RESUMEN
The transition from the Late Neolithic to the Bronze Age has witnessed important population and societal changes in western Europe.1 These include massive genomic contributions of pastoralist herders originating from the Pontic-Caspian steppes2,3 into local populations, resulting from complex interactions between collapsing hunter-gatherers and expanding farmers of Anatolian ancestry.4-8 This transition is documented through extensive ancient genomic data from present-day Britain,9,10 Ireland,11,12 Iberia,13 Mediterranean islands,14,15 and Germany.8 It remains, however, largely overlooked in France, where most focus has been on the Middle Neolithic (n = 63),8,9,16 with the exception of one Late Neolithic genome sequenced at 0.05× coverage.16 This leaves the key transitional period covering â¼3,400-2,700 cal. years (calibrated years) BCE genetically unsampled and thus the exact time frame of hunter-gatherer persistence and arrival of steppe migrations unknown. To remediate this, we sequenced 24 ancient human genomes from France spanning â¼3,400-1,600 cal. years BCE. This reveals Late Neolithic populations that are genetically diverse and include individuals with dark skin, hair, and eyes. We detect heterogeneous hunter-gatherer ancestries within Late Neolithic communities, reaching up to â¼63.3% in some individuals, and variable genetic contributions of steppe herders in Bell Beaker populations. We provide an estimate as late as â¼3,800 years BCE for the admixture between Neolithic and Mesolithic populations and as early as â¼2,650 years BCE for the arrival of steppe-related ancestry. The genomic heterogeneity characterized underlines the complex history of human interactions even at the local scale.
Asunto(s)
ADN Antiguo , Migración Humana , Europa (Continente) , Francia , Genoma Humano , Genómica , Historia Antigua , HumanosRESUMEN
The study demonstrates the high potential of MS-based proteomics coupled to an iterative database search strategy for the in-depth investigation of ancient proteomes. An efficient targeted PRM MS-based approach, although limited to the detection of a single pair of sex-specific amelogenin peptides, allowed confirming the sex of individuals in ancient dental remains, an essential information for paleoanthropologists facing the issue of sex determination and dimorphism.
Asunto(s)
Proteómica , Diente , Amelogenina/genética , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Péptidos , Análisis para Determinación del SexoRESUMEN
In humans, little is yet known about the origins of the inflammatory rheumatisms of the spondyloarthritides group, especially regarding the period of their emergence. However, a better knowledge of their history would help to clarify their aetiology. We report a paleopathological case of European origin, dated from the late Neolithic (3621-3023 cal BC), consisting of an isolated vertebral block combining erosion, ossification and severe anterior and posterior ankylosis. The lesional presentation is very suggestive of a severe form of axial spondyloarthritis. This specimen and some other rare cases from the same period found in Western Europe suggest that these diseases appeared, in this geographical region, in evolving groups of humans as part of the demographic and epidemiological transition that constituted the Neolithic period. The emergence of infectious agents and the profound dietary changes that occurred during this period of human history may have favoured the appearance of the spondyloarthritides.
Asunto(s)
Espondiloartritis/historia , Demografía , Europa (Continente) , Historia Antigua , Humanos , Paleopatología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Espondiloartritis/diagnóstico , Espondiloartritis/patologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The scoring and analysis of dental nonmetric traits are predominantly accomplished by using the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System (ASUDAS), a standard protocol based on strict definitions and three-dimensional dental plaques. However, visual scoring, even when controlled by strict definitions of features, visual reference, and the experience of the observer, includes an unavoidable part of subjectivity. In this methodological contribution, we propose a new quantitative geometric morphometric approach to quickly and efficiently assess the variation of shoveling in modern human maxillary central incisors (UI1). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 87 modern human UI1s by means of virtual imaging and the ASU-UI1 dental plaque grades using geometric morphometrics by placing semilandmarks on the labial crown aspect. The modern human sample was composed of individuals from Europe, Africa, and Asia and included representatives of all seven grades defined by the ASUDAS method. RESULTS: Our results highlighted some limitations in the use of the current UI1 ASUDAS plaque, indicating that it did not necessarily represent an objective gradient of expression of a nonmetric tooth feature. Rating of shoveling tended to be more prone to intra- and interobserver bias for the highest grades. In addition, our analyses suggest that the observers were strongly influenced by the depth of the lingual crown aspect when assessing the shoveling. DISCUSSION: In this context, our results provide a reliable and reproducible framework reinforced by statistical results supporting the fact that open scale numerical measurements can complement the ASUDAS method.
Asunto(s)
Antropología Física/métodos , Incisivo/anatomía & histología , Odontometría/métodos , Humanos , Imagenología TridimensionalRESUMEN
In paleopathology, since the mid-1960s, caries and its characteristics have been studied on medieval teeth by many different teams in Europe, particularly in relation to the dietary and cultural habits of the populations concerned. The aims of this article are to propose a global study of caries within European medieval populations through various parameters such as prevalence, distribution, location, gender, and diet.
Asunto(s)
Caries Dental , Historia de la Odontología , Características Culturales , Dieta , Europa (Continente) , Historia Medieval , Humanos , Paleopatología , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
Tooth wear is a natural phenomenon and a universal occurrence that has existed from the origin of humankind and depends on the way of life, especially diet. Tooth wear was very serious in ancient populations up to the medieval period. The aim of this paper is to present a global view of tooth wear in medieval times in Europe through different parameters: scoring systems, quantity and direction of wear, gender, differences between maxilla and mandible, relations with diet, caries, tooth malpositions and age.