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OBJECTIVE: Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become a significant global concern, but effective drugs able to slow down AD progression is still lacked. Electroacupuncture (EA) has been demonstrated to ameliorate cognitive impairment in individuals with AD. However, the underlying mechanisms remains poorly understood. This study aimed at examining the neuroprotective properties of EA and its potential mechanism of action against AD. METHODS: APP/PS1 transgenic mice were employed to evaluate the protective effects of EA on Shenshu (BL 23) and Baihui (GV 20). Chemogenetic manipulation was used to activate or inhibit serotonergic neurons within the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). Learning and memory abilities were assessed by the novel object recognition and Morris water maze tests. Golgi staining, western blot, and immunostaining were utilized to determine EA-induced neuroprotection. RESULTS: EA at Shenshu (BL 23) and Baihui (GV 20) effectively ameliorated learning and memory impairments in APP/PS1 mice. EA attenuated dendritic spine loss, increased the expression levels of PSD95, synaptophysin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in hippocampus. Activation of serotonergic neurons within the DRN can ameliorate cognitive deficits in AD by activating glutamatergic neurons mediated by 5-HT1B. Chemogenetic inhibition of serotonergic neurons in the DRN reversed the effects of EA on synaptic plasticity and memory. CONCLUSION: EA can alleviate cognitive dysfunction in APP/PS1 mice by activating serotonergic neurons in the DRN. Further study is necessary to better understand how the serotonergic neurons-related neural circuits involves in EA-induced memory improvement in AD.
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Chrozophora sabulosa Kar. & Kir. is a biennial herbaceous plant that belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family and has medicinal properties. This research aimed to identify the genetic characteristics and phylogenetic position of the Chrozophora genus within the Euphorbiaceae family. The evolutionary position of the Chrozophora genus was previously unknown due to insufficient research. Therefore, to determine the evolutionary link between C. sabulosa and other related species, we conducted a study using the NGS Illumina platform to sequence the C. sabulosa chloroplast (cp.) genome. The study results showed that the genome was 156,488 bp in length. It had a quadripartite structure consisting of two inverted repeats (IRb and IRa) of 24,649-bp, separated by an 87,696-bp LSC region and a 19,494-bp SSC region. The CP genome contained 113 unique genes, including four rRNA genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 79 CDS genes. In the second copy of the inverted repeat, there were 18 duplicated genes. The C. sabulosa lacks the petD, petB, rpl2, and rps16 intron. The analysis of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) revealed 93 SSR loci of 22 types and 78 oligonucleotide repeats of four kinds. The phylogenetic investigation showed that the Chrozophora genus evolved paraphyletically from other members of the Euphorbiaceae family. To support the phylogenetic findings, we selected species from the Euphorbiaceae and Phyllanthaceae families to compare with C. sabulosa for Ks and Ka substitution rates, InDels investigation, IR contraction and expansion, and SNPs analysis. The results of these comparative studies align with the phylogenetic findings. We identified six highly polymorphic regions shared by both families, which could be used as molecular identifiers for the Chrozophora genus (rpl33-rps18, rps18-rpl20, rps15-ycf1, ndhG-ndhI, psaI-ycf4, petA-psbJ). The cp. genome sequence of C. sabulosa reveals the evolution of plastid sequences in Chrozophora species. This is the first time the cp. genome of a Chrozophora genus has been sequenced, serving as a foundation for future sequencing of other species within the Chrozophoreae tribe and facilitating in-depth taxonomic research. The results of this research will also aid in identifying new Chrozophora species.
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Evolución Molecular , Genoma del Cloroplasto , FilogeniaRESUMEN
The potential of acetylene is extremely high both in chemical industry and synthetic applications due to unsaturated nature and the smallest active C≡C unit. The production of many essential necessities is originated from acetylene; however, the formation of acetylene molecule requires a lot of energy. Currently, the access to acetylene is based on coal processing, methane reforming and calcium carbide hydrolysis. Recently, extensive research has been done to decrease the cost of acetylene. In this review, the routes to acetylene were highlighted, considering the energy consumption in kW â h/t of the product to evaluate the best approach. Since energy prices depend on various regions, the cost of the product is complicated. The manufacturing of acetylene is usually accompanied by formation of by-products, which may be valuable or not. The review should help to identify current status and not overlook promising approaches.
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Compared to filiform needle therapy, fire-needle therapy has both the stimulation of needles and the warming effect of heat, making it have unexpected effects on some chronic diseases and incurable diseases. Osteoporosis (OP) has a high incidence in postmenopausal women and middle-aged and elderly men, and the treatment cycle is long. According to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Lingnan fire-needle therapy has shown potential in treating osteoporosis. However, there is still a long way to go before it can be widely used. This article focuses on the application of Lingnan fire-needle therapy in the intervention of OP in rats. It covers the selection of needle tools, acupuncture point selection, positioning of rats' bodies, and fixation methods. We also outline the steps and precautions to be taken during and after needling with fire needles. The experiment was done with three groups: a normal group, a model group, and a fire-needle group, each containing 10 rats. The rats in the fire-needle group were treated with fire-needle intervention for six sessions. After the intervention period, we collected femoral specimens and performed micro-CT scans. The results suggest that fire needling can enhance bone morphology and mineral density in OP rats. This information can serve as a methodological basis for conducting basic research on fire-needle therapy.
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Terapia por Acupuntura , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Osteoporosis , Animales , Ratas , Osteoporosis/terapia , Femenino , Terapia por Acupuntura/métodos , Terapia por Acupuntura/instrumentación , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Agujas , Medicina Tradicional China/métodos , MasculinoRESUMEN
Objectives: This study aimed to explore the current status and trends of acupuncture for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) in the last decade and provide new insights for researchers in future studies. Methods: The publications concerning acupuncture treatment for NDs published between 2014 and 2023 were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection. We used CiteSpace and VOSviewer to analyze data on numbers of annual publications, countries, institutions, cited journals, cited authors, cited references, keywords, and citation bursts about acupuncture for NDs. Results: A total of 635 publications were obtained from 2014 to 2023. We identified the most prolific journals, countries, institutions, authors, patterns of authorship, and the main direction of future research in the field of acupuncture for NDs in the last decade. The country, institution, and journal with the most publications are China (389 articles), Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (56 articles), and Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (42 articles), respectively. The high-frequency keywords focused on "Alzheimer's disease," "Parkinson's disease," "acupuncture," "dementia," and "electroacupuncture." The top five keywords in terms of centrality were "cerebral ischemia," "acupuncture stimulation," "fMRI," "apoptosis," and "deep brain stimulation." Conclusion: The results from this bibliometric study provide insight into the research trends in acupuncture therapy for NDs, and the current status and trends of the past decade, which may help researchers confirm the current status, hotspots, and frontier trends in this field.
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Thread-embedding therapy (TEAT) is a treatment that prevents and manages diseases by inserting a biodegradable suture into an acupoint, providing long-lasting stimulation. TEAT is a simple approach that avoids the discomfort of regular acupuncture and provides sustained therapeutic effects. This article discusses the potential impact of TEAT on the learning and memory abilities of rats with Alzheimer's disease-like symptoms. Since chemically induced neuronal degeneration and cognitive impairments in rats does not entirely reflect the true pathological changes observed in Alzheimer's disease. Consequently, our research group has designated these manifestations as Alzheimer's disease-like symptoms. A protocol has been established to outline the selection of acupoints, the operation process, and necessary precautions for the head and lower back. The experiment was conducted on three groups: a control group, a model group, and a TEAT group, each containing 6 rats. To induce Alzheimer's disease-like symptoms, rats were intraperitoneally injected with D-galactose for 7 weeks (49 days). The rats in the TEAT group received acupoint catgut embedding treatment. Following the intervention period, a Morris Water Maze (MWM) was conducted to evaluate the rats' learning and memory. Subsequently, the rats were sacrificed, and their brain tissue was examined. A histological examination was performed to understand the effects of TEAT on the pathology of rats exhibiting symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. This study suggests that TEAT may improve learning and memory in rats with Alzheimer's disease-like symptoms, indicating a potentially promising new treatment approach for this neurodegenerative condition.
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Terapia por Acupuntura , Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Animales , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/terapia , Terapia por Acupuntura/métodos , Ratas , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Puntos de Acupuntura , Suturas , Masculino , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Aprendizaje por Laberinto/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Vitamin D is a lipid soluble steroid hormone, which plays a critical role in the calcium homeostasis, neuronal development, cellular differentiation, and growth by binding to vitamin D receptor (VDR). Associations between VDR gene polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) risk has been investigated extensively, but the results remain ambiguous. The aim of this study was to comprehensively assess the correlations between four VDR polymorphisms (FokI, BsmI, TaqI, and ApaI) and susceptibility to AD, PD, and MCI. Crude odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to determine the relationship of interest. Pooled analyses suggested that the ApaI polymorphism decreased the overall AD risk, and the TaqI increased the overall PD susceptibility. In addition, the BsmI and ApaI polymorphisms were significantly correlated with the overall MCI risk. Stratified analysis by ethnicity further showed that the TaqI and ApaI genotypes reduced the AD predisposition among Caucasians, while the TaqI polymorphism enhanced the PD risk among Asians. Intriguingly, carriers with the BB genotype significantly decreased the MCI risk in Asian descents, and the ApaI variant elevated the predisposition to MCI in Caucasians and Asians. Further studies are need to identify the role of VDR polymorphisms in AD, PD, and MCI susceptibility.
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BACKGROUND: Influenced by the global aging population, the incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has increased sharply. In addition to increasing ß-amyloid plaque deposition and tau tangle formation, neurogenesis dysfunction has recently been observed in AD. Therefore, promoting regeneration to improve neurogenesis and cognitive dysfunction can play an effective role in AD treatment. Acupuncture and moxibustion have been widely used in the clinical treatment of neurodegenerative diseases because of their outstanding advantages such as early, functional, and benign two-way adjustment. It is urgent to clarify the effectiveness, greenness, and safety of acupuncture and moxibustion in promoting neurogenesis in AD treatment. METHODS: Senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice at various ages were used as experimental models to simulate the pathology and behaviors of AD mice. Behavioral experiments, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and immunofluorescence experiments were used for comparison between different groups. RESULTS: Acupuncture and moxibustion could increase the number of PCNA+ DCX+ cells, Nissl bodies, and mature neurons in the hippocampal Dentate gyrus (DG) of SAMP8 mice, restore the hippocampal neurogenesis, delay the AD-related pathological presentation, and improve the learning and memory abilities of SAMP8 mice. CONCLUSION: The pathological process underlying AD and cognitive impairment were changed positively by improving the dysfunction of neurogenesis. This indicates the promising role of acupuncture and moxibustion in the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Terapia por Acupuntura , Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Moxibustión , Ratones , Animales , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/terapia , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/patología , Hipocampo/patología , Neurogénesis/fisiología , Giro Dentado/patología , Modelos Animales de EnfermedadRESUMEN
Leachate comprising organic contaminants such as dichloromethane is frequently discharged into groundwater at contaminated sites and unlined landfills. Soil-bentonite backfills in vertical cutoff walls are extensively employed to contain the flow of contaminated groundwater, thereby safeguarding the downstream groundwater environmental quality and ecosystem. This study presented a comprehensive evaluation of effects of dichloromethane-impacted groundwater on hydraulic conductivity and microscopic characteristics of soil-bentonite backfills amended with polymer namely polyanionic cellulose and microscale zero-valent iron. The results showed the amended backfills exhibited lower hydraulic conductivity than the unamended backfill regardless of the permeant type, i.e., tap water and dichloromethane solution. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectrometry analyses demonstrated that polyanionic cellulose hydrogel could effectively coat sand, bentonite, and microscale zero-valent iron particles, providing protection of bentonite particles against attacks imposed by the dichloromethane and multivalent iron ions, and diminish aggregation of microscale zero-valent iron particles in the amended backfills. X-ray diffraction results indicated there was no intercalation of polyanionic cellulose and microscale zero-valent iron into the montmorillonite platelets of bentonite particles. Based on the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Spectra analysis, a new functional group (-CH2) was identified on the polyanionic cellulose amended bentonite particles. The results demonstrated that amendment with polyanionic cellulose and microscale zero-valent iron is a promising approach to improve the performance of soil-bentonite backfills in containing flow of dichloromethane-impacted groundwater.
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OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (NACT+CCRT) vs. concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) in locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) patients with large tumor masses. METHODS: LACC patients with localized tumor diameter >4 cm, were randomly allocated in an unblinded 1:1 ratio to NACT+CCRT or CCRT groups. Patients in the NACT+CCRT group were given paclitaxel combined with cisplatin (TP) NACT every 3 weeks for 2 cycles, followed by CCRT, with the chemotherapy regimen the same as for NACT. CCRT group were given CCRT with the same as for NACT. RESULTS: From March 1, 2019, to June 30, 2021, 146 patients were included in the final analysis. Sixty-eight (93.2%) patients in the NACT+CCRT group and 66 (90.4%) patients in the CCRT group completed the expected treatment course. The complete response (CR) rate in the NACT+CCRT group was significantly higher than in the CCRT group (87.7% vs. 67.6%, χ²=54.540, p=0.000). In the NACT+CCRT group, the 1- and 2-year overall survival (OS) rates were significantly higher than those in the CCRT group (96% vs. 89% and 89% vs. 79%, χ²=5.737, p=0.017). Additionally, the rate of recurrences and distant metastases was significantly lower in the NACT+CCRT group than in the CCRT group (4.11% vs. 7.35%, χ²=4.059, p=0.021). Most treatment-related adverse events in both groups were grade 3. CONCLUSION: Compared to CCRT, NACT+CCRT might improve the treatment completion rate, increase CR rate and 1- and 2-year OS rates, and reduce distant metastases rate for LACC patients with large tumor masses.
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Quimioradioterapia , Terapia Neoadyuvante , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino , Femenino , Humanos , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efectos adversos , Quimioradioterapia/efectos adversos , Cisplatino/efectos adversos , Terapia Neoadyuvante/efectos adversos , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Resultado del Tratamiento , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/patología , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/terapiaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: By the end of 2022, China had made a pivotal decision to optimize the COVID-19 policy. The dominant Omicron variant in China at that time was highly transmissible. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the real-world safety and efficacy of tixagevimab and cilgavimab against this background in China. METHODS: Participants were enrolled if they were over 12 years old and were planning to receive tixagevimab or cilgavimab. All participants received intramuscular administration of tixagevimab (150 mg) and cilgavimab (150 mg). Data were collected on demographics, underlying illness, prior infection, vaccination, adverse events, and COVID-19 outcomes (e.g., infection rate, hospitalization rate, and severe disease). RESULTS: During the study period, 168 (37.9%) of 443 who received tixagevimab/cilgavimab were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection. All infected patients had mild COVID-19. Two patients (0.5%) were hospitalized for COVID-19, but none of them were admitted to the ICU. None of the patients died during this study. 4 (0.9%) reported mild local adverse events, and no severe systemic adverse reactions were reported. CONCLUSION: Tixagevimab/cilgavimab may have protected high-risk populations against infection with the Omicron variant, hospitalization and severe disease during the China COVID-19 pandemic.
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COVID-19 , Profilaxis Pre-Exposición , Humanos , Niño , Pandemias , COVID-19/prevención & control , China/epidemiología , Brotes de EnfermedadesRESUMEN
In basic experimental acupuncture research, rats are commonly used as laboratory animals. However, it is difficult for them to maintain a fixed posture. During electroacupuncture procedures, proper immobilization of rats is essential. Various methods of rat fixation are currently used, including anesthesia fixation, high-platform fixation, binding fixation, and fixation with a self-made rat coat. However, these methods have their limitations, which may affect the efficiency and operability of the experiment to some extent. This protocol introduces a method of suspending and fixing rats using rat clothes. Firstly, rats are clothed with rat jackets that match their body shape, taking advantage of their preference for darkness and burrowing. The needling operation can then be carried out after the rats have worn rat clothes. When suspended, the rats are relatively still, as their limbs cannot move. This fixation method offers not only economical and user-friendly benefits but also ensures a stable and reliable fixation of the rats in a comfortably relaxed position. It also effectively minimizes time consumption, experimental space, and manpower resources. Additionally, this method allows for the exposure of most acupoints used for acupuncture in rats. This article primarily concentrates on the device's composition, encompassing a specially designed rat jacket, an elevated fixation rack, and their connecting structures. Additionally, an illustrative example will be presented to demonstrate the application of the rat clothing-based suspension fixation method in rat electroacupuncture procedures.
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Terapia por Acupuntura , Anestesia , Animales , Ratas , Puntos de Acupuntura , Extremidades , Técnicas Histológicas , SuspensionesRESUMEN
The workability, hydraulic conductivity, and mechanical properties are essential to contaminant containment performance of cementitious backfills in vertical cutoff walls at contaminated sites. This study aims to investigate the engineering properties of a novel vertical cutoff wall backfill composed of reactive magnesia (MgO)-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), sodium-activated calcium bentonite amended with polyacrylamide cellulose (PAC), and clean sand (referred to as MSBS-PAC). Backfills composed of MgO-activated GGBS, sodium-activated calcium bentonite, and clean sand (referred to as MSBS) were also tested for comparison purposes. A series of tests were conducted which included slump test, flexible-wall hydraulic conductivity test, and unconfined compression test. The pore size distributions of two types of backfills were investigated via the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique. The results showed the moisture content corresponding to the target slump height was higher for MSBS-PAC backfill than that for MSBS backfill. The MSBS-PAC backfill possessed lower pH, dry density, and higher void ratio at different standard curing times as compared to MSBS backfill. The unconfined compressive strength and strain at failure of the MSBS-PAC backfill were noticeable lower than those of the MSBS backfill. In contrast, the hydraulic conductivity of MSBS-PAC backfill was approximately one order of magnitude lower than that of the MSBS backfill, which was less than 10-9 m/s after 28-day and 90-day curing. Lower hydraulic conductivity of MSBS-PAC backfill was attributed to the improvement of pore structure and pore fluid environment by PAC amendment.
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Ionic circuits using ions as charge carriers have demonstrated great potential for flexible and bioinspired electronics. The emerging ionic thermoelectric (iTE) materials can generate a potential difference by virtue of selective thermal diffusion of ions, which provide a new route for thermal sensing with the merits of high flexibility, low cost, and high thermopower. Here, ultrasensitive flexible thermal sensor arrays based on an iTE hydrogel consisting of polyquaternium-10 (PQ-10), a cellulose derivative, as the polymer matrix and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as the ion source are reported. The developed PQ-10/NaOH iTE hydrogel achieves a thermopower of 24.17 mV K-1 , which is among the highest values reported for biopolymer-based iTE materials. The high p-type thermopower can be attributed to thermodiffusion of Na+ ions under a temperature gradient, while the movement of OH- ions is impeded by the strong electrostatic interaction with the positively charged quaternary amine groups of PQ-10. Flexible thermal sensor arrays are developed through patterning the PQ-10/NaOH iTE hydrogel on flexible printed circuit boards, which can perceive spatial thermal signals with high sensitivity. A smart glove integrated with multiple thermal sensor arrays is further demonstrated, which endows a prosthetic hand with thermal sensation for human-machine interaction.
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Biodiversity is and always has been an important issue in ecological research. Biodiversity can reflect niche partitioning among species at several spatial and temporal scales and is generally highest in the tropics. One theory to explain it is that low-latitude tropical ecosystems are dominated by species that are generally only distributed over a narrow area. This principle is known as Rapoport's rule. One previously unconsidered extension of Rapoport's rule may be reproductive phenology, where variation in flowering and fruiting length may reflect a temporal range. Herein, we collected reproductive phenology data for more than 20,000 species covering almost all angiosperm species in China. We used a random forest model to quantify the relative role of seven environmental factors on the duration of reproductive phenology. Our results showed that the duration of reproductive phenology decreased with latitude, although there was no obvious change across longitudes. Latitude explained more of the variation in the duration of flowering and fruiting phases in woody plants than in herbaceous plants. Mean annual temperature and the length of the growing season strongly influenced the phenology of herbaceous plants, and average winter temperature and temperature seasonality were important drivers of woody plant phenology. Our result suggests the flowering period of woody plants is sensitive to temperature seasonality, while it does not influence herbaceous plants. By extending Rapoport's rule to consider the distribution of species in time as well as space, we have provided a novel insight into the mechanisms of maintaining high levels of diversity in low-latitude forests.
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Flexible, lightweight, and low-cost thermoelectric thin films are promising for self-powered wearable electronics and sensors. In this work, we report on flexible Te nanostructures/PEDOT:PSS composite thin films with high power factor and their application as flexible temperature sensors. Te nanostructures with high crystallinity and high aspect ratios were synthesized through an environmentally friendly method without using highly toxic chemicals. Individual Te nanostructures achieve a thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) of 0.13 at 300 K, indicating good potential as inorganic fillers for nanostructures/polymer hybrid materials. Based on the synthesized Te nanostructures, flexible p-type Te/PEDOT:PSS thin films were fabricated through a simple dilution and vacuum filtration method. The power factor of the as-prepared composite thin film outperforms that of either a Te or DMSO-treated PEDOT:PSS thin film, and importantly, it can be further enhanced to 149 µW m-1 K-2 by hot pressing, which is nearly threefold enhancement compared to the values reported for the vacuum-filtered flexible Te/PEDOT:PSS thin films in the literature. The hot-pressed composite thin film shows high flexibility with the electrical conductivity remaining almost unchanged after 1000 bending cycles under a bending radius of 5 mm. Flexible temperature sensors were fabricated based on the hot-pressed Te/PEDOT:PSS thin film, which exhibited high sensitivity in detecting temperature stimuli. The developed temperature sensors were applied onto a two-finger flexible mechanical claw for identifying hot/cold objects in robotic grasping. This work demonstrates an effective approach to enhance the thermoelectric power factor of flexible Te nanostructures/polymer composites and their promising application in flexible thermal sensing.
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Salvianolic acid B(Sal B) is the main water-soluble component of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Studies have found that Sal B has a good protective effect on blood vessels. Sal B can protect endothelial cells by anti-oxidative stress, inducing autophagy, inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS), inhibiting endothelial inflammation and adhesion molecule expression, inhibiting endothelial cell permeability, anti-thrombosis, and other ways. In addition, Sal B can alleviate endothelial cell damage caused by high glucose(HG). For vascular smooth muscle cell(VSMC), Sal B can reduce the synthesis and secretion of inflammatory factors by inhibiting cyclooxygenase. It can also play a vasodilatory role by inhibiting Ca~(2+) influx. In addition, Sal B can inhibit VSMC proliferation and migration, thereby alleviating vascular stenosis. Sal B also inhibits lipid deposition in the subendothelium, inhibits macrophage conversion to foam cells, and reduces macrophage apoptosis, thereby reducing the volume of subendothelial lipid plaques. For some atherosclerosis(AS) complications, such as peripheral artery disease(PAD), Sal B can promote angiogenesis, thereby improving ischemia. It should be pointed out that the conclusions obtained from different experiments are not completely consistent, which needs further research. In addition, previous pharmacokinetics showed that Sal B was poorly absorbed by oral administration, and it was unstable in the stomach, with a large first-pass effect in the liver. Sal B had fast distribution and metabolism in vivo and short drug action time. These affect the bioavailability and biological effects of Sal B, and the development of clinically valuable Sal B non-injectable delivery systems remains a great challenge.
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Benzofuranos , Células Endoteliales , Estrés Oxidativo , Benzofuranos/farmacología , LípidosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at "Baihui"(GV20) and "Shenshu" (BL23) on the pathological injury of neurons in SAMP8 mice and the anti-inflammatory effect on neuron repair, providing a new experimental basis for EA prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. METHODS: Twelve 7-month-old SAMP8 mice were randomly divided into model and EA groups, and 6 SAMR1 mice of the same age and genetic background were used as normal group. Mice in the EA group were needled at GV20 and bilateral BL23, and EA (1 mA, 2 Hz) was applied to bilateral BL23 for 15 min, once daily, 10 d as a course for a total of 4 courses, with an interval of 1 d. Mice in the normal and model groups were captured and fixed in the same way as the EA group. The spatial learning and memory ability was detected by Morris water maze test. Neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN) positive expression and the number of NeuN-positive cells in dentate gyrus (DG) were detected by immunofluorescence staining. The protein expression levels of ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1(Iba-1), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1ß in hippocampus were detected by Western blot. The ultrastructure of nerve cells in DG was observed by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Compared with the normal group, the average escape latency was prolonged(P<0.01), the number of platform crossing was significantly reduced (P<0.01), the average fluorescence intensity of NeuN and the number of NeuN-positive cells in hippocampus DG region decreased (P<0.05), the expression levels of Iba-1, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1ß in hippocampus were increased (P<0.05) in the model group.Compared with the model group, the ave-rage escape latency was shortened (P<0.01), the number of platform crossing times was significantly increased (P<0.01), the average fluorescence intensity of NeuN and the number of NeuN-positive cells in hippocampus DG region increased (P<0.05), the expression levels of Iba-1, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1ß in hippocampus were decreased (P<0.05) in the EA group. The morphology of nerve cells in the hippocampus DG region was normalï¼ and the organelles in the cytoplasm were clear, complete and regularly distributed in the normal group. However, the morphology of nerve cells in the model group was seriously irregular, which was also irregular in EA group but somewhat relieved compared with model group. CONCLUSION: EA at GV20 and BL23 can improve the learning and memory ability of SAMP8 mice, which may be related to inhibiting the neuroinflammatory response, increasing the number of neurons and improving the ultrastructure of the DG region of the hippocampus to play the role of neuron protection.
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Electroacupuntura , Animales , Ratones , Interleucina-6 , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa , Hipocampo , NeuronasRESUMEN
The cortex-to-stele ratio (CSR), as it increases from thin- to thick-root species in angiosperms, is theorised to effectively reflect a compensation for the 'lag' of absorption behind transportation. But it is still not known if this compensatory effect exists in gymnosperm species or governs root structure and function within species. Here, anatomical, morphological, and tissue chemical traits of absorptive roots were measured in three temperate angiosperm and three gymnosperm species. Differences in the CSR and the above functional traits, as well as their intraspecific associations, were analyzed and then compared between angiosperms and gymnosperms. At the intraspecific level, the CSR decreased with increasing root order for all species. The expected functional indication of the CSR was consistent with decreases in specific root length (SRL) and N concentration and increases in the C to N ratio (C:N ratio) and the number of and total cross-sectional area of conduits with increasing root order, demonstrating that the CSR indicates the strength of absorption and transportation at the intraspecific level, but intraspecific changes are due to root development rather than the compensatory effect. These trends resulted in significant intraspecific associations between the CSR and SRL (R 2 = 0.36 ~ 0.80), N concentration (R 2 = 0.48 ~ 0.93), the C:N ratio (R 2 = 0.47 ~ 0.91), and the number of (R 2 = 0.21 ~ 0.78) and total cross-sectional area (R 2 = 0.29 ~ 0.72) of conduits in each species (p< 0.05). The overall mean CSR of absorptive roots in angiosperms was four times greater than in gymnosperms, and in angiosperms, the CSR was significantly higher in thick- than in thin-rooted species, whereas in gymnosperms, the interspecific differences were not significant (p > 0.05). This suggests that the compensation for the lag of absorption via cortex thickness regulation was stronger in three angiosperm species than in three gymnosperm species. In addition, there was poor concordance between angiosperms and gymnosperms in the relationships between CSRs and anatomical, morphological, and tissue chemical traits. However, these gymnosperm species show a more stable intraspecific functional association compared to three angiosperm species. In general, absorptive root CSRs could manifest complex strategies in resource acquisition for trees at both intra- and interspecific levels.
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PURPOSE: To study the effect of intraoperative internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling on the macular vascular structure in patients with diabetic epiretinal membrane (ERM). METHODS: Patients with diabetic ERM were divided into an ERM + ILM peeling group (18 eyes) and an ERM peeling group (19 eyes), all of whom underwent standard vitrectomy and were followed up until 6 months postoperatively. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), Central macular thickness (CMT), Vessel density (VD) and vessel length density (VLD) of the superficial as well as deep retinal capillary plexus were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in BCVA (p = .188, .410, .901, .916) and CMT (p = .164, .128, .110, .105) between the two groups at the week 1, month 1, month 3 and month 6 after operation. In the superficial capillary plexus (SCP), the change in VD (p = .106) and VLD (p = .438) was not affected by ILM peeling, and there was no significant difference in VD (p = .154, .063, .100, .162) and VLD (p = .386, .263, .431, .391) between the two groups during the four follow-up after operation. For the deep capillary plexus (DCP), there was an effect of ILM peeling on the changes in VD (p = .024) and VLD (p = .012), ILM peeling delayed the recovery time of the VD and VLD; The VD (p = .026, .000, .003) and VLD (p = .005, .000, .000) of ERM + ILM peeling group were lower than those of ERM peeling group from the month 1 to the month 6 after operation. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative peeling of the ILM in patients with diabetic ERM delayed the improvement of blood flow signal in the DCP but did not affect the recovery of postoperative BCVA and CMT.