Connections between the middle frontal gyrus and dorso-ventral attention network associate with the development of attentional symptoms.

BACKGROUND: The right MFG has been proposed as a convergence site for the DAN and VAN, regulating both networks and enabling flexible modulation of attention. However, it is unclear if the connections between the right MFG and these networks can predict changes in ADHD symptoms. METHODS: This study used data from the Children School Functions and Brain Development project (n = 713, 56.2% boys). Resting-state fMRI was employed to analyze the connections of the right MFG with DAN/VAN, connectome-based predictive modeling was applied for longitudinal prediction, and ADHD PRS were used for genetic analysis. RESULTS: The ADHD symptoms were associated with the connections between the right MFG and DAN subregion, including the FEF, as well as the VAN subregions, namely the IPL and IFG. Furthermore, these connections of the right MFG with FEF, IPL, and IFG could significantly predict changes in ADHD symptoms over one year and mediate the prediction of ADHD symptom changes by PRS for ADHD. Finally, the validation samples confirmed that the functional connectivity between the right MFG and FEF/IPL in ADHD patients was significantly weaker than that in the typically developing controls, and this difference disappeared after medication. CONCLUSIONS: The connection of right MFG with DAN and VAN can serve as a predictive indicator for changes in ADHD symptoms over the following year, while also mediating the prediction of ADHD symptom changes by PRS for ADHD. These findings hold promise as potential biomarkers for early identification of children at risk of developing ADHD.

Nanoarchitectonic Engineering of Thermal-Responsive Magnetic Nanorobot Collectives for Intracranial Aneurysm Therapy.

Stent-assisted coiling is a main treatment modality for intracranial aneurysms (IAs) in clinics, but critical challenges remain to be overcome, such as exogenous implant-induced stenosis and reliance on antiplatelet agents. Herein, an endovascular approach is reported for IA therapy without stent grafting or microcatheter shaping, enabled by active delivery of thrombin (Th) to target aneurysms using innovative phase-change material (PCM)-coated magnetite-thrombin (Fe3O4-Th@PCM) FTP nanorobots. The nanorobots are controlled by an integrated actuation system of dynamic torque-force hybrid magnetic fields. With robust intravascular navigation guided by real-time ultrasound imaging, nanorobotic collectives can effectively accumulate and retain in model aneurysms constructed in vivo, followed by controlled release of the encapsulated Th for rapid occlusion of the aneurysm upon melting the protective PCM (thermally responsive in a tunable manner) through focused magnetic hyperthermia. Complete and stable aneurysm embolization is confirmed by postoperative examination and 2-week postembolization follow-up using digital subtraction angiography (DSA), contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), and histological analysis. The safety of the embolization therapy is assessed through biocompatibility evaluation and histopathology assays. This strategy, seamlessly integrating secure drug packaging, agile magnetic actuation, and clinical interventional imaging, avoids possible exogenous implant rejection, circumvents cumbersome microcatheter shaping, and offers a promising option for IA therapy.

Initiating PeriCBD to probe perinatal influences on neurodevelopment during 3-10 years in China.

Adverse perinatal factors can interfere with the normal development of the brain, potentially resulting in long-term effects on the comprehensive development of children. Presently, the understanding of cognitive and neurodevelopmental processes under conditions of adverse perinatal factors is substantially limited. There is a critical need for an open resource that integrates various perinatal factors with the development of the brain and mental health to facilitate a deeper understanding of these developmental trajectories. In this Data Descriptor, we introduce a multicenter database containing information on perinatal factors that can potentially influence children's brain-mind development, namely, periCBD, that combines neuroimaging and behavioural phenotypes with perinatal factors at county/region/central district hospitals. PeriCBD was designed to establish a platform for the investigation of individual differences in brain-mind development associated with perinatal factors among children aged 3-10 years. Ultimately, our goal is to help understand how different adverse perinatal factors specifically impact cognitive development and neurodevelopment. Herein, we provide a systematic overview of the data acquisition/cleaning/quality control/sharing, processes of periCBD.

A family perspective for the mechanism of parent-child conflict on maternal anxiety in Chinese children with autism.

BACKGROUND: Mothers of children with autism reported higher levels of anxiety than mothers of typical children. This study revealed the relationship between parent-child conflict, children's problem behavior, parenting stress, and maternal anxiety from the perspective of the relationship within the family. METHODS: The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Caregiver Strain Questionnaire (CGSQ) were used to measure maternal anxiety and parenting stress respectively from 102 mothers of children with autism. We also collected information on parent-child relationships and children's problem behaviors by using the Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS) and Conners Parent Symptom Questionnaire (PSQ). RESULTS: Parent-child conflict positively predicted state and trait anxiety in mothers of children with autism. The severity of children's psychosomatic disorders fully mediated the positive association between parent-child conflict and state-trait anxiety in mothers of children with autism. Parenting stress significantly moderated the impact of parent-child conflict on maternal state anxiety and trait anxiety. CONCLUSION: In the case of children with autism spectrum disorders, parent-child conflict can directly affect maternal anxiety levels, especially when mothers have low levels of parenting stress. Parent-child conflict can also affect children's problem behaviors and thus indirectly affect maternal anxiety. Therefore, this study is of great significance for the alleviation of anxiety of mothers of autistic children and the family intervention for the early rehabilitation of autistic children.

Highly reversible zinc metal anode enabled by strong Brønsted acid and hydrophobic interfacial chemistry.

Uncontrollable zinc (Zn) plating and hydrogen evolution greatly undermine Zn anode reversibility. Previous electrolyte designs focus on suppressing H2O reactivity, however, the accumulation of alkaline byproducts during battery calendar aging and cycling still deteriorates the battery performance. Here, we present a direct strategy to tackle such problems using a strong Brønsted acid, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (HTFSI), as the electrolyte additive. This approach reformulates battery interfacial chemistry on both electrodes, suppresses continuous corrosion reactions and promotes uniform Zn deposition. The enrichment of hydrophobic TFSI- anions at the Zn|electrolyte interface creates an H2O-deficient micro-environment, thus inhibiting Zn corrosion reactions and inducing a ZnS-rich interphase. This highly acidic electrolyte demonstrates high Zn plating/stripping Coulombic efficiency up to 99.7% at 1 mA cm-2 ( > 99.8% under higher current density and areal capacity). Additionally, Zn | |ZnV6O9 full cells exhibit a high capacity retention of 76.8% after 2000 cycles.

Renal thrombotic microangiopathy is associated with poor renal survival in children with immunoglobulin A nephropathy.

AIM: The aim of this study was to examine the clinical and pathological characteristics as well as the prognosis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) accompanied by renal thrombotic microangiopathy (rTMA) in paediatric patients. METHODS: After balancing epidemiological characteristics and pathological types between groups, 427 patients (rTMA group: 23, non-rTMA group: 46) were included. The clinical and pathological features, prognosis and clinical risk factors of the two groups were analysed. RESULTS: IgAN-rTMA children showed more severe clinical and pathological manifestations. The findings from the logistic regression analysis indicated that hypercellularity 1 (E1) (HR: 0.805, 95% CI: 0.763 ~ 1.452, P = .016), endocapillary proliferation (HR: 1.214, 95% CI: 0.093 ~ 4.815, P = .025) and C3 staining (HR: 7.554, 95% CI: 2.563 ~ 15.729, P = .037) were the risk factors for rTMA in children with IgAN. The renal survival in rTMA group was lower than non-rTMA group (χ2 = 18.467, P = .000). Cox regression analysis showed that E1 (HR: 7.441, 95% CI: 1.095 ~ 10.768, P = .037), C3 disposition (HR: 3.414, 95% CI: 0.834 ~ 11.578, P = .027) and rTMA (HR: 8.918, 95% CI: 1.032 ~ 16.754, P = .041) were identified as independent risk factors for the development of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). CONCLUSION: The presence of rTMA had a significant impact on the severity and prognosis of IgAN. And rTMA has been identified as an independent risk factor for the development of renal failure in children diagnosed with IgAN.

Kaempferol derivatives from Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. ameliorate H2O2-induced oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells by upregulating Nrf2.

As a medicinal and edible food, Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. subsp. sinensis Rousi is plenty of bioactive secondary metabolites including flavonoids and their derivatives, which have a certain protective effect on oxidative damage. The present study isolated three new kaempferol derivatives (compound 1-3), named Hippophandine A-C, from H. rhamnoides seed residue. The structures of Hippophandine A-C were explicated by HR-ESI-MS, NMR, and chemical analyses. Hippophandine A-C (1, 5, and 10 µM) were used to attenuate H2O2-induced cell death in SH-SY5Y and explore the mechanism in oxidative damage. The results elucidated that Hippophandine A-C reduced MDA, and increased the relative SOD, GSH, CAT contents, Nrf2 and HO-1 expression in H2O2-induced SH-SY5Y.

TET3 boosts hepatocyte autophagy and impairs non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by increasing ENPP1 promoter hypomethylation.

BACKGROUND: Dysregulated ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP) family occurs in metabolic reprogramming pathological processes. Nonetheless, the epigenetic mechanisms by which ENPP family impacts NAFLD, also known as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), is poorly appreciated. METHODS: We investigated the causes and consequences of ENPP1 promoter hypomethylation may boost NAFLD using NAFLD clinical samples, as well as revealed the underlying mechanisms using high-fat diet (HFD) + carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced mouse model of NAFLD and FFA treatment of cultured hepatocyte. RESULTS: Herein, we report that the expression level of ENPP1 are increased in patients with NAFLD liver tissue and in mouse model of NAFLD. Hypomethylation of ENPP1, is associated with the perpetuation of hepatocyte autophagy and liver fibrosis in the NAFLD. ENPP1 hypomethylation is mediated by the DNA demethylase TET3 in NAFLD liver fibrosis and hepatocyte autophagy. Additionally, knockdown of TET3 methylated ENPP1 promoter, reduced the ENPP1 expression, ameliorated the experimental NAFLD. Mechanistically, TET3 epigenetically promoted ENPP1 expression via hypomethylation of the promoter. Knocking down TET3 can inhibit the hepatocyte autophagy but an overexpression of ENPP1 showing rescue effect. CONCLUSIONS: We describe a novel epigenetic mechanism wherein TET3 promoted ENPP1 expression through promoter hypomethylation is a critical mediator of NAFLD. Our findings provide new insight into the development of preventative measures for NAFLD.

Efficacy of electro-acupuncture versus sham acupuncture for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: study protocol for a three-armed randomised controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Specific treatment for diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is still lacking, and acupuncture may relieve the symptoms. We intend to investigate the efficacy and safety of electro-acupuncture (EA) in alleviating symptoms associated with DPN in diabetes. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This multicentre, three-armed, participant- and assessor-blind, randomised, sham-controlled trial will recruit 240 eligible participants from four hospitals in China and will randomly assign (1:1:1) them to EA, sham acupuncture (SA) or usual care (UC) group. Participants in the EA and SA groups willl receive either 24-session EA or SA treatment over 8 weeks, followed by an 8-week follow-up period, while participants in the UC group will be followed up for 16 weeks. The primary outcome of this trial is the change in DPN symptoms from baseline to week 8, as rated by using the Total Symptom Score. The scale assesses four symptoms: pain, burning, paraesthesia and numbness, by evaluating the frequency and severity of each. All results will be analysed with the intention-to-treat population. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The protocol has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (Identifier: 2022BZYLL0509). Every participant will be informed of detailed information about the study before signing informed consent. The results of this trial will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ChiCTR2200061408.

Interlayer Entropy Engineering Inducing the Symmetry-Broken Layered Oxide Cathodes to Activate Reversible High-Voltage Redox Reaction.

The as-reported doping entropy engineering of electrode materials that are usually realized by the sharing of multiple metal elements with the metal element from the lattice body, potentially has three shortages of stringent synthesis conditions, large active element loss, and serious lattice distortion. Herein, an interlayer entropy engineering of layered oxide cathodes is proposed, where the multiple metal ions are simultaneously intercalated into the same interlayer sites, thus avoiding the three shortages. Concretely, a novel interlayer medium-entropy V2O5 ((MnCoNiMgZn)0.26V2O5∙0.84H2O) is successfully constructed by a one-step hydrothermal method. The interlayer medium-entropy effect is revealed to be that five metal ions pre-intercalation induces the local symmetry-broken [VO6] octahedra in bilayer V2O5, thus activating the reversible high-voltage redox reaction, inhibiting the layer slip and following phase transformation by its pinning effect, and enhancing the charge transfer kinetics. As a result, the medium-entropy cathode realizes the trade-off between specific capacity and structural stability with a discharge capacity of 152 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 after 100 cycles, and a capacity retention rate of 98.7% at 0.5 A g-1 after 150 cycles for Li+ storage. This engineering provides a new guideline for the rational design of high-performance layered oxide cathodes.

Hyaluronic acid hydrogels with excellent self-healing capacity and photo-enhanced mechanical properties for wound healing.

A continuously stable moist healing environment is immensely beneficial for wound healing, which can be availably achieved by providing an in situ hydrogel with enough strength resembling skin tissue and self-healing ability. Herein, through a dual-crosslinking strategy, hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels with excellent self-healing capacity and enhanced mechanical properties are fabricated via the acylhydrazone linkages and subsequent photocrosslinking based on hydrazide-modified sodium hyaluronate and aldehyde-modified maleic sodium hyaluronate. The hydrogels demonstrate the fast gelation process (< 1 min), the controlled swelling behaviors, and the good biocompatibility. Notably, they possess enhanced mechanical strength similar to the human dermis (∼ 2.2 kPa). Also, they can self-heal rapidly with a self-healing efficiency of ∼90 % at 6 h. Based on this, the hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels, without any biological factors involved, can facilitate the full-thickness skin wound reconstruction process by accelerating the three phases of the wound repair, including reducing wound inflammation in the inflammatory phase, promoting angiogenesis in the proliferative phase, and promoting the deposition and reconstruction of collagen in the remodeling phase. The produced hyaluronic acid hydrogel can serve as an ideal candidate for wound healing.

Semantic Segmentation of Remote Sensing Images Depicting Environmental Hazards in High-Speed Rail Network Based on Large-Model Pre-Classification.

With the rapid development of China's railways, ensuring the safety of the operating environment of high-speed railways faces daunting challenges. In response to safety hazards posed by light and heavy floating objects during the operation of trains, we propose a dual-branch semantic segmentation network with the fusion of large models (SAMUnet). The encoder part of this network uses a dual-branch structure, in which the backbone branch uses a residual network for feature extraction and the large-model branch leverages the results of feature extraction generated by the segment anything model (SAM). Moreover, a decoding attention module is fused with the results of prediction of the SAM in the decoder part to enhance the performance of the network. We conducted experiments on the Inria Aerial Image Labeling (IAIL), Massachusetts, and high-speed railway hazards datasets to verify the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed SAMUnet network in comparison with commonly used semantic segmentation networks. The results demonstrated its superiority in terms of both the accuracies of segmentation and feature extraction. It was able to precisely extract hazards in the environment of high-speed railways to significantly improve the accuracy of semantic segmentation.

The Effect of Social Support on the Mental Health Literacy of Parents Who Have Children with Special Needs: A Moderated Mediating Effect.

Background: It is well known that parents play an important role in the family, particularly the mental health literacy of parents is essential for the growth and development of children. As the parents of children with special needs, they are facing more difficulties and psychological pressure, resulted in more mental health problems. Purpose: The current study examined the effect of social support on mental health literacy, and its underlying mechanisms regarding the mediating role of coping styles and moderating role of social comparison. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, 165 parents of children with special needs (22-67 years old, M=37.72, SD=8.78) participated in the study. The general information questionnaire, Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLS), Social Support Rating Scale, Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire, and Social Comparison Orientation Scale were used. Results: We found that objective support positively predicted the mental health literacy, positive coping style played a mediating role between objective support and mental health literacy. In addition, the relationship between objective support and positive coping styles was moderated by social comparisons; for lower levels of opinion social comparison, the effect of objective support on positive coping styles was significantly stronger. Conclusion: We revealed the underlying mechanisms between social support and mental health literacy. The present study has profound implications for mental health literacy services for parents who have children with special needs.

Network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation to explore the mechanism of kaempferol in the treatment of osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis (OP) is a prevalent global disease characterized by bone mass loss and microstructural destruction, resulting in increased bone fragility and fracture susceptibility. Our study aims to investigate the potential of kaempferol in preventing and treating OP through a combination of network pharmacology and molecular experiments. Kaempferol and OP-related targets were retrieved from the public database. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of common targets was constructed using the STRING database and visualized with Cytoscape 3.9.1 software. Enrichment analyses for GO and KEGG of potential therapeutic targets were conducted using the Hiplot platform. Molecular docking was performed using Molecular operating environment (MOE) software, and cell experiments were conducted to validate the mechanism of kaempferol in treating OP. Network pharmacology analysis identified 54 overlapping targets between kaempferol and OP, with 10 core targets identified. The primarily enriched pathways included atherosclerosis-related signaling pathways, the AGE/RAGE signaling pathway, and the TNF signaling pathway. Molecular docking results indicated stable binding of kaempferol and two target proteins, AKT1 and MMP9. In vitro cell experiments demonstrated significant upregulation of AKT1 expression in MC3T3-E1 cells (p < 0.001) with kaempferol treatment, along with downregulation of MMP9 expression (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. This study predicted the core targets and pathways of kaempferol in OP treatment using network pharmacology, and validated these findings through in vitro experiments, suggesting a promising avenue for future clinical treatment of OP.

Cooling Effect of Green Spaces on Urban Heat Island in a Chinese Megacity: Increasing Coverage versus Optimizing Spatial Distribution.

Enhancing the cooling effectiveness of green spaces (GSs) is crucial for improving urban thermal environments in the context of global warming. Increasing GS coverage and optimizing its spatial distribution individually proved to be effective urban cooling measures. However, their comparative cooling effectiveness and potential interaction remain unclear. Here, using the moving window approach and random forest algorithm, we established a robust model (R2 = 0.89 ± 0.01) to explore the relationship between GS and land surface temperature (LST) in the Chinese megacity of Guangzhou. Subsequently, the response of LST to varying GS coverage and its spatial distribution was simulated, both individually and in combination. The results indicate that GS with higher coverage and more equitable spatial distribution is conducive to urban heat mitigation. Increasing GS coverage was found to lower the city's average LST by up to 4.73 °C, while optimizing GS spatial distribution led to a decrease of 1.06 °C. Meanwhile, a synergistic cooling effect was observed when combining both measures, resulting in additional cooling benefits (0.034-0.341 °C). These findings provide valuable insights into the cooling potential of GS and crucial guidance for urban green planning aimed at heat mitigation in cities.

Limiting Interfacial Free Water and Proton Concentration by Hydrogel Electrolytes for Stable MoO3 Anode in a Proton Battery.

Aqueous rechargeable proton batteries are attractive due to the small ionic radius, light mass, and ultrafast diffusion kinetics of proton as charge carriers. However, the commonly used acidic electrolyte is usually very corrosive to the electrode material, which seriously affects the cycle life of the battery. Here, it is proposed that decreasing water activity and limiting proton concentration can effectively prevent side reactions of the MoO3 anode such as corrosion and hydrogen precipitation by using a lean-water hydrogel electrolyte. The as-prepared polyacrylamide (PAAM)-poly2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (PAMPS)/MnSO4 (PPM) hydrogel electrolyte not only has abundant hydrophilic groups that can form hydrogen bonds with free water and inhibit solvent-electrode interaction, but also has fixed anions that can maintain a certain interaction with protons. The assembled MoO3||MnO2 full battery can stably cycle over 500 times for ≈350 h with an unprecedented capacity retention of 100% even at a low current density of 0.5 A g-1. This work gives a hint that limiting free water as well as proton concentration is important for the design of electrolytes or interfaces in aqueous proton batteries.

Mandarin-Speaking Amusics' Online Recognition of Tone and Intonation.

PURPOSE: Congenital amusia is a neurogenetic disorder of musical pitch processing. Its linguistic consequences have been examined separately for speech intonations and lexical tones. However, in a tonal language such as Chinese, the processing of intonations and lexical tones interacts with each other during online speech perception. Whether and how the musical pitch disorder might affect linguistic pitch processing during online speech perception remains unknown. METHOD: We investigated this question with intonation (question vs. statement) and lexical tone (rising Tone 2 vs. falling Tone 4) identification tasks using the same set of sentences, comparing behavioral and event-related potential measurements between Mandarin-speaking amusics and matched controls. We specifically focused on the amusics without behavioral lexical tone deficits (the majority, i.e., pure amusics). RESULTS: Results showed that, despite relative to normal performance when tested in word lexical tone test, pure amusics demonstrated inferior recognition than controls during sentence tone and intonation identification. Compared to controls, pure amusics had larger N400 amplitudes in question stimuli during tone task and smaller P600 amplitudes in intonation task. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that musical pitch disorder affects both tone and intonation processing during sentence processing even for pure amusics, whose lexical tone processing was intact when tested with words.

Pediatric perforated appendicitis diagnosis based on the C-reactive protein/prealbumin ratio.

Pediatric perforated appendicitis, prone to multiple complications, necessitates identifying potential serum biomarkers for early diagnosis and intervention. A cross-sectional study was conducted on patients under 16 with acute appendicitis, admitted to Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center from January 2019 to July 2023. The patients were categorized into perforated and non-perforated groups. Among the 313 included patients, 106 (33.87%, 95% CI 28.59-39.14%) developed perforation. The C-reactive protein to prealbumin ratio (CPA) showed a significant difference between the perforated and non-perforated groups [6.63 (2.9-13.02) vs. 0.7 (0.11-2.18), p < 0.001]. The AUC of CPA on the ROC curve was 0.691 (95% CI 0.513-0.869, p = 0.084) in patients under 4. In patients aged 4-9, the sensitivity of CPA > 3 predicting perforation was 76.2%, with a specificity of 81.6%, and an AUC of 0.816 (95% CI 0.747-0.886, p < 0.001). For patients aged 9-16, the sensitivity of CPA > 2.2 predicting perforation was 85%, with a specificity of 85.7%, and an AUC of 0.919 (95% CI 0.859-0.979, p < 0.001). CPA > 3 and CPA > 2.2 can predict perforated appendicitis in patients aged 4-9 and 9-16, respectively.

Online and offline effects of parietal 10 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on working memory in healthy controls.

Parietal alpha activity shows a specific pattern of phasic changes during working memory. It decreases during the encoding and recall phases but increases during the maintenance phase. This study tested whether online rTMS delivered to the parietal cortex during the maintenance phase of a working memory task would increase alpha activity and hence improve working memory. Then, 46 healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to two groups to receive 3-day parietal 10 Hz online rTMS (either real or sham, 3600 pulses in total) that were time-locked to the maintenance phase of a spatial span task (180 trials in total). Behavioral performance on another spatial span task and EEG signals during a change detection task were recorded on the day before the first rTMS (pretest) and the day after the last rTMS (posttest). We found that rTMS improved performance on both online and offline spatial span tasks. For the offline change detection task, rTMS enhanced alpha activity within the maintenance phase and improved interference control of working memory at both behavioral (K score) and neural (contralateral delay activity) levels. These results suggested that rTMS with alpha frequency time-locked to the maintenance phase is a promising way to boost working memory.

Injectable, self-healing hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels for spinal cord injury repair.

The cystic cavity that develops following spinal cord injury is a major obstacle for repairing spinal cord injury (SCI). The injectable self-healing biomaterials treatment is a promising strategy to enhance tissue repair after traumatic spinal cord injury. Herein, a natural extracellular matrix (ECM) biopolymer hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel was developed based on multiple dynamic covalent bonds. The hydrogels exhibited excellent injectable and self-healing properties, could be effectively injected into the injury site, and filled the lesion cavity to accelerate the tissue repair of traumatic SCI. Moreover, the hydrogels were compatible with cells and various tissues and possessed proper stiffness matched with nervous tissue. Additionally, when implanted into the injured spinal cord site, the hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel promoted axonal regeneration and functional recovery by accelerating remyelination, axon regeneration, and angiogenesis. Overall, the injectable self-healing hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels are ideal biomaterials for treating traumatic SCI.