Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and in silico studies of novel pyridopyridine derivatives as anticancer candidates targeting FMS kinase.

Design and synthesis of novel 4-carboxamidopyrido[3,2-b]pyridine derivatives as novel rigid analogues of sorafenib are reported herein. The target compounds showed potent antiproliferative activities against a panel of NCI-60 cancer cell lines as well as hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Compounds 8g and 9f were among the most promising derivatives in terms of effectiveness and safety. Therefore, they were further examined to demonstrate their ability to induce apoptosis and alter cell cycle progression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. The most potent compounds were tested against a panel of kinases that indicated their selectivity against FMS kinase. Compounds 8g and 8h showed the most potent activities against FMS kinase with IC50 values of 21.5 and 73.9 nM, respectively. The two compounds were also tested in NanoBRET assay to investigate their ability to inhibit FMS kinase in cells (IC50 = 563 nM (8g) and 1347 nM (8h) vs. IC50 = 1654 nM for sorafenib). Furthermore, compounds 8g and 8h possess potent inhibitory activities against macrophages when investigated in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) assay (IC50 = 56 nM and 167 nM, respectively, 164 nM for sorafenib). The safety and selectivity of these compounds were confirmed when tested against normal cell lines. Their safety profile was further confirmed using hERG assay. In silico studies were carried out to investigate their binding modes in the active site of FMS kinase, and to develop a QSAR model for these new motifs.

Synthesis, biological evaluation, and stability studies of raloxifene mono- and bis-sulfamates as dual-targeting agents.

All three possible sulfamate derivatives of the selective estrogen receptor modulator Raloxifene (bis-sulfamate 7 and two mono-sulfamates 8-9) were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of the clinical drug target steroid sulfatase (STS), both in cell-free and in cell-based assays, and also as estrogen receptor (ER) modulators. Bis-sulfamate 7 was the most potent STS inhibitor with an IC50 of 12.2 nM in a whole JEG3 cell-based assay, with the two mono-sulfamates significantly weaker. The estrogen receptor-modulating activities of 7-9 showed generally lower affinities compared to Raloxifene HCl, diethylstilbestrol and other known ligands, with mono-sulfamate 8 being the best ligand (Ki of 1.5 nM) for ERα binding, although 7 had a Ki of 13 nM and both showed desirable antagonist activity. The antiproliferative activities of the sulfamate derivatives against the T-47D breast cancer cell line showed 7 as most potent (GI50 = 7.12 µM), comparable to that of Raloxifene. Compound 7 also showed good antiproliferative potency in the NCI-60 cell line panel with a GI50 of 1.34 µM against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Stability testing of 7-9 showed that bis-sulfamate 7 hydrolyzed by desulfamoylation at a surprisingly rapid rate, initially leading selectively to 8 and finally to Raloxifene 3 without formation of 9. The mechanisms of these hydrolysis reactions could be extensively rationalized. Conversion of Raloxifene (3) into its bis-sulfamate (7) thus produced a promising drug lead with nanomolar dual activity as an STS inhibitor and ERα antagonist, as a potential candidate for treatment of estrogen-dependent breast cancer.

The role of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) in the management of rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease in rats.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative conditions. Alpha-synuclein deposition, Lewy bodies (LBs) formation, disruption of the autophagic machinery, apoptosis of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation are all pathologic hallmarks of PD. The leaves of the stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) have a long history as an herbal cure with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective properties. The current study aims for the first time to investigate the role of Nettle supplementation on Rotenone-induced PD. Rats were divided into five groups; a Saline control, Nettle control (100 mg/kg/day), Rotenone control (2 mg/kg/day), Rotenone + Nettle (50 mg /kg/day), and Rotenone + Nettle (100 mg/kg). After four weeks, the rats were examined for behavioral tests. The midbrains were investigated for histopathological alteration and immunohistochemical reaction for Tyrosine hydroxylase in the dopaminergic neurons, α-synuclein for Lewy bodies, caspase 3 for apoptotic neurons, LC3 and P62 for autophagic activity. Midbrain homogenates were examined for oxidative stress markers. mRNA expression of TNFα and Il6; inflammatory markers, Bcl-2, BAX and Caspase 3; apoptosis markers, were detected in midbrains. The results showed that Nettle caused recovery of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, by inhibiting apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress and by restoring the autophagic machinery with clearance of α-synuclein deposits. We can conclude that Nettle is a potentially effective adjuvant in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Anti-proliferative activity of RIHMS-Qi-23 against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line is through inhibition of cell proliferation and senescence but not inhibition of targeted kinases.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy globally, and is considered a major cause of cancer-related death. Tremendous effort is exerted to identify an optimal anticancer drug with limited side effects. The quinoline derivative RIMHS-Qi-23 had a wide-spectrum antiproliferative activity against various types of cancer cells. METHODS: In the current study, the effect of RIMHS-Qi-23 was tested on MCF-7 breast cancer cell line to evaluate its anticancer efficacy in comparison to the reference compound doxorubicin. RESULTS: Our data suggest an anti-proliferative effect of RIMHS-Qi-23 on the MCF-7 cell line with superior potency and selectivity compared to doxorubicin. Our mechanistic study suggested that the anti-proliferative effect of RIMHS-Qi-23 against MCF-7 cell line is not through targeted kinase inhibition but through other molecular machinery targeting cell proliferation and senescence such as cyclophlin A, p62, and LC3. CONCLUSION: RIMHS-Qi-23 is exerting an anti-proliferative effect that is more potent and selective than doxorubicin.

Clinical and Immunological Impacts of Latent Toxoplasmosis on COVID-19 Patients.

Background Parasites are well-known immune-modulators. They inhibit some aspects of the immune system to ensure persistence inside the host for a long time; meanwhile, they stimulate other immune aspects to assure the survival of the host. Wide variations in the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among developed and developing countries were reported during the COVID-19 pandemic. Parasitic infections, including Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), were claimed to contribute to such variations. Methods To explore a possible relationship between latent toxoplasmosis and COVID-19 severity, our study included 44 blood samples from moderate/severe COVID-19 patients, who were admitted to Mansoura University Hospitals, Egypt, during the pandemic. Patients' sera were screened for Toxoplasma IgG antibodies using ELISA (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, USA), and the gene expression of important immune markers (iNOS, arginase-1, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-ß) was checked using real-time quantitative PCR. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained from the patients' medical records. Results Toxoplasma IgG antibodies were detected in 33 (75%) of patients. None of the studied clinical or laboratory parameters showed any significant changes in relation to toxoplasmosis seroprevalence. Further classification of the patients according to COVID-19 severity and Toxoplasma seroprevalence did not reveal any changes related to toxoplasmosis as well. Conclusion Our study indicates that latent toxoplasmosis has no effect on the severity of COVID-19.

DPP-4i versus SGLT2i as modulators of PHD3/HIF-2α pathway in the diabetic kidney.

RATIONALE: Renal hypoxia is one of the currently highlighted pathophysiologic mechanisms of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Both hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and HIF-2α are major regulators of renal adaptive responses to hypoxia. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to compare the effects of vildagliptin (a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor, DPP-4i) and empagliflozin (a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, SGLT2i) on the differential expression of renal HIF-1α/2α. Tissue expression of prolylhydroxylase 3 (PHD3), a key regulator of HIF-2α stability, was also highlighted in a diabetic nephropathy rat model. Type 1 diabetes mellitus was induced and diabetic rats were treated with either Vildagliptin or Empagliflozin (10 mg/kg/d each) for 12 weeks. Improvements in the kidney functional and histopathological parameters were addressed and correlated to changes in the renal expression of HIF-1α/2α, and PHD3. Urinary KIM-1 concentration was tested as a correlate to HIF pathway changes. FINDINGS: Both vildagliptin- and empagliflozin-treated groups exhibited significant improvement in the functional, pathological, and ultra-structural renal changes induced by chronic diabetes. Compared to the untreated group, renal gene expression of HIF-1α was decreased while that of HIF-2α was increased in both treated groups, with significantly greater effects observed with SGLT2i. Renal PHD3 immune-reactivity was also decreased by both drugs, again with better efficacy for the SGLT2i. Importantly, improvements in the diabetic kidney biochemical and structural biomarkers were significantly correlated to PHD3 reductions and HIF-2α increments. CONCLUSIONS: Both DPP-4i and SGLT2i could delay the progression of DN through their differential modulating effects on the PHD3/ HIF-2α pathway with significantly better efficacy for SGLT2i.

Effect of SGLT2 Inhibitor on Cardiomyopathy in a Rat Model of T2DM: Possible involvement of Cardiac Aquaporins.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) causes arrhythmia, heart failure, and sudden death. Empagliflozin, an SGLT-2 (Sodium glucose co-transporter) inhibitor, is an anti-diabetic medication that decreases blood glucose levels by stimulating urinary glucose excretion. Several aquaporins (AQPs) including AQP-1-3 and - 4 and their involvement in the pathogenesis in different cardiac diseases were detected. In the current study the effect of Empagliflozin on diabetic cardiomyopathy and the possible involvement of cardiac AQPs were investigated. METHODS: 56 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: Control, DCM: type 2 diabetic rats, low EMPA+DCM received empagliflozin (10 mg/kg/day) and high EMPA+DCM received empagliflozin (30 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks. RESULTS: Administration of both EMPA doses, especially in high dose group, led to significant improvement in ECG parameters. Also, a significant improvement in biochemical and cardiac oxidative stress markers (significant decrease in serum CK-MB, and malondialdehyde while increasing catalase) with decreased fibrosis and edema in histopathological examination and a significant attenuation in apoptosis (caspase-3) and edema (AQP-1& -4). CONCLUSION: Both doses of Empagliflozin have a cardioprotective effect and reduced myocardial tissue edema with high dose having a greater effect. This might be due to attenuation of oxidative stress, fibrosis and edema mediated through AQP-1, - 3& - 4 expression.

Role of Cannabinoid Type 2 Receptor Activation in Renal Fibrosis Induced by Unilateral Ureteric Obstruction in Rats.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) ends mostly with renal fibrosis. The effect of CB2 receptor on renal fibrosis has been unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of CB2 receptor on renal fibrosis and the mechanisms behind it. Methods: 50 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups; normal, sham; rats had their ureters only manipulated, UUO; rats had their left ureters ligated, and JWH post; rats had their left ureters ligated and they received JWH 133 for 14 days, JWH pre+post; rats received JWH 133 for 14 days before and after UUO procedure. Serum creatinine and BUN were assessed together with tissue MDA, GSH, and catalase. Histopathological evaluation of the renal tissue by H&E and Masson's trichrome was done. Immunohistochemical staining for TGF-ß1, AQP1, Caspase-3, LC3B and p62 was performed. AQP1 and CB2 receptors genes expression was detected by quantitative RT-PCR. Results: UUO had caused severe damage in the renal tissue with reduction of the renal function parameter accompanied by increase in the collagen deposition with increase TGF-ß1 and decrease AQP1 expression. Conclusions: The improvement of these parameters with JWH-133 suggests an anti-fibrotic role of CB2 receptor activation through reduction of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy.

Alteration of Aquaporins 1 and 4 immunohistochemical and gene expression in the cerebellum of diabetic albino rat.

Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of transmembrane channel proteins. AQP1 and AQP4 are expressed in cerebellum amongst others. This study was designed to assess the effect of diabetes on AQP1 and AQP4 expression in cerebellum of rats. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin 45 mg/kg in 24 adult male Sprague Dawley rats. Six rats from control and diabetic groups were sacrificed at one, four, and eight weeks post diabetic confirmation. After eight weeks, measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations, and cerebellar mRNA expression for AQP1 and AQP4 genes were performed. Immunohistochemical evaluation of AQP1, AQP4, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) for cerebellar sections was performed for all groups. Diabetes caused degenerative changes in Purkinje cells with a significant increase in the cerebellar level of MDA and AQP1 immunoreactivity and a significant decrease in GSH level and AQP4 expression levels. However, the alteration in the AQP1 mRNA level was not statistically significant. GFAP immunoreactivity was increased in 8 W diabetic rats following its decrease in 1 W diabetic rats. Diabetes caused some alteration in the AQPs 1 and 4 expression in the cerebellum of diabetic rats which may contribute to diabetes-induced cerebellar complications.

Design and synthesis of new adamantyl derivatives as promising antiproliferative agents.

A series of adamantyl carboxamide derivatives containing sulfonate or sulfonamide moiety were designed as multitargeted inhibitors of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatases/phosphodiesterases (NPPs) and carbonic anhydrases (CAs). The target compounds were investigated for their antiproliferative activity against NCI-60 cancer cell lines panel. Three main series composed of 3- and 4-aminophenol, 4-aminoaniline, and 5-hydroxyindole scaffolds were designed based on a lead compound (A). Compounds 1e (benzenesulfonyl) and 1i (4-fluorobenzenesulfonyl) of 4-aminophenol backbone exhibited the most promising antiproliferative activity. Both compounds exhibited a broad-spectrum and potent inhibition against all the nine tested cancer subtypes. Both compounds showed nanomolar IC50 values over several cancer cell lines that belong to leukemia and colon cancer such as K-562, RPMI-8226, SR, COLO 205, HCT-116, HCT-15, HT29, KM12, and SW-620 cell lines. Compounds 1e and 1i induced apoptosis in K-562 leukemia cells in a dose-dependent manner. Compound 1i showed the highest cytotoxic activity with IC50 value of 200 nM against HT29 cell line. In addition, compounds 1e and 1i were tested against normal breast cells (HME1) and normal skin fibroblast cells (F180) and the results revealed that the compounds are safe toward normal cells compared to cancers cells. Enzymatic assays against NPP1-3 and carbonic anhydrases II, IX, and XII were performed to investigate the possible molecular target(s) of compounds 1e and 1i. Furthermore, a molecular docking study was performed to predict the binding modes of compounds 1e and 1i in the active site of the most sensitive enzymes subtypes.

Potential role for vitamin D vs. intermittent fasting in controlling aquaporin-1 and aquaporin-3 expression in HFD-induced urinary bladder alterations in rats.

Background: High-fat diet-induced obesity is linked to suppression of aquaporins (AQPs) expression in different tissues. Both vitamin D and intermittent fasting were identified to enhance AQPs expression. In the urinary bladder, AQP-1 and AQP-3 mRNA transcripts were identified. Vitamin D has an impact on a variety of genes that encode proteins that control cell proliferation, differentiation, and death. Aim: To assess potential benefits of vitamin D and intermittent fasting (IF) and to explore alterations to the urinary bladder triggered by high-fat diet (HFD) in a rat model of obesity. Methods: Each of the 4 groups contained six adult male albino rats; control: a standard rodent chew for 12 weeks, HFD: HFD and fructose were administered orally via gastric gavage for 12 weeks, and vitamin D: HFD and fructose were administered orally for 8 weeks, then 4 weeks of intraperitoneal injection of vitamin D (5 microns/Kg/2 days) and IF group: Received intraperitoneal injections of vitamin D (5 microns/Kg/2 days) for 4 weeks after consumption of HFD and fructose orally for 8 weeks. The serum lipid profile was conducted at end of the experiment. In the bladder homogenates, the levels of oxidative stress indicators were assessed. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed on recently collected bladder samples. AQP-1 and AQP-3 immunohistochemistry was done. Results: When compared to the HFD group, the vitamin D and IF groups both demonstrated a substantial improvement in histopathological, immunohistochemical, biochemical, and molecular markers. Conclusion: In all examined parameters, IF exceeded vitamin D as a preventive factor for the urinary bladder deterioration.

Gasdermin D: A potential mediator and prognostic marker of bladder cancer.

Background: Bladder cancer is considered one of the commonest widespread cancers, its presentation ranges from non-muscle invasive form to being muscle-invasive. The gasdermin family of proteins consists of six proteins. Members of gasdermin family are involved in pyroptosis; which is considered as type of inflammatory apoptosis via participation of gasdermin D and inflammatory caspases. Purpose: The goal of this research was to look into the potential involvement of gasdermin D in pathogenesis of bladder cancer, In addition, to investigate its potential role as a prognostic marker of bladder cancer. Methods: Gasdermin D gene and protein expression was examined in fresh frozen 80 bladder cancer specimens (30 NMIBC, and 50 MIBC) and the matching 80 control tissue samples utilizing real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Furthermore, the immunoreactivity of gasdermin D protein was also detected by immunohistochemistry. Results: Gasdermin D gene and protein expression showed a highly significant difference between the control and the two bladder cancer groups (p < 0.001), as demonstrated by real-time PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Cox proportional hazards regression models showed that lower gasdermin D gene expression in cancer patients (≤1.58-fold), and younger age (≤53 years) were linked with a higher risk of local tumor recurrence. Moreover, higher gasdermin D gene expression (>2.18-fold), and lymph nodes' involvement were associated with an increased mortality. Conclusion: Gasdermin D is involved in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer and muscle invasion, in addition, tissue gasdermin D expression may be used as useful tool to predict local tumor recurrence.

Fluconazole as Schistosoma mansoni cytochrome P450 inhibitor: In vivo murine experimental study.

Schistosomiasis is a chronic disease caused by blood flukes of the Schistosoma spp. New approaches against this morbid infection are needed. In this study, we investigated fluconazole (FLZ) as an inhibitor of Schistosoma mansoni cytochrome P450 (S. mansoni CYP450) enzyme at different life cycle stages. We compared FLZ (10 mg/kg for two days) effects when administrated early 5 days post-infection (dpi) (Early I) and 21 dpi (Early II) versus late administration 60 dpi on S. mansoni CYP450 gene expression. These different FLZ treatment regimens were evaluated in experimentally infected mice with S. mansoni. This study showed that administration of FLZ, whether early or late during schistosomal infection, resulted in significant inhibition of S. mansoni CYP450 expression in the adult stage (P < 0.001). Early exposure to FLZ during the first week of infection significantly decreased the number of schistosomula that reached the adult stage compared to the infected control group and resulted in significant inhibition of S. mansoni CYP450 expression (P < 0.001) in the adult stage. In the Early I group, the fewest number of eggs per liver tissue gram was recorded. Our data suggested that FLZ is a S. mansoni CYP450 gene expression inhibitor with greater effect on schistosomula stages.

Activity of isoflavone biochanin A in chronic experimental toxoplasmosis: impact on inflammation.

Toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide prevalent parasite. The infection has been linked to variable inflammatory effects including neuroinflammation. Biochanin A (BCA) is an isoflavone, known for its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. In this study, we examined the effect of BCA on the brain and liver inflammatory lesions in a murine model with chronic toxoplasmosis. Mice were divided in to six groups: non-infected control, non-infected BCA-treated, and four infected groups with Toxoplasma gondii Me49-type II cystogenic strain: infected control, BCA (50 mg/kg/day)-treated, combined BCA/cotrimoxazole-treated and cotrimoxazole (370 mg/kg/day) alone-treated. Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR in the brain and liver tissues. In the infected control group, an upregulation of TNF-α and IL-1ß mRNA expression levels was found. However, a downregulation of iNOS expression was detected in the brain of infected control mice. In both BCA- and combined-treated groups, the brain and liver tissues showed significantly reduced inflammatory lesions compared to the infected control mice with inhibited TNF-α and IL-1ß mRNA levels. The iNOS expression levels in the brain tissues of BCA group were significantly higher than the levels of the infected control group. BCA alone or combined significantly reduced T. gondii cyst count in the brain tissues. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory activity of BCA was demonstrated in the brain tissues of mice with chronic toxoplasmosis with decreased TNF-α and IL-1ß expression levels and increased iNOS expression levels.

Design and synthesis of new quinoline derivatives as selective C-RAF kinase inhibitors with potent anticancer activity.

This article describes the design, synthesis, and biological screening of a new series of diarylurea and diarylamide derivatives including quinoline core armed with dimethylamino or morpholino side chain. Fifteen target compounds were selected by the National Cancer Institute (NCI, USA) for in vitro antiproliferative screening against a panel of 60 cancer cell lines of nine cancer types. Compounds 1j-l showed the highest mean inhibition percentage values over the 60-cell line panel at 10 µM with broad-spectrum antiproliferative activity. Subsequently, compounds 1j-l were subjected to a dose-response study to measure their GI50 and total growth inhibition (TGI) values against the cell lines. Three of the tested molecules exerted higher potency against most of the cell lines than the reference drug, sorafenib. Compound 1l indicated a higher potency than sorafenib against 53 of tested cancer cell lines. Compounds 1j-l demonstrated promising selectivity against cancer cells than normal cells. Moreover, compound 1l induced apoptosis and necrosis in RPMI-8226 cell line in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, compounds 1j-l were tested against C-RAF kinase as a potential molecular target. The three compounds showed high potency, and the most potent C-RAF kinase inhibitor was compound 1j with an IC50 value of 0.067 µM. In addition, Compounds 1j-l were further tested at 1 µM concentration against a panel of another twelve kinases and they showed a high selectivity for C-RAF kinase. Molecular modeling studies were performed to illuminate on the putative binding interactions of these motifs in the active site of C-RAF kinase. Additional studies were conducted to measure aqueous solubility, partition coefficient, and Caco-2 permeability of the most promising derivatives.

Enhanced Autophagic Flux, Suppressed Apoptosis and Reduced Macrophage Infiltration by Dasatinib in Kidneys of Obese Mice.

Obesity causes renal changes (ORC), characterized by defective renal autophagy, lipogenesis, enhanced macrophage infiltration and apoptosis. We hypothesize that Dasatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, may ameliorate changes associated with obesity. We the mice with either Obesogenic diet (OD) or a standard basal diet. After 12 weeks, the mice received either vehicle or Dasatinib 4 mg/kg/d for an additional four weeks. We examined serum creatinine, urea, lipid profile and renal cortical mRNA expression for lipogenesis marker SREBP1, inflammatory macrophage marker iNOS and fibrosis markers; TGFß and PDGFA genes; immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for CD68; inflammatory macrophage marker and ASMA; fibrosis marker, LC3 and SQSTM1/P62; autophagy markers and western blotting (WB) for caspase-3; and, as an apoptosis marker, LC3II/I and SQSTM1/P62 in addition to staining for H&E, PAS, Sirius red and histopathological scoring. Dasatinib attenuated renal cortical mRNA expression for SREBP1, iNOS, PDGFA and TGFß and IHC staining for CD68, ASMA and SQSTM1/P62 and WB for caspase-3 and SQSTM1/P62, while elevating LC3 expression. Moreover, Dasatinib ameliorated ORC; glomerulosclerosis, glomerular expansion, tubular dilatation, vacuolation and casts; inflammatory cellular infiltration; and fibrosis. Dasatinib is a promising therapy for ORC by correcting autophagy impairment, attenuating lipogenesis, apoptosis and macrophage infiltration by inducing antifibrotic activity.

Serum interleukin 33 levels and single nucleotide polymorphism rs1929992 in Egyptian patients with chronic asthma.

Bronchial asthma is a common chronic inflammatory disease affecting the airway. Cytokines have a pivotal role in regulation of the immune response, and in development of asthma. Interleukin 33 is a newly discovered member of cytokines, belongs to interleukin 1 family. Previous studies have reported that expression of IL33 is associated with bronchial asthma. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of interleukin 33 (IL33) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1929992 in asthmatic patients and determine the relation of IL33SNP to IL33 serum level. The Results of RFLP were validated by using sterile distilled water. This study included 100 patients from Egypt, Beni Suef governorate (Upper Egypt) and Mansoura governorate (Delta region), complaining of chronic asthma and 100 control subjects with matched sex and residence. Blood samples from study subjects were used for determination of serum IL33by ELISA and IL33 SNP rs1929992 by PCR-RFLP. There was no significant difference between the proportions of IL33 SNP rs1929992 genotypes in asthma patients and the control group. Allele 'A' predominates in asthmatics though this did not achieve statistical significance (P=0.071). IL33 level was compared in the three IL33 SNP rs1929992 genotypes; G/G, G/A, and A/A, and it revealed no significant difference (P = 0.958). The association between IL33 with asthma showed that the log-additive model is the best inheritance model which marks allele 'A' as the risk allele. In contrast, IL33 serum level was significantly higher in severe asthma than the moderate asthma and the mild type (P<0.0005). Spearman's correlation test showed that IL33 level rises as asthma severity increases (rs=0.880, P<0.0005). In conclusion our data revealed no evidence that SNP of IL33 rs1929992 may contribute to the development of asthma in Egyptian population. However, there is a strong positive correlation between IL33 serum level and asthma severity.

Intermittent Fasting Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Induced Cerebellar Changes in Rats: Involvement of TNF-α, Autophagy, and Oxidative Stress.

Obesity has become a prevalent global health issue, and recently it has been reported to be intimately associated with neuronal health. Obesity triggers peripheral inflammatory responses concomitant with neuroinflammation, elevated oxidative stress, and compromised autophagy. Intermittent fasting (IF) positively influences lowering body weight and improving the metabolic changes accompanying obesity. IF also has a beneficial impact on neuronal function; however, no studies have discussed this effect on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced cerebellar damage. This study examines the effect of IF on the cerebellum of HFD-fed rats. Male Wister Albino rats (n = 16) were fed HFD for 16 weeks (HFD group); half of them were subjected to IF alternating with HFD for 6 weeks starting at the 11th week till the end of the experiment (fasting + HFD group). The control group of rats (n = 8) was kept on a basal diet. The animals were euthanized after 16 weeks. Their tissue was harvested and processed for morphology using H&E, cresyl violet, and luxol fast stains, and immunohistochemical staining was carried out for inflammatory marker (TNF-α), gliosis marker (GFAP), and autophagy markers (LC3 II and P62). Oxidative stress markers (SOD, MDA) were measured, and protein expression of phosphorylated-AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) and phosphorylated-rapamycin complex (p-mTOR) in cerebellar tissue was detected via western blotting. IF mitigated HFD-induced cerebellar morphological changes, reduced cerebellar TNF-α expression, decreased oxidative stress markers, and balanced p-AMPK and p-mTOR with autophagy improvement. Moreover, a decrease in body weight and ameliorated obesity-induced metabolic changes in the serum levels of glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and triglyceride were seen. These observations suggest that IF can improve both peripheral and central changes prompted by HFD through attenuating inflammation, oxidative stress, and reestablishing the autophagy balance.

Independent of Calorie Intake, Short-term Alternate-day Fasting Alleviates NASH, With Modulation of Markers of Lipogenesis, Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Inflammation in Rats.

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a worldwide health problem. Alternate-day fasting (ADF), although thought to be aggressive, has proven safety and efficacy. We aimed to evaluate the effect of short-term ADF against already established high-fat-fructose (HFF)-induced NASH, independent of the amount of calorie intake, and to study the effect of ADF on lipogenesis, apoptosis, and hepatic inflammation. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into two groups: (1) negative control and (2) NASH group fed on HFF for 9 weeks, and then randomized into two subgroups of either HFF alone or with ADF protocol for 3 weeks. The ADF could improve HFF-related elevation in serum lactate dehydrogenase and could decrease the mRNA expression of lipogenesis genes; acetyl CoA carboxylase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α; apoptotic genes caspase-3, p53, and inflammatory cyclo-oxygenase 2; and immunohistochemical staining for their proteins in liver with upregulation of LC3 and downregulation of P62 immunoexpression. Moreover, ADF ameliorated HFF-induced steatosis, inflammation, ballooning, and fibrosis through hematoxylin and eosin, Oil Red O, and Sirius Red staining, confirmed by morphometric analysis, without significant weight loss. Significant correlation of morphometric parameters with levels of gene expression was found. These findings suggest ADF to be a safe effective therapeutic agent in the management of NASH.

Discovery of first-in-class imidazothiazole-based potent and selective ErbB4 (HER4) kinase inhibitors.

This article reports on novel imidazothiazole derivatives as first-in-class potent and selective ErbB4 (HER4) inhibitors. There are no other reported selective inhibitors of this kinase in the literature, that's why they are considered as first-in-class. In addition, none of the reported non-selective ErbB4 inhibitors possesses imidazothiazole nucleus in its structure. Therefore, there is novelty in this work in both kinase selectivity and chemical structure. Compounds Ik and IIa are the most potent ErbB4 kinase inhibitor (IC50 = 15.24 and 17.70 nM, respectively). Compound Ik showed promising antiproliferative activity. It is selective towards cancer cell lines than normal cells. Its ability to penetrate T-47D cell membrane and inhibit ErbB4 kinase inside the cells has been confirmed. Moreover, both compound Ik and IIa have additional merits such as weak potency against hERG ion channels and against CYP 3A4 and 2D6. Molecular docking and dynamic simulation studies were carried out to explain binding interactions.