A role of rectangularity in perceiving a 3D shape of an object.

Rectangularity and perpendicularity of contours are important properties of 3D shape for the visual system and the visual system can use them asa prioriconstraints for perceivingshape veridically. The presentarticle provides a comprehensive review ofpriorstudiesofthe perception of rectangularity and perpendicularity anditdiscussestheir effects on3D shape perception from both theoretical and empiricalapproaches. It has been shown that the visual system is biased to perceive a rectangular 3D shape from a 2D image. We thought that this bias might be attributable to the likelihood of a rectangular interpretation but this hypothesis is not supported by the results of our psychophysical experiment. Note that the perception ofa rectangular shape cannot be explained solely on the basis of geometry. A rectangular shape is perceived from an image that is inconsistent with a rectangular interpretation. To address thisissue, we developed a computational model that can recover a rectangular shape from an image of a parallelopiped. The model allows the recovered shape to be slightly inconsistent so that the recovered shape satisfies the a priori constraints of maximum compactness and minimal surface area. This model captures someof thephenomenaassociated withthe perception of the rectangular shape that were reported inpriorstudies. This finding suggests that rectangularity works for shape perception by incorporatingitwith someadditionalconstraints.

Visual sensitivity to parallel configurations of contours compared with sensitivity to other configurations.

People can perceive 3D information from contour drawings and some types of configurations of contours in such drawings are important for 3D perception. We know that our visual system is sensitive to these configurations. Koshmanova & Sawada (2019, Vision Research, 154, 97-104) showed that the sensitivity is higher to a parallel configuration of contours than to a perpendicular configuration of contours. In this study, two psychophysical experiments were conducted that compared the sensitivity to a parallel configuration to two different configurations. In Experiment 1, orientation thresholds were measured with parallel and converging configurations composed of three contours. In Experiment 2, orientation thresholds of configurations composed of two contours were measured with parallel, collinear, and perpendicular configurations. The results of Experiment 1 showed that the visual system is more sensitive to parallel configurations than to converging configurations. The results of Experiment 2 showed that the sensitivity to the parallel configuration is analogous to the sensitivity to the collinear configuration, and it is higher than the sensitivity to the perpendicular configuration. The role that the parallel configuration plays in the 3D perception of contour-drawings is discussed.