conditions.

Invasion risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in situ by histological subtype: a retrospective cohort study.

AIMS: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCCis) can be classified histopathologically into four subtypes: full-thickness (FT), hypertrophic actinic keratosis (HAK), Bowenoid, and acantholytic types. 3%-5% of SCCis lesions progress to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (iSCC), however progression risk by subtype has not been assessed. Aim one of this study is to quantitatively assess the risk of iSCC associated with each histological subtype of SCCis. Aim two is to evaluate if the histological grade of iSCC differs among subtypes of the associated SCCis. METHODS: The pathology information system at our institution was queried for cutaneous SCCis cases with and without associated iSCC from 2020 to 2022. The study group consisted of 65 cases of SCCis with associated iSCC and control group 65 randomly selected cases of SCCis without invasion. For each case SCCis subtype was classified as FT, HAK, Bowenoid or acantholytic type. iSCCs were classified as low grade if well to moderately differentiated (LG) and high grade (HG) if moderately to poorly differentiated. RESULTS: iSCC was most often associated with HAK-type SCCis, followed by acantholytic and FT-type SCCis, with Bowenoid type rarely associated with iSCC. 41% (14/34) of iSCCs associated with HAK-type SCCis were HG compared with 84% (21/25) for FT-type SCCis. CONCLUSIONS: iSCC is most often associated with HAK-type SCCis, followed by acantholytic and FT-types, and rarely with Bowenoid type. HG invasive SCC is most often associated with FT-type, and LG with HAK-type SCCis. Stratifying SCCis by subtype can inform clinical management.

The potential use of artificial intelligence for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and management: clinician and healthcare informatician perspectives.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the leading cause of preventable death in hospitalized patients. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) can support guidelines recommending an individualized approach to risk assessment and prophylaxis. We conducted electronic surveys asking clinician and healthcare informaticians about their perspectives on AI/ML for VTE prevention and management. Of 101 respondents to the informatician survey, most were 40 years or older, male, clinicians and data scientists, and had performed research on AI/ML. Of the 607 US-based respondents to the clinician survey, most were 40 years or younger, female, physicians, and had never used AI to inform clinical practice. Most informaticians agreed that AI/ML can be used to manage VTE (56.0%). Over one-third were concerned that clinicians would not use the technology (38.9%), but the majority of clinicians believed that AI/ML probably or definitely can help with VTE prevention (70.1%). The most common concern in both groups was a perceived lack of transparency (informaticians 54.4%; clinicians 25.4%). These two surveys revealed that key stakeholders are interested in AI/ML for VTE prevention and management, and identified potential barriers to address prior to implementation.

High CD34-positive cell dose in matched unrelated donor allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant is not associated with graft-versus-host disease or mortality.

BACKGROUND: CD34+ stem cells serve as the primary graft source for allogeneic transplants, with a minimum of 2-4 × 106 cells/kg needed for engraftment. There are conflicting data on outcomes at high stem cell doses, with studies limited by few patients receiving doses far above the minimum target. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In this retrospective, single-center study of patients with hematologic malignancies who underwent matched unrelated donor transplants, we assessed outcomes for engraftment, survival, relapse, and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) for the highest CD34+ dose quintile (>13 × 106 cells/kg, n = 36) compared to the remaining patients (n = 139). Similar analysis was performed correlating T cell dose and outcomes. RESULTS: There was no difference between the groups in neutrophil engraftment, with a trend toward faster platelet engraftment. There was no significant difference in mortality (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] = 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.85-1.22), relapse (aRR = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.85-1.42), or overall survival by Kaplan-Meier analysis (p = .44). High CD34+ dose was not associated with higher incidence of acute GVHD (aRR = 0.99 grades II-IV, aRR = 1.18 grades III-IV) or chronic GVHD (aRR = 0.87 overall, RR = 1.21 severe). There was limited correlation between CD34+ and T cell dose (R2 = .073), and there was no significant difference in survival, relapse, or GVHD in the highest T cell dose quintile (n = 33) compared to the remaining quintiles (n = 132). DISCUSSION: We found no difference in survival, relapse, or GVHD incidence or severity in patients receiving CD34+ doses above prior cutoffs reported in the literature. These data do not support the routine use of graft CD34+ dose reduction.

Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate concentrations in patients with and without the use of antiseizure medications.

OBJECTIVES: To measure plasma concentrations of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) in users with epilepsy treated with antiseizure medications and compare these to MPA concentrations in those without epilepsy. STUDY DESIGN: For this multisite cross-sectional study, we obtained a single blood sample from those with epilepsy treated with various antiseizure medications (n = 18) within the week before their next depot medroxyprogesterone injection. Among the participants without epilepsy (n = 20), 10 similarly were scheduled within the week prior to the next injection, and 10 were scheduled at earlier intervals to attempt to balance the time intervals between groups. MPA concentrations were determined by a validated assay. RESULTS: MPA concentrations were similar among those with epilepsy and controls and between groups with and without the use of enzyme-inducing medications. The lowest MPA concentrations, under 0.07 ng/mL, were observed among two of eight using enzyme-inducing antiseizure medications, one of 10 using noninducing medications, and one of 19 controls had concentrations below 0.2 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS: In this exploratory study, lower MPA concentrations in some participants using enzyme-inducing antiseizure medications suggest a potential interaction that could reduce depot medroxyprogesterone efficacy.

Rethinking the consultation paradigm: Validity evidence for a new framework, a multimethods study.

BACKGROUND: In-hospital consultation is essential for patient care. We previously proposed a framework of seven specific consultation types to classify consult requests to improve communication, workflow, and provider satisfaction. METHODS: This multimethods study's aim was to evaluate the applicability of the consult classification framework to real internal medicine (IM) consults. We sought validity evidence using Kane's validity model with focus groups and classifying consult requests from five IM specialties. Participants attended five 1 h semi-structured focus groups that were recorded, transcribed, and coded for thematic saturation. For each specialty, three specialists and three hospitalists categorized 100 (total 500) random anonymized consult requests. The primary outcome was concordance in the classification of consult requests, defined as the sum of partial concordance and perfect concordance, where respectively 4-5/6 and 6/6 participants classified a consult in the same category. We used χ2 tests to compare concordance rates across specialties and between specialists and hospitalists. RESULTS: Five major themes were identified in the qualitative analysis of the focus groups: (1) consult question, (2) interpersonal interactions, (3) value, (4) miscommunication, (5) consult framework application, barriers, and iterative development. In the quantitative analysis, the overall concordance rate was 88.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 85.7-91.4), and perfect concordance was 46.6% (95% CI: 42.2-51.1). Concordance differed significantly between hospitalists and specialists overall (p = .01), with a higher proportion of hospitalists having perfect concordance compared to specialists (67.2% vs. 57.8%, p = .002). CONCLUSIONS: The consult classification framework was found to be applicable to consults from five different IM specialties, and could improve communication and education.

Palliative Medicine Fellows' Discussions, Perceptions, and Training Regarding Medical Cannabis.

CONTEXT: Medical cannabis is increasingly considered for palliation of pain, nausea/vomiting, anorexia, and other symptoms. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine whether training in hospice and palliative medicine (HPM) adequately prepares fellows to counsel patients about medical cannabis. METHODS: A previously validated questionnaire was adapted for HPM fellows. Domains included fellows' practices recommending cannabis and their knowledge of its effectiveness and risks compared with standard treatments. U.S. HPM fellowships were sent surveys in 2022 and 2023. RESULTS: Forty six programs participated, 123 fellows responded (response rate of 42%) including 69% female; 55% White, and 28% Asian. Of respondents, 65% reported receiving formal training regarding medical cannabis; 57% reported discussing medical cannabis with over five patients; 23% recommended medical cannabis to more than five patients in the preceding year. Only 19%, however, felt sufficiently informed to issue cannabis-related recommendations. HPM fellows with prior training were not more likely to feel sufficiently informed to discuss cannabis (RR: 1.17; 95% CI: 0.82-1.66) or to recommend cannabis to patients (RR: 2.05, 95% CI: 0.89-4.71). Fellows rate cannabis as equally or more effective than conventional treatments for the following symptoms: anorexia/cachexia (63%), nausea/vomiting (43%), pain (25%), and neuropathic pain (21%). CONCLUSION: Most HPM fellows report formal training in the use of medical cannabis. Over half of trainees reported discussing medical cannabis with patients, but few considered themselves sufficiently informed to make cannabis-related clinical recommendations. These results suggest both a need for expanded high-quality evidence for medical cannabis in palliative care and for improved formal education for HPM fellows.

Defining the Educational Needs for a Community-Based Hematology/Oncology Career: A National Needs Assessment.

PURPOSE: Little is known about the specific needs during training for hematology/oncology providers practicing in community-based settings. We conducted a national survey of hematologists/oncologists employed in community or academic-community hybrid settings to delineate their educational needs. METHODS: An electronic questionnaire was developed and distributed nationally through professional organizations. We primarily assessed whether survey participants received any specific training during fellowship for community-based practice. Participants were also surveyed regarding training experiences that might have affected their preparation. Relative risk (RR) and 95% CI were calculated using modified Poisson regression to identify factors associated with receiving training specifically for community-based settings. RESULTS: Of 125 participants from across 25 states, 63% were male and 58% identified as White. Less than half (41.6%, binomial 95% CI, 32.8 to 50.7) received any training in a community-based setting. Participants identified rotations in community settings (47%), direct mentorship from community-based physicians (40%), and longitudinal clinic in a community setting (36%) as experiences that would have been valuable. Specific curricula of interest included medical operations and administration (63%), health policy (35%), and quality improvement (27%). Respondents in clinical practice for <10 years were more likely to have received any training specifically for a community-based career (RR, 2.13 [95% CI, 1.18 to 3.86]). CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates substantial unmet needs as they relate to deliberately training fellows destined for community-based careers. Prospective design of clinical training and curricula emphasizing longitudinal exposures to and key aspects of health care delivery in the community setting are paramount to achieving optimal goal-concordant hematology/oncology training during fellowship.

Facilitating positive birth experience when preferences are not met: A qualitative analysis.

INTRODUCTION: High-quality health systems rely on care that centers on patient preferences. Realization of patient preferences can improve the birth experience. However, in the dynamic setting of birth, birth preferences can diverge from what is medically indicated. Through studying women and birthing peoples' experiences of unplanned labor procedures, we aimed to identify ways in which practitioners can support women and birthing people through unexpected or unwanted aspects of their delivery. Specifically, we focused on labor induction. METHODS: In one large US academic center, women and birthing people participated in prenatal and postpartum surveys regarding their desires, expectations, and experiences of labor induction. From April to November 2021, participants were eligible if they showed discordance between having labor induction and whether it was initially wanted or expected. Interviews focused on attitudes toward birth preferences and outcomes, with attention to discordances. We analyzed interviews through a modified grounded theory approach. RESULTS: Of 22 participants, our sample was predominantly white (91%). Participants in this sample reported discordance between wanting and experiencing (73%) and/or expecting and experiencing (54%) an induction. We identified two themes: "Discordance without mitigation is perceived as a negative experience" and "Practitioner interaction can buffer against negative experience" which includes three ways in which participants prefer support in instances of discordance: preparation, communication, and care and comfort. These methods of support foster patient autonomy and can lead to positive patient experiences. CONCLUSIONS: While medical systems should work to support patient preferences, our results suggest that patients can still have positive birth experiences, even when preferences are not fulfilled. Early practitioner preparation, positive communication, and responsive care and comfort may help to improve patient birth experience when challenges arise.

Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for hospitalized adult patients: a survey of US health care providers on attitudes and practices.

Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a leading cause of preventable mortality among hospitalized patients, but appropriate risk assessment and thromboprophylaxis remain underutilized or misapplied. Objectives: We conducted an electronic survey of US health care providers to explore attitudes, practices, and barriers related to thromboprophylaxis in adult hospitalized patients and at discharge. Results: A total of 607 US respondents completed the survey: 63.1% reported working in an academic hospital, 70.7% identified as physicians, and hospital medicine was the most frequent specialty (52.1%). The majority of respondents agreed that VTE prophylaxis is important (98.8%; 95% CI: 97.6%-99.5%) and that current measures are safe (92.6%; 95% CI: 90.2%-94.5%) and effective (93.8%; 95% CI: 91.6%-95.6%), but only half (52.0%; 95% CI: 47.9%-56.0%) believed that hospitalized patients at their institution are on appropriate VTE prophylaxis almost all the time. One-third (35.4%) reported using a risk assessment model (RAM) to determine VTE prophylaxis need; 44.9% reported unfamiliarity with RAMs. The most common recommendation for improving rates of appropriate thromboprophylaxis was to leverage technology. A majority of respondents (84.5%) do not reassess a patient's need for VTE prophylaxis at discharge, and a minority educates patients about the risk (16.2%) or symptoms (18.9%) of VTE at discharge. Conclusion: Despite guideline recommendations to use RAMs, the majority of providers in our survey do not use them. A majority of respondents believed that technology could help improve VTE prophylaxis rates. A majority of respondents do not reassess the risk of VTE at discharge or educate patients about this risk of VTE at discharge.

Ablative radiotherapy improves survival but does not cure autochthonous mouse models of prostate and colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of cancer are powerful tools to study mechanisms of disease progression and therapy response, yet little is known about how these models respond to multimodality therapy used in patients. Radiation therapy (RT) is frequently used to treat localized cancers with curative intent, delay progression of oligometastases, and palliate symptoms of metastatic disease. METHODS: Here we report the development, testing, and validation of a platform to immobilize and target tumors in mice with stereotactic ablative RT (SART). Xenograft and autochthonous tumor models were treated with hypofractionated ablative doses of radiotherapy. RESULTS: We demonstrate that hypofractionated regimens used in clinical practice can be effectively delivered in mouse models. SART alters tumor stroma and the immune environment, improves survival in GEMMs of primary prostate and colorectal cancer, and synergizes with androgen deprivation in prostate cancer. Complete pathologic responses were achieved in xenograft models, but not in GEMMs. CONCLUSIONS: While SART is capable of fully ablating xenografts, it is unable to completely eradicate disease in GEMMs, arguing that resistance to potentially curative therapy can be modeled in GEMMs.

Mice can be used to model the types of cancer seen in people to investigate the effects of cancer therapies, such as radiation. Here, we apply radiation therapy treatments that are able to cure cancer in humans to mice that have cancer of the prostate or colorectum. We show that the mice do not experience many side effects and that the tumours reduce in size, but in some cases show progression after treatment. Our study demonstrates that mice can be used to better understand how human cancers respond to radiation treatment, which can lead to the development of improved treatments and treatment schedules.

Progestin intrauterine devices versus copper intrauterine devices for emergency contraception.

BACKGROUND: The copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD) is a highly effective method of contraception that can also be used for emergency contraception (EC). It is the most effective form of EC, and is more effective than other existing oral regimens also used for EC. The Cu-IUD provides the unique benefit of providing ongoing contraception after it is inserted for EC; however, uptake of this intervention has been limited. Progestin IUDs are a popular method of long-acting, reversible contraception. If these devices were also found to be effective for EC, they would provide a critical additional option for women. These IUDs could not only provide EC and ongoing contraception, but additional non-contraceptive benefits, including a reduction in menstrual bleeding, cancer prevention, and pain management. OBJECTIVES: To examine the safety and effectiveness of progestin-containing IUDs for emergency contraception, compared with copper-containing IUDs, or compared with dedicated oral hormonal methods. SEARCH METHODS: We considered all randomized controlled trials and non-randomized studies of interventions that compared outcomes for individuals seeking a levonorgestrel IUD (LNG-IUD) for EC to a Cu-IUD or dedicated oral EC method. We considered full-text studies, conference abstracts, and unpublished data. We considered studies irrespective of their publication status and language of publication. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included studies comparing progestin IUDs with copper-containing IUDs, or oral EC methods for emergency contraception. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We systematically searched nine medical databases, two trials registries, and one gray literature site. We downloaded all titles and abstracts retrieved by electronic searching to a reference management database, and removed duplicates. Three review authors independently screened titles, abstracts, and full-text reports to determine studies eligible for inclusion. We followed standard Cochrane methodology to assess risk of bias, and analyze and interpret the data. We used GRADE methodology to assess the certainty of the evidence. MAIN RESULTS: We included only one relevant study (711 women); a randomized, controlled, non-inferiority trial comparing LNG-IUDs to Cu-IUDs for EC, with a one-month follow-up. With one study, the evidence was very uncertain for the difference in pregnancy rates, failed insertion rates, expulsion rates, removal rates and the difference in the acceptability of the IUDs. There was also uncertain evidence suggesting the Cu-IUD may slightly increase rates of cramping and the LNG-IUD may slightly increase bleeding and spotting days.  AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This review is limited in its ability to provide definitive evidence regarding the LNG-IUD's equivalence, superiority, or inferiority to the Cu-IUD for EC. Only one study was identified in the review, which had possible risks of bias related to randomization and rare outcomes. Additional studies are needed to provide definitive evidence related to the effectiveness of the LNG-IUD for EC.

Financial toxicity in pregnancy and postpartum.

INTRODUCTION: The financial burden of pregnancy in the United States can be high and is associated with worse mental health and birth outcomes. Research on the financial burden of health care, such as the development of the COmprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity (COST) tool, has been conducted primarily among patients with cancer. This study aimed to validate the COST tool and use it to measure financial toxicity and its impacts among obstetric patients. METHODS: We used survey and medical record data from obstetric patients at a large medical center in the United States. We validated the COST tool using common factor analysis. We used linear regression to identify risk factors for financial toxicity and to investigate associations between financial toxicity and patient outcomes including satisfaction, access, mental health, and birth outcomes. RESULTS: The COST tool measured two distinct constructs of financial toxicity in this sample: current financial toxicity and concern over future financial toxicity. Racial/ethnic category, insurance, neighborhood deprivation, caregiving, and employment were associated with current financial toxicity (P < 0.05 for all). Only racial/ethnic category and caregiving were associated with concern over future financial toxicity (P < 0.05 for all). Both current and future financial toxicity were associated with worse patient-provider communication, depressive symptoms, and stress (P < 0.05 for all). Financial toxicity was not associated with birth outcomes or keeping obstetric visits. CONCLUSIONS: The COST tool captures two constructs among obstetric patients, current and future financial toxicity, both of which are associated with worse mental health and patient-provider communication.

Prevalence and Morbidity of Local Treatment-Related Side Effects in Metastatic Prostate Cancer Patients.

PURPOSE: Treatment toxicity from surgery radical prostatectomy (RP) or radiation therapy (RT) has been well studied in patients with localized prostate cancer. However, little is known about lingering toxicities in patients who develop metastatic recurrence. We aimed to compare the prevalence of local treatment-related side effects in patients with metastatic recurrence and those in remission, and to explore to what extent medical oncologists address this morbidity. METHODS: This was a single site, cross-sectional study evaluating patient-reported outcomes using the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Clinical Practice (EPIC-CP) instrument, which measures Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) across urinary, bowel, sexual, and hormonal domains, with higher scores reflecting increased symptom burden. The primary endpoint was differences in overall and domain-specific EPIC-CP scores between the metastatic and localized cohorts, with secondary endpoints evaluating provider interventions for symptom alleviation. RESULTS: Median total EPIC-CP scores were higher in the metastatic cohort (18.0, IQR 13.0-24.0) compared to the localized cohort (10.0, 6.0-15.0) (P < 0.001). This difference was mostly driven by worsening symptoms in the sexual (8.0, 8.0-9.0 vs. 6.0, 3.0-8.0) (P < 0.001) and hormonal domains (2.0, 1.0-6.0 vs. 0.0, 0.0-2.0) (P < 0.001), although there were also differences in the urinary irritation/obstruction (3.0, 0.0-3.0 vs. 1.0, 0.0-2.0) (P < 0.001) and bowel domains (1.0, 0.0-3.0 vs. 0.0, 0.0-0.0) (P < 0.001). There was a trend towards higher scores in patients that had received RT as primary treatment. Medical oncologists rarely changed management in response to local symptoms. CONCLUSION: Prostate cancer patients with metastatic recurrence suffer from a higher burden of localized treatment-related symptoms compared with patients in remission, with primary RT associated with more prevalent toxicity than radical prostatectomy. There is an unmet need for more intensive management of local symptoms. Further studies should focus on factors that portend long term worse morbidity.

Does Use of Information Sources Outside the Treating Oncologist Influence Patient Decision-Making in Patients Receiving Non-Curative Intent Therapy for Advanced Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Patients' decision-making and perceptions of outcomes may be impacted by information sources. We investigated use of information by patients and tested the association with patients' perception of treatment outcomes. METHODS: We prospectively surveyed patients with advanced solid cancers and their oncologists regarding benefits/risks of non-curative cancer therapies. We previously reported misperception comparing patients' perceptions of treatment outcomes to those of their oncologist. We report external information use as proportions with binomial confidence intervals (CI) and examined correlations with misperception levels using Spearman's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Of 125 participants, 70% (95% CI: 61-78) stated that they wanted as much information as possible from their oncologist, and nearly all (95%, 95% CI: 90-98) felt the amount of information provided by their clinician was "just right." Over half (60%, 95% CI: 51-69) wanted at least "a moderate amount" of information from sources outside their oncologist, and 58% (95% CI: 49-67) reported obtaining information from sources outside their oncologist. Over two-thirds (69%, 95% CI: 57-79) of participants felt the information from external sources influenced their decisions "a small amount" or less. There was no correlation between information use and misperception regarding tumor response (r: -.04; P = .60) or treatment toxicity (r: .05; P = .60). CONCLUSION: Many patients sought information from sources outside their oncologist; few felt it substantially influenced treatment choices. External information use was not associated with greater misperception of treatment outcomes. These data suggest sources of information outside the treating oncologists did not substantially influence patient's decision making.

Pro-active Palliative Care for Hospitalized Primary Care Patients.

BACKGROUND: Early integration of palliative care (PC) improves outcomes for patients with cancer and heart failure. Data on the role of PC in complex general medicine patients is scant. MEASURES: We identified high-mortality risk patients from our primary care practice by screening with mortality indices upon hospital admission. We measured documentation of advanced care planning (ACP), including health care proxy (HCP) and goals of care (GOC), at admission and discharge. INTERVENTION: We offered pro-active PC consultation to attending physicians of patients with high mortality risk. Patients who received pro-PC consultation were compared to patients whose attending physicians declined consultation (pro-PC declined) as well as patients who received usual care (UC). OUTCOMES: Compared to UC and pro-PC declined groups, the pro-active PC group demonstrated increased rates of HCP and GOC documentation. CONCLUSIONS: Our initiative identified hospitalized primary care patients with high-mortality risk, improved gaps in ACP, and was feasible to implement.

Association of Early Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin With Ischemic Placental Disease in Singleton Pregnancies After In Vitro Fertilization.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether an initial or two-day percent increase in serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (ßhCG) is associated with ischemic placental disease (IPD) in singleton pregnancies after autologous or donor IVF. STUDY DESIGN: This was a secondary analysis of a retrospective cohort study of deliveries linked to IVF cycles at a single academic tertiary hospital and infertility treatment center. We included all patients (≥18 years old) who had a singleton live birth or intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) resulting from either autologous fresh (n=1,347), autologous frozen (n=454), or donor (n=253) IVF cycles. Main outcome reassures: The primary outcome was a composite outcome of IPD or IUFD due to placental insufficiency. IPDs included preeclampsia, placental abruption, and small for gestational age (SGA). RESULTS: Neither initial ßhCG nor two-day percent increases in ßhCG were associated with an increased risk of IPD for any type of IVF cycle. Initial and two-day percent increases in ßhCG were significantly higher when comparing frozen with fresh IVF and donor with autologous IVF (all P≤0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Among singleton autologous and donor IVF cycles, the initial and two-day percent increase in serum ßhCG were not associated with IPD or its components. However, significant ßhCG differences existed by cycle type and oocyte source.