Implementation of a geriatric oncology service at the Royal Marsden Hospital.

INTRODUCTION: Despite significant evidence supporting the benefits of comprehensive oncogeriatric assessment in the management of older patients with cancer, the adoption of specialised geriatric oncology programs in the United Kingdom remains limited. Descriptions of clinic structure and models, patient demographics and baseline characteristics, resource utilisation, and predictors of resource utilisation are lacking in this population, which may complicate or impede the planning, resourcing, and development of further services in this subspecialty on a national and regional basis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between November 2021 and April 2023, 244 patients commencing systemic anticancer treatment at the Royal Marsden Hospital, London underwent geriatric screening using the Senior Adult Oncology Programme-3 (SAOP3) screening tool. Baseline clinical factors (sex, age, Charlson Comorbidity Index score, Cumulative Illness Rating Scale-Geriatric [CIRS-G] score, Katz Index score, Barthel Index score, treatment intent, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status [ECOG-PS]) were assessed as predictors of geriatric impairments and need for multidisciplinary referral and intervention using a negative binomial regression analysis. Referral rates to multidisciplinary teams were assessed against ECOG-PS score using point-biserial correlation, as well as against a historical control using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: The median age of participants was 77; 75.8% were female. Breast cancer was the most prevalent diagnosis (61.9%). Most patients (67.6%) were undergoing treatment in the palliative setting. Two hundred eleven (86.5%) patients were identified as having at least one geriatric impairment. Six hundred forty-nine multidisciplinary referrals were made, of which 583 (86.7%) were accepted by the referred patient. Higher ECOG PS was positively associated with geriatric impairments in physiotherapy, occupational therapy, dietetics, pharmacy, and welfare rights domains, as well as with the overall number of geriatric impairments. DISCUSSION: The Royal Marsden Senior Adult Oncology Programme represents the first geriatric oncology service in a tertiary cancer centre in the United Kingdom. Following implementation of SAOP3 screening, we observed a substantial increase in referrals to all multidisciplinary teams, suggestive of previously underrecognized needs among this population. The need for multidisciplinary intervention was strongly correlated with baseline ECOG-PS score, but not with other measured clinical variables, including comorbidity or functional indices.

Recruiting to surgical trials in the emergency setting: using a mixed methods study to understand clinician and patient perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Undertaking randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in emergency surgical settings is associated with methodological and practical challenges. This study explored patients' and clinicians' perspectives associated with the conduct of an RCT comparing laparoscopic and open colorectal surgery in the acute setting. METHODS: All eligible patients screened and enrolled for the 'Laparoscopic versus open colorectal surgery in the acute setting (LaCeS)' multicentre, randomized clinical feasibility trial in five UK NHS Trusts were invited to respond to a survey. Patients and healthcare professionals were also invited to take part in semi-structured interviews. Survey and interviews explored the acceptability of the feasibility trial. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using thematic analysis. Survey data were analysed descriptively to assess patient views of the trial and intervention. RESULTS: Out of 72 patients enrolled for the LaCeS RCT, survey data were collected from 28 patients (38.9 per cent), and interviews were conducted with 16 patients and 14 healthcare professionals. Thirteen out of 28 patients (46 per cent) had treatment preferences but these were not strong enough to deter participation. Twelve of the patients interviewed believed that their surgeon preferred laparoscopic surgery, but this did not deter them from participating in the trial. Half of the surgeons interviewed expressed the view that laparoscopic surgery was of benefit in this setting, but recognized that the need for research evidence outweighed their personal treatment preferences. Eight of the 14 recruiters reported that the emergency setting affected recruitment, especially in centres with fewer recruiting surgeons. Interviewees reported that recruitment was helped significantly by using surgical trainees to consent patients. CONCLUSION: This study identified specific challenges for the LaCeS trial design to address and adds significant insights to our understanding of recruiting to emergency surgical trials more broadly.

Using photovoice to understand and improve healthy lifestyles of people diagnosed with serious mental illness.

WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: People diagnosed with serious mental illness (SMI): Live 10 to 20 years less than the general population, and this can be related to lifestyle factors such as poor diet and low levels of physical activity. Have a good understanding of what healthy lifestyle comprises of, but face barriers and challenges related to their mental health, treatment, and life situation. There is limited participatory research that considers the specific beliefs of people diagnosed with SMI about what "being healthy" means to them. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE: People diagnosed with SMI value health and are often already engaged in activities that promote both physical and mental health. They experience the "vicious cycle" of barriers to engage in healthier lifestyle, including medication effects, poor sleep routines, fatigue, low mood and establishing a routine, but this shows how healthy activities can improve their mental health. The importance of meaningful places and their role in supporting healthy lifestyles was identified Some people diagnosed with SMI face significant socio-economic challenges (such as lack of cooking facilities; limited money for purchasing healthy food) to support healthy lifestyles. To truly understand the perspectives of people with SMI, who are typically voiceless and disempowered, research methods need to allow the participants to set the agenda for discussion, to not only provide rich data but also have the added benefit of empowerment and enhanced engagement. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: Mental health nurses should: Explore the practical barriers to healthy lifestyle such as financial concerns and ensure that people can access support to obtain what they need from the local community resources. Instigate a mental health and/or medication review if mental health symptoms or medication side effects are a barrier to healthy lifestyles Explore what places have meaning and consider how to use meaningful places as motivating factors for healthy lifestyles and promoting mental well being. ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: People diagnosed with serious mental illness (SMI) live 10-20 years less than the general population, due in part to co-existing physical illness linked to lifestyle factors. To inform individualized care plans to promote healthy lifestyles, it is important to understand the views of people diagnosed with SMI. To truly understand their lived experience, research methods should allow participants to set the agenda for discussion, enhancing engagement and empowerment in the research process. AIM: To use a participatory research approach to capture what healthy lifestyle means to people who are diagnosed with SMI. METHOD: Eight people diagnosed with SMI participated in six, weekly focus groups using Photovoice. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: The overarching theme was 'mental health is the main priority', and the other themes were barriers to a healthy lifestyle, represented as a vicious cycle, and three themes, which were facilitators - the importance of place, meaningful activities, and the importance of others. DISCUSSION: The methodology allowed participants to choose images that reflected their lived experience. The themes describe the interaction of physical and mental health and practical barriers and will inform the design of individualized care plans. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: In co-designing care plans, mental health nurses should draw on peoples' preferences and explore the barriers identified in this study.

Using mixed methods to explore diabetes care in a medium-secure setting in England: A case study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Diabetes is highly prevalent among individuals with serious mental illness. Managing diabetes in forensic mental health settings presents unique challenges which are under-reported and poorly understood. This study aimed to explore diabetes care in a medium-secure setting and identify key areas for improvement. METHODS: A single case study design used a retrospective chart review. Qualitative interviews and a focus group were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Prevalence of diabetes was over twice that of the general population and highest in female service users. Evidence suggests limited understanding and lack of diabetes education for staff and service users, and difficulties in accessing external diabetes recourses. CONCLUSION: Constraints inherent to forensic mental health settings contribute to difficulties in accessing external resources and adequate diabetes education. Secure mental health services should adopt a collaborative approach to diabetes care and provide appropriate specialist training to both staff and service users.

A Qualitative Study Exploring International Experiences of Seeking Treatment for Adults With Trichotillomania: A Story of Frustration and Unmet Need.

Trichotillomania (TTM) is a poorly understood disorder with no consensus on aetiology or epidemiology; often overlooked due to high comorbidity rates. Cross-cultural qualitative research is sparse; therefore, an international qualitative study was conducted. A generic qualitative approach with thematic analysis was used to explore data from asynchronous email interviews. The aim of this article is to report participant experiences of seeking treatment. Using a sample of 20 adults (18-55 years) from 15 different countries, this article highlights lack of access and unmet healthcare needs signifying an inadequate supply of TTM expertise globally and the need for more robust clinical guidance.

The RESPECT study: a feasibility randomised controlled trial of a sexual health promotion intervention for people with serious mental illness in community mental health services in the UK.

BACKGROUND: People with serious mental illness (SMI) have sexual health needs but there is little evidence to inform effective interventions to address them. In fact, there are few studies that have addressed this topic for people with SMI outside USA and Brazil. Therefore, the aim of the study was to establish the acceptability and feasibility of a trial of a sexual health promotion intervention for people with SMI in the UK. METHOD: The RESPECT study was a two-armed randomised controlled, open feasibility trial (RCT) comparing Sexual health promotion intervention (3 individual sessions of 1 h) (I) or treatment as usual (TAU) for adults aged 18 or over, with SMI, within community mental health services in four UK cities. The main outcome of interest was the percentage who consented to participate, and retained in each arm of the trial, retention for the intervention, and completeness of data collection. A nested qualitative study obtained the views of participants regarding the acceptability of the study using individual telephone interviews conducted by lived experience researchers. RESULTS: Of a target sample of 100, a total of 72 people were enrolled in the trial over 12 months. Recruitment in the initial months was low and so an extension was granted. However this extension meant that the later recruited participants would only be followed up to the 3 month point. There was good retention in the intervention and the study as a whole; 77.8% of those allocated to intervention (n = 28) received it. At three months, 81.9% (30 I; 29 TAU) and at 6 months, 76.3% (13 I and 16 TAU) completed the follow-up data collection. No adverse events were reported. There was good completeness of the data. The sexual health outcomes for the intervention group changed in favour of the intervention. Based on analysis of the qualitative interviews, the methods of recruitment, the quality of the participant information, the data collection, and the intervention were deemed to be acceptable to the participants (n = 22). CONCLUSIONS: The target of 100 participants was not achieved within the study's timescale. However, effective strategies were identified that improved recruitment in the final few months. Retention rates and completeness of data in both groups indicate that it is acceptable and feasible to undertake a study promoting sexual health for people with SMI. A fully powered RCT is required to establish effectiveness of the intervention in adoption of safer sex. STUDY REGISTRATION: ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN15747739 prospectively registered 5th July 2016.

The identification and treatment of mental health and substance misuse problems in sexual assault services: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Specialist sexual assault services, which collect forensic evidence and offer holistic healthcare to people following sexual assault, have been established internationally. In England, these services are called sexual assault referral centres (SARCs). Mental health and substance misuse problems are common among SARC attendees, but little is known about how SARCs should address these needs. This review aims to seek and synthesise evidence regarding approaches to identification and support for mental health and substance misuse problems in SARCs and corresponding services internationally; empirical evidence regarding effective service models; and stakeholders' views and policy recommendations about optimal SARC practice. METHODS: A systematic review was undertaken. PsycINFO, MEDLINE, IBSS and CINAHL were searched from 1975 to August 2018. A web-based search up to December 2018 was also conducted to identify government and expert guidelines on SARCs. Quality assessment and narrative synthesis were conducted. RESULTS: We included 107 papers. We found that identification based on clinical judgement, supportive counselling and referral to other services without active follow-up were the most common approaches. Evaluations of interventions for post-rape psychopathology in attendees of sexual assault services provided mixed evidence of moderate quality. Very little evidence was found regarding interventions or support for substance misuse. Stakeholders emphasised the importance of accessibility, flexibility, continuity of care, in-house psychological support, staff trained in mental health as well as specialist support for LGBT groups and people with learning difficulties. Guidelines suggested that SARCs should assess for mental health and substance misuse and provide in-house emotional support, but the extent and nature of support were not clarified. Both stakeholders and guidelines recommended close partnership between sexual assault services and local counselling services. CONCLUSIONS: This review suggests that there is big variation in the mental health and substance misuse provision both across and within different sexual assault service models. We found no robust evidence about how sexual assault services can achieve good mental health and substance misuse outcomes for service users. Clearer guidance for service planners and commissioners, informed by robust evidence about optimal service organisations and pathways, is required. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42018119706.

Sexual health promotion in people with severe mental illness: the RESPECT feasibility RCT.

BACKGROUND: People with serious mental illness have sexual health needs, but there is limited evidence regarding effective interventions to promote their sexual health. OBJECTIVES: To develop a sexual health promotion intervention for people with serious mental illness, and to conduct a feasibility trial in order to establish the acceptability and parameters for a fully powered trial. DESIGN: A two-armed randomised controlled, open feasibility study comparing usual care alone with usual care plus the adjunctive intervention. SETTING: Five community mental health providers in Leeds, Barnsley, Brighton and London. PARTICIPANTS: Adults aged ≥ 18 years with serious mental illness and receiving care from community mental health teams. INTERVENTIONS: A remote, web-based computer randomisation system allocated participants to usual care plus the RESPECT (Randomised Evaluation of Sexual health Promotion Effectiveness informing Care and Treatment) intervention (three sessions of 1 hour) (intervention arm) or usual care only (control arm). The intervention was an interactive manualised package of exercises, quizzes and discussion topics focusing on knowledge, motivation and behavioural intentions to adopt safer sexual behaviours. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Feasibility parameters including establishing the percentage of people who were eligible, consented and were retained in each arm of the trial, retention for the intervention, as well as the completeness of the data collection. Data were collected on knowledge, motivation to adopt safer sexual behaviour, sexual behaviour, sexual stigma, sexual health service use and quality of life. Data were collected at baseline and then at 3 months and 6 months post randomisation. RESULTS: Of a target of 100 participants, 72 people participated in the trial over 12 months. Of the 36 participants randomised to the intervention arm, 27 received some of the intervention (75.0%). At 3 months, 59 of the 72 participants completed follow-up questionnaires (81.9%) (30 participants from the intervention arm and 29 participants from the control arm). Only the first 38 participants were followed up at 6 months. However, data were collected on 29 out of 38 participants (76.3% retention): 13 in the intervention arm and 16 in the control arm. No adverse events were reported. Participant feedback confirmed that both the design and the intervention were acceptable. The economic analysis indicated high completion rates and completeness of data among participants who continued the trial. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the limitations, the findings suggest that it is both acceptable and feasible to undertake a sexual health promotion study for people with serious mental illness. FUTURE WORK: A fully powered randomised controlled trial would be required to establish the clinical effectiveness of the intervention. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN15747739. FUNDING: This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 23, No. 65. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

A team of researchers, mental health and sexual health workers, and people with lived experience of mental health problems developed an intervention to help people with serious mental health problems to increase their knowledge and understanding of sexual health, including types of contraception, using condoms safely and sexually transmitted infections, and to consider safety and assertiveness in intimate relationships. This was delivered over three sessions of 1 hour by a specifically trained mental health worker. We recruited 72 people from community mental health services to take part in a study to test the intervention and see whether or not we could collect information about their sexual behaviour using questionnaires. Initially, the numbers of people volunteering for the study were very small. We found that recruitment increased when we shifted to a more direct approach (rather than asking clinical staff to promote the study to people on their caseloads). The direct approach included talking to people who use services directly in clinics and at service user events, and by sending study information by post. We were not able to recruit the numbers that we aimed to (72/100 participants) in the timescale of the study, but the majority of the people who were recruited actively participated in the trial and were generally happy to attend follow-up appointments to complete more questionnaires. Most of those who were allocated to the intervention attended all three sessions. Overall, people found that being a participant of the study was comfortable and safe (acceptable) and we found that it was possible to undertake this type of study within mental health services. We have learnt a lot about how we could run this study on a larger scale. Such a study would allow us to see if the intervention makes a difference to sexual behaviour and increases access to sexual health services for people with serious mental illness.

The pros and cons of using photographs in nursing research.

BACKGROUND: Traditional approaches to research can sometimes face difficulties in engaging participants, being flexible and ultimately eliciting data about people's experiences. Visual methods are alternative approaches that use image - often photographs - as stimuli or structure in interviews. However, little has been published in the literature to guide nurse researchers in applying and evaluating these methods. AIM: To increase nurse researchers' awareness of visual methods and their potential. DISCUSSION: The paper explores visual methods, with a focus on those that use photographs. It discusses the benefits of using photographs in research, such as reducing the gap between the researcher and participant and helping participants to express meaningful data. It also examines associated ethical, analytical and practical difficulties. The paper illustrates discussion points with reflections from research and compares interviews that do and do not use photographs. CONCLUSION: Using photographs is a good alternative to more traditional approaches but the exact benefits are difficult to evidence because of the complexities of the interactions involved. IMPLICATIONS: for practice This paper should increase nurse researchers' awareness of visual methods, help them to make informed choices about research methods and encourage the use of visual methods in health research.

Effective involvement: a report on the evaluation of a research awareness training package for public involvement in health research.

BACKGROUND: As the role of Patient and Public Involvement contributors expands to all stages of the research cycle, there is increasing demand for training that meets the needs of this diverse population. To help meet this demand the National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care, Yorkshire and Humber, worked with members of the public to develop a bespoke training package. The University of Huddersfield's Public Partnership Group were invited to host the training and undertake an independent evaluation. METHODS: Participatory action research was used to structure the evaluation, such that participants in the training and public members of the evaluation team were co-collaborators with a robust, significant and visible share in the process. This is evidenced by public team members' roles in undertaking the majority of data gathering, including surveys, non-participant observation and interviews, and analysis, engaging in all reflective discussions, leading on producing a formal report and contributing significant sections of this paper.The evaluation was approved by a University ethics panel.Public involvement consisted of the 13 participants who received the training, and 3 of the 6 members of the evaluation team. Data collection took place between November 2017 and March 2018. RESULTS: The evaluation found that participants understood more about the research process from attending the training, gaining greater confidence in their ability to volunteer to get involved. It also highlighted the difficulties of meeting the training needs of a diverse group with varying experiences and expectations. Skilful facilitation was needed to maintain pace, whilst engaging people with different levels of interest and knowledge. The management of the environment to maximise comfort and involvement was important. Early feedback to the delivery team enabled timely updating of the package.Involvement in the evaluation was initially daunting for the three public members of the team, but hugely enjoyable and fulfilling, as well as enriching the process and outcomes. In particular, public involvement in the analysis and interpretation stages increased the authenticity of the evaluation findings. CONCLUSIONS: This evaluation validated the training package and demonstrated the value and impact of Public Involvement at all levels in research.

The contribution of mental health services to a new strategic direction for sexual assault and abuse services.

A new strategy for sexual assault and abuse services was published by NHS England earlier this year. It called for better coordination of services along the Sexual Assault Referral Centre (SARC) pathway following a sexual assault including mental health services for children, young people and adults. Previous research has highlighted the fact that up to two-thirds of those attending SARCs either have a history of mental health problems or are being currently treated for one. The NHS England commissioning guidance for SARCs calls for clear pathways between SARCs and different types of mental health services including: Community mental health teams (CMHTs); child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) or crisis teams (CTs). In this survey of Mental Health Trusts, using freedom of information requests (FOIs) we found that very few mental health services had formally negotiated pathways with SARCs however there were several examples of good practice which it is important to report. We conclude that there is an important role for CCG and NHS England commissioners and the Care Quality Commission (CQC) in improving the relationships between SARCs and Mental Health Services.

Using photo-elicitation to understand reasons for repeated self-harm: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Reasons for self-harm are not well understood. One of the reasons for this is that first-hand accounts are usually elicited using traditional interview and questionnaire methods. This study aims to explore the acceptability of using an approach (photo-elicitation) that does not rely on solely verbal or written techniques, and to make a preliminary assessment of whether people can usefully employ images to support a discussion about the reasons why they self-harm. METHOD: Interviews with eight participants using photo elicitation, a method in which photographs produced by the participant are used as a stimulus and guide within the interview. RESULTS: Participants responded positively to using images to support a discussion about their self-harm and readily incorporated images in the interview. Four main themes were identified representing negative and positive or adaptive purposes of self-harm: self-harm as a response to distress, self-harm to achieve mastery, self-harm as protective and self-harm as a language or form of communication. CONCLUSIONS: Employing this novel approach was useful in broadening our understanding of self-harm.

Identifying and addressing sexual health in serious mental illness: Views of mental health staff working in two National Health Service organizations in England.

People with serious mental illness (service users) have needs related to sexual health and sexuality, yet these have been poorly addressed in mental health services. In the present study, we report the current practice of mental health professionals in relation to sexual health. Focus groups conducted in two mental health trusts explored routine practice in relation to discussing, assessing, and planning care in relation to sexual health. A thematic analysis identified seven themes: (i) sexual health provision is a complex issue; (ii) mental health staff are aware of sexual health needs; (iii) current provision regarding sexual health is 'neglected'; (iv) barriers to sexual health provision; (v) enabling a discussion around sexual health; (vi) sexual health provision is a role for mental health professionals; and (vii) training needs. Mental health staff are aware of complex issues related to sexual health for service users, but this is mainly seen through the lens of risk management and safeguarding. We need to develop the mental health workforce to be able to incorporate sexual health into routine health care.

The patients' experience of a bladder cancer diagnosis: a systematic review of the qualitative evidence.

PURPOSE: Bladder cancer (BC) is a common disease with disparate treatment options and variable outcomes. Despite the disease's high prevalence, little is known of the lived experience of affected patients. National patient experience surveys suggest that those with BC have poorer experiences than those with other common cancers. The aim of this review is to identify first-hand accounts of the lived experiences of diagnosis through to survivorship. METHOD: This is a systematic review of the qualitative evidence reporting first-hand accounts of the experiences of being diagnosed with, treated for and surviving bladder cancer. A thematic analysis and 'best-fit' framework synthesis was undertaken to classify these experiences. RESULTS: The inconsistent nature of symptoms contributes to delays in diagnosis. Post-diagnosis, many patients are not actively engaged in the treatment decision-making process and rely on their doctor's expertise. This can result in patients not adequately exploring the consequences of these decisions. Learning how to cope with a 'post-surgery body', changing sexuality and incontinence are distressing. Much less is known about the quality of life of patients receiving conservative treatments such as Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). CONCLUSIONS: The review contributes to a greater understanding of the lived experience of bladder cancer. Findings reflect a paucity of relevant literature and a need to develop more sensitive patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and incorporate patient-reported outcomes in BC care pathways. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: Collective knowledge of the patients' self-reported experience of the cancer care pathway will facilitate understanding of the outcomes following treatment.

Non-suicidal reasons for self-harm: A systematic review of self-reported accounts.

BACKGROUND: Self-harm is a major public health problem yet current healthcare provision is widely regarded as inadequate. One of the barriers to effective healthcare is the lack of a clear understanding of the functions self-harm may serve for the individual. The aim of this review is to identify first-hand accounts of the reasons for self-harm from the individual's perspective. METHOD: A systematic review of the literature reporting first-hand accounts of the reasons for self-harm other than intent to die. A thematic analysis and 'best fit' framework synthesis was undertaken to classify the responses. RESULTS: The most widely researched non-suicidal reasons for self-harm were dealing with distress and exerting interpersonal influence. However, many first-hand accounts included reasons such as self-validation, and self-harm to achieve a personal sense of mastery, which suggests individuals thought there were positive or adaptive functions of the act not based only on its social effects. LIMITATIONS: Associations with different sub-population characteristics or with the method of harm were not available from most studies included in the analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Our review identified a number of themes that are relatively neglected in discussions about self-harm, which we summarised as self-harm as a positiveexperience and defining the self. These self-reported "positive" reasons may be important in understanding and responding especially to repeated acts of self-harm.

The impact of contact with suicide-related behavior in prison on young offenders.

BACKGROUND: Prison suicide rates are high, and suicide-related behaviors (SRBs) higher, but effects of contact with such behaviors in prison have not previously been examined. AIMS: To compare the mental state of young men witnessing a peer's suicide-related behavior in prison with that of men without such experience, and to test for factors associated with morbidity. METHOD: Forty-six male prisoners (age 16-21 years) reporting contact with another's suicide-related behavior in prison were interviewed 6 months after the incident, with validated questionnaires, as were 44 without such contact at least 6 months into their imprisonment. RESULTS: Significantly higher levels of psychiatric morbidity and own suicide-related behaviors were found in the witness group, even after controlling for their higher levels of family mental illness and pre-exposure experience of in-prison bullying. Some personal factors were associated with higher morbidity; incident and institutional factors were not. CONCLUSIONS: Findings of heightened vulnerabilities among young men exposed to suicide-related behaviors in prison suggest a need for longitudinal study to clarify temporal relationships and inform strategies to prevent or limit development of morbidity and further harm.

Witnessing suicide-related behavior in prison: a qualitative study of young male prisoners in England.

BACKGROUND: Rates of suicide and suicide-related behavior (SRB) are high in prison. Those witnessing such behavior may develop psychological morbidity. Most previous studies have been quantitative. Little has been written about the witnesses' qualitative experience. AIMS: The aim of the study was to explore, through interview and then thematic analysis, the core concerns of those witnessing another's SRB in prison. METHOD: We interviewed 70 detained young men about their experience of another's SRB in prison. RESULTS: Three main themes were identified: their experience of another's SRB; their thoughts of why the victim died by/attempted suicide; and the physical, emotional, and cognitive effects of another's SRB on them. Responses to questions about the witnesses' experience of support from others, unmet needs, and peers' responses are also described. Two categories within the theme "thoughts of why the victim died by/attempted suicide" were associated with being in prison, all others could be experienced in the community. Over half of the sample reported negative reactions to witnessing another's SRB. CONCLUSION: Most themes were unrelated to prison. Though many reported negative reactions to their experience, suggesting a need for support, many denied that need. The implication of this study is that prison discipline and health-care staff need to consider how to provide needed support and care in an acceptable form to young men in prison.

Candidate gene association studies of genes involved in neuronal cholinergic transmission in Alzheimer's disease suggests choline acetyltransferase as a candidate deserving further study.

Consistent deficits in the cholinergic system are evident in the brains of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients, including reductions in the activities of acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), increased butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity, and a selective loss of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Accordingly, we have analyzed polymorphisms in the genes encoding AChE, ChAT, BChE, and several of the subunit genes from neuronal nAChRs, for genetic associations with late-onset AD. A significant association for disease was detected for a non-coding polymorphism in ChAT (allele chi(1) (2) = 12.84, P = 0.0003; genotype chi(2) (2) = 11.89, P = 0.0026). Although replication analysis did not confirm the significance of this finding when the replication samples were considered alone (allele chi(1) (2) = 1.02, P = 0.32; genotype chi(2) (2) = 1.101, P = 0.58) the trends were in the correct direction and a significant association remained when the two sample sets were pooled (allele chi(1) (2) = 12.37, P = 0.0004; genotype chi(2) (2) = 11.61, P = 0.003). Previous studies have reported significant disease associations for both the K-variant of BChE and the coding ChAT rs3810950 polymorphism with AD. Replication analyses of these two loci failed to detect any significant association for disease in our case-control samples.

Candidate gene association studies of the alpha 4 (CHRNA4) and beta 2 (CHRNB2) neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit genes in Alzheimer's disease.

Consistent deficits in the cholinergic system are evident in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, including selective loss of alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brains of AD patients. Knockout mice for the beta2 subunit have impaired neuronal survival in ageing. Accordingly, we have analysed polymorphisms in the genes that encode the alpha4 and beta2 subunits, CHRNA4 and CHRNB2 respectively, for genetic associations with late-onset AD. A significant association for disease was observed for a non-coding polymorphism in CHRNB2 (odds ratio=0.57, 95% confidence interval=0.35-0.95, P=0.024). Replication analysis was performed in two further sample sets. While these did not individually yield significant results, a significant association remained when all samples were pooled (odds ratio=0.70, 95% confidence interval=0.52-0.95, P=0.019). These data suggest that this variant warrants further examination in large case-control series.