Colorectal cancer: using blood samples and tumor tissue to detect K-ras mutations.

We performed a meta-analysis to assess whether blood can be substituted for tumor tissue in K-ras mutation testing. PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and BIOSIS databases were searched. Twenty-three studies including 1261 patients were included. The pooled overall sensitivity, specificity, and concordance rate were 0.69 (95% CI: 0.59-0.78), 0.96 (95% CI: 0.93-0.97), and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.82-0.89), respectively. Subgroup analysis indicated that plasma (sensitivity: 0.74; mutation rate: 0.34) exhibited superior sensitivity compared with serum (sensitivity: 0.45; mutation rate: 0.24). We conclude that blood is a suitable substitute for tumor tissue in K-ras mutation testing. K-ras mutation positivity in blood can be used to identify patients who should not receive EGFR monoclonal antibody therapy, but the absence of blood positivity does not necessarily imply negativity.

[Meta-analysis on the incidence rates of child sexual abuse in China].

OBJECTIVE: To offer basic data related to the prevention of child sexual abuse, we conducted a Meta-analysis on the national incidence rate on child sexual abuse in the country. METHODS: Publications between 2000 and 2013 were extracted from PubMed, Springer Link, Elsevier-SDOL, Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Science & Technology journal database (VIP), Wanfang Databases, China master's Theses Full-text Database and China Conference Papers Full-text Database. Observational studies which containing the incidence rate of child sexual abuse were included. We used the Loney criteria to evaluate the quality of searched publications. The Meta incidence rate was estimated using the Stata software. Subgroup analysis were undertaken on gender issues. Sensitivity analysis were performed to evaluate the impact of types or qualities to the research objects. RESULTS: Fifteen papers were included in this Meta-analysis, with a sample size of 16 682. The combined incidence rate of child sexual abuse was 18.20% (95%CI:13.74%-22.66%). For injured persons, girls had a higher incidence rate on child sexual abuse (11.22%) than boys (8.25%) in terms of contact sexual abuse, but no significant difference on gender was found in the prevalence rates of global and un-contact sexual abuse. Data from sensitivity analysis revealed that the quality or types of the objects slightly affected the incidence rate of traffic injuries. CONCLUSION: of this study indicated that child sexual abuse was common and serious in China, suggesting that prevention and control programs on childhood abuse should be emphasized and promoted.

[Study on the mobile phone dependence syndrome and its distribution among 2213 college students in Guangzhou].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the occurrence, distribution and risk factors of mobile phone dependence syndrome(MPDS)among college students in Guangzhou. METHODS: A unified questionnaire was adopted, with 2311 college students from 6 universities in Guangzhou investigated by cluster sampling. Distribution and risk factors of MPDS among different groups were analyzed by logistic regression. RESULTS: A total number of 2213 effective questionnaires was retrieved, including 1149 males and 1064 females. The average age was(21.33 ± 1.72). The incidence rate of MPDS among studied college students in Guangzhou was 23.3% (515/2213). Regarding the distribution of personal characteristics, significant differences were found in the following aspects:grades, majors in college, being the only child of the family, monthly cost of living, personal characters and the academic performance at school (P<0.05). Regarding the distribution of characteristics among parents, significant differences were found in the following areas:educational levels of the mother, rearing patterns of both parents, status of feeling on mother's caring(P<0.05)etc. The main risk factors for MPDS were as follows:students major in literature and law, with high monthly living cost, father's autocratic and democratic patterns of rearing, mother's autocratic and doting rearing pattern as well as personal feeling on mother's attitude of unconcern. The incidence of MPDS among those persons with uncertain characters was less than those who were extroverts. CONCLUSION: MPDS among college students seemed to be severe in Guangzhou. No difference was found in the incidence rates of MPDS between genders. Should take interventions according to its risk factors.

[Status quo and influencing factors of disabilities caused by injury in Guangdong province].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the epidemiology status and risk factors of disabilities caused by injury in Guangdong province. METHODS: Stratified multi-stage cluster sampling was used to identify 1530 subjects with disabilities (among them, 415 disabilities caused by injury), in the villages or districts in the four regions of Guangzhou, Qingyuan, Zhaoqing and Huizhou in 2010. Subjects were interviewed by trained staff with self-made questionnaires about the status of the disabled, then 415 disabled caused by injury were interviewed about the process of the injury causing disability. The variables in this survey included gender, regions, rural (urban) residences, occupation, age and injury style. The difference of injury were analyzed through χ(2) test, and the influencing factors were explored through classification tree model. RESULTS: The top five causes of disability were road traffic injury, fall, work-related injury, medical accident, scald or burn, accounting for 32.53% (135/415), 21.45% (89/415), 12.77% (53/415), 8.43% (35/415) and 5.06% (21/415), respectively. The proportion of male was higher than female in all disabilities caused by injury (295 male, 117 female, 3 unknown). Female had higher proportion 8.55% (10/117) than male 3.05% (9/295) with the cause of scald or burn (χ(2) = 6.302, P = 0.012), the proportion of rural residents 38.89%(84/216)was also higher than urban residents 25.63% (51/199) in disabilities caused by traffic accident (χ(2) = 43.850, P < 0.001); and the proportion of rural residents 25.46%(55/216)was also higher than urban residents 8.55% (34/199) in disabilities caused by the fall (χ(2) = 8.257, P = 0.004). Different age groups and regions had different types of injury causing disability, 53.08% (69/130) traffic accident and 51.92% (27/52) work-injury mainly caused disability in 25 - 44 age group, 85.71% (30/35) medical accident and 76.20% (16/21) scald or burn mainly caused disability in 0 - 14 age group, the injury caused by the fall was 62.50% (5/8) in 65- age group. The proportions of fall in Qingyuan 29.09% (16/55) and Huizhou 28.23% (37/131) were significantly higher than that in Guangzhou 13.38% (21/157) and Zhaoqing 21.13% (15/71) (χ(2) = 11.904, P = 0.008). The proportions of work-injury in Guangzhou 19.11% (30/157) and Zhaoqing 19.72% (14/71) were significantly higher than that in Qingyuan 0.00% (0/55) and Huizhou 6.09% (8/131) (χ(2) = 22.309, P < 0.001). The proportions of disabled by scald or burn in Guangzhou 10.83% (17/157) and Qingyuan 0.00% (0/55) were significantly higher than that in Zhaoqing 1.41% (1/71) and Huizhou 2.27% (3/131) (χ(2) = 17.826, P < 0.001). Classification tree model revealed that the age group, occupation and urban-rural were major factors influencing intended harm, the highest proportion of the intended harm was in 25 - 44 age group (59.21%, 151/255). CONCLUSION: The road traffic injury, fall, work-related injury, medical accident and scald or burn were main causes of disability in Guangdong province. Gender, age, and urban-rural factors were associated with disabilities caused by injury.

[Analysis on the incidence and risk factors of campus violence among college students in Guangzhou].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the incidence and risk factors of campus violence in Guangzhou. METHODS: 2200 college students in three universities in Guangzhou were selected by cluster sampling method and were interviewed with self-designed questionnaire about the incidence and risk factors of campus violence in 2010. The final analysis sample was 2103. Chi-square test was used to analyze the gender, grade and major distribution of campus violence. Logistic regression method was used to analyze the influencing factors of campus violence in bully and victim. RESULTS: The incidence of campus violence in Guangzhou was 69.9% (1471/2103). In boys and girls the incidence of campus violence was 75.6% (830/1098) and 63.8% (641/1005) (χ(2) = 34.82, P < 0.05). The incidence of bully and victim of campus violence was 63.6%(1338/2103) and 55.3% (1163/2103). The incidence of bully and victim in boys was 70.9%(778/1098) and 60.0%(659/1098), and in girls was 55.7% (560/1005) and 50.1% (504/1005) (χ(2)(bully) = 51.93, χ(2)(victim) = 20.68, P < 0.01). The incidence of psychological violence was the highest (68.0%, 1430/2103), followed by sexual violence (34.2%, 719/2103), the incidence of physical violence was the lowest (16.5%, 348/2103). Results of logistic regression showed that boys (OR = 1.60), arts (OR = 1.82), with siblings (OR = 1.31), the living expenses was not enough (basic enough OR = 1.35, not enough OR = 1.54), playing the computer games (OR = 1.70), playing tricks such as sliding plate (OR = 2.03), loving violence program (general OR = 1.30, very like OR = 1.44), mother with gamble behavior (OR = 4.29), father's indulgent education style (OR = 1.60), been bullied by others before high school (OR = 1.61), dissatisfaction to the environment and rules of campus (nothing special feeling OR = 1.67, some dissatisfaction OR = 1.89), been treated badly by primary school teacher (one kind OR = 1.35, two kinds and above OR = 1.90)were the risk factors of bully. Boys (OR = 1.23), minority (OR = 1.71), with siblings (OR = 1.39), bad behavior and habit (OR = 1.32), the bad family economic conditions (general OR = 1.51, difficult OR = 1.88), mother with gamble behavior (OR = 2.33), father's indulgent education style (OR = 1.37), occasional physical punishment by mother (OR = 1.35), been bullied by others before high school (sometimes OR = 1.61, often OR = 1.85), high pressure during the study (a little high OR = 1.37, very high OR = 1.40), dissatisfaction to the environment and rules of campus (some dissatisfaction OR = 1.56, completely dissatisfaction OR = 2.04), been treated badly by primary school teacher (one kind OR = 1.70, two kinds and above OR = 2.04)were the risk factors of being victim. CONCLUSION: The campus violence in Guangzhou is serious, especially the psychological violence and sexual violence. And the risk factors of campus violence in bully and victim are multifold.

[The relationship between secular trend of road traffic injuries and gross domestic product per capita in China].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between secular trend of road traffic injuries (RTI) and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in China. METHODS: Statistical description was used in the data about cases, injuries, deaths, mileage mortality and 10 million population mortality from 1970 to 2009. Cluster analysis was used to classify the 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China. Ecological study was used to explore the relationship between RTI and GDP per capita. RESULTS: There were three stages of RTI in China. It grew rapidly in 1970 - 2002 (from 1.16 to 8.52 per 10 million population), kept steady in 2003 - 2004 (from 8.08 to 8.24 per 10 million population), and decreased obviously in 2005 - 2009 (from 7.55 to 5.08 per 10 million population). The ecological study showed that the population mortality of RTI rose along with the GDP per capita's growth. When the GDP per capita reached to 14 053 yuan (equivalent to 1716 US dollar, in 2005), the mortality began to decrease obviously, the average annual decreasing rate was 10.16%(8.14% - 10.52%)in the following five years. According to the GDP per capita during the period of 1999 - 2009, the 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China were divided into three categories of region. The curves of population mortality of RTI and GDP per capita in different category possessed the same ecological trend. That was the population mortality early rose and then fell along with the GDP per capita's growth. All of they started to decrease obviously in 2005. The GDP per capita among three categories of region was different (45 281 yuan, 22 243 yuan and 10 475 yuan respectively) in the same period. CONCLUSION: In the early stage of economic development, the mortality of RTI increased along with the economic development. When the economic development reached a certain level, the mortality decreased along with the GDP per capita's growth.

[Survey on the development regarding institution and professional contingence of injury prevention and strategy in China].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the development on infrastructure and professional contingence related to injury prevention and control, in China. METHODS: 38 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) were investigated by using a self designed questionnaire and data was analyzed descriptively. RESULTS: At present, all the CDCs at provincial and city level had not set up a specific department related to injury prevention and control, except for Shanghai and Guangxi CDCs. The proportions of full-time and part-time staff in all of the investigated CDCs were 37.30% and 62.70% respectively. From 2005 to 2008, the proportions of CDC which had made funds more than 500 000 Yuan available on injury prevention and control were: 27.78% in the eastern areas, 28.58% in central and 7.69% in the western areas of China. There were 76.92% of the CDCs in the western areas of China that the invested funding was less than 100 000 Yuan in the past years. Most of the routine work that had been carried out in those CDCs were surveillance and public education programs including collection of data and special surveys related to injuries on children, adolescents and the elderly population. 44.44%, and 28.57% of the CDCs in the eastern and central parts of the country wished to establish a Department of injury prevention and control, while 76.92% of the CDCs in the western part expressed their strong request for professional training on injury. CONCLUSION: China remained underdeveloped in the development of institutional and professional team working on injuries which called for, setting up related programs to suit the local needs. In accordance with the working condition, the progress that had been made and the objective demand on institutional and professional contingence of the problems in different areas, both short and medium terms on the issue, need to be put forward to develop both institutional and professional programs on injuries in the eastern, central, and western areas of China.

[Analysis on the mental disorders in the elderly after falling and its influencing factors].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the prevalence and its influencing factors on mental disorders in older people after falling in a community from Guangzhou city. METHODS: 184 people over 60 years of age had ever fallen within the past year in a community, were investigated by structured interview survey on their mental disorders in Guangzhou, with the impact of event scale (IES) and fear fall scale (FFS). Another 56 people over the age of 60 had never fallen at the same time were selected as controls. Data was analyzed by classification tree and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: IES score showed that there were 8.2% older people suffering from PTSD after falling (average score 16.07 ± 9.52). People who were at older age, with either bad eyesight or hearing, having had injury or decreased activity had higher scores. Results from classification tree analysis showed that decreased activity and helped by others after falling were risk factors of PTSD while not having decreased activity was protective factor. FFS score showed that 58.2% of the older people suffering from FFS after falling (average score 22.29 ± 10.25), people who were at older age, having had bad eyesight or hearing, not living with spouse or children etc. had higher scores while Classification Tree Analysis showed that factors as decreased activity or older than 80 years of age were at risk of FFS. People who did not have decreased activity or their IES score was nine or lower were protective factors. Data from the logistic regression analysis showed that raised by others after falling (OR = 6.20, 95%CI: 1.32 - 29.12) were risk factors of PTSD while older age (OR = 4.62, 95%CI: 1.80 - 11.83; OR = 4.06, 95%CI: 1.39 - 11.87), injury (OR = 6.26, 95%CI: 2.60 - 15.09), higher IES score (OR = 8.75, 95%CI: 3.53 - 21.70;OR = 11.98, 95%CI: 3.88 - 37.02) and decreased activity (OR = 5.26, 95%CI: 2.29 - 12.06) were risk factors of FFS. CONCLUSION: There had been a high incidence of mental disorders after falling among the elderly. Older age and decreased activity were the risk factors in this study.

[Epidemiological study on disability caused by injury in the Chinese population].

OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyze the prevalence and epidemiological features of people with disability caused by injury in the Chinese population, and to provide scientific basis for developing the prevention and control programs on injuries. METHODS: Statistics and intervention measures were used to analyze the data from the Second China National Sample Survey on injury-caused Disability. Cluster analysis was used to analyze the differences in regions. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of disability caused by injury was 99.68/10 000 which occupied 15.59% of all the disability, with multiple disability excluded. Physical disability and hearing disability accounted for 65.59% and 23.35% of all the injury-caused disability respectively, while those ranked Grade IV and III making up the majority (55.14% and 25.83%) of the disability, respectively. There were significant differences in the distribution of injury-caused disability among different age groups (χ(2) = 23 106.14, P < 0.001) and gender (χ(2) = 2161.74, P < 0.001). Ageing and being males having a higher risk on injury-caused disability. Five clusters were identified by cluster analysis, in which injury-caused disability were severe in the fifth (Sichuan province) and the fourth clusters (Hunan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Ningxia province). CONCLUSION: Problems discovered by injury-caused disability in the Chinese population should not be ignored. Both physical and hearing disabilities appeared to be the two main types of disability while age, gender and region were related to injury-caused disability. Targeted strategies should be developed to decrease the injury-caused disability in China.

[Analysis of DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR genetic polymorphism in Chinese Han population].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the genetic polymorphism of DC-SIGN's and DC-SIGNR's neck regions in normal Chinese Han population, and to obtain the genetic data of the two loci in Chinese Han population. METHODS: The genotypes and alleles of repeat sequences of DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR neck region were typed by PCR, agarose gel electrophoresis and sequencing. Polymorphism information content (PIC) of DC-SIGNR was calculated. RESULTS: DC-SIGN genetic polymorphism was rare. Allele 7 was most and its frequency was 0.9808. 4-, 5-, 6- and 8- alleles were also found, although their frequencies were very low. Caucasians had only 6- and 8- allele mutants; DC-SIGNR genetic polymorphism was high, its PIC was 0.5312, 4-,5-,6-,7-,8-,9- alleles and 16 genotypes were found in normal Chinese Han population. The differences of 6/5,7/4,7/5,7/6,7/7,9/5,9/7,9/9 genotypes distribution and 5-,6-,7-,9- alleles frequency between normal Chinese Han population and Caucasian population were all extremely distinct (P<0.01). The inserted mutation seemed more in Chinese Hans than Caucasian population. CONCLUSION: DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR genotypes and alleles distribution in Chinese Han population are significantly different from Caucasian population and with Chinese own population genetic characteristics, compared with Caucasians.

[Effects of surveillance system and preventive measures on the control of severe acute respiratory syndrome in a university in Guangdong Province of China].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of the surveillance system and preventive measurements on the control of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in a university in Guangdong Province. METHODS: A university with more than thirty thousand undergraduates, staff and their relatives was retrospectively studied, from which information regarding the status of epidemic, organization of leadership, disease control strategies and measures were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: The construction of the surveillance system in such a model as "individual-dormitory/home-class/unite-faculty and institute-university" largely contributed to the achievement of the goals of low incidence, no secondary, no epidemic, and no death. A series of control measures benefited the early diagnosis, effective isolation, prevention, and treatment of SARS control. CONCLUSION: SARS could be effectively controlled in university only if strict surveillance system is built up, and all-round preventions, including early isolation of both confirmed or suspected cases and close contacted persons, are carried out.

Trends in road traffic crashes and associated injury and fatality in the People's Republic of China, 1951-1999.

The burden of road traffic injuries in the People's Republic of China is increasing as evidenced by trends since 1951. Data from the National Statistical Office, Ministry of Communications and the Traffic Administration Bureau were analyzed. Absolute numbers of crashes, fatalities, and injuries, as well as fatalities per 100,000 population and motorization (number of vehicles per 1000 population) were used as indices to measure trends. Regional variations in trends and the characteristics of people injured or killed were also analyzed. Road traffic crashes increased 68-fold, from around 6000 in 1951 to 413,000 in 1999. Excessive speed was the main reported cause of the crashes. The injuries increased 56-fold--from around 5000 to 286,000--and fatalities 97-fold--from 852 to around 84,000--over the same period. The crash, fatality and injury rates also increased after 1985, due to increased motorization spurred by rapid economic growth. The number of four-wheel motor vehicles increased from 60,000 in 1951 to just under a million four-wheel motor vehicles in 1975 and to 10 million in 1987. The number of four-wheel motor vehicles then rose to 50 million in 1999, with an additional 30 million motorcycles. The increase in motorization and fatalities affected all the provinces. Road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death for populations up to the age of 45 years and the leading cause of working-life years lost in China.