Characterization of a breakthrough vaccine escape strain associated with overt hepatitis B virus infection.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine is composed of the purified hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) that is produced by recombinant DNA technology. The neutralizing antibodies induced by vaccination target mainly the "a" determinant, aa124-147, of the outer viral envelope (HBsAg). In the present work, we demonstrate a case study for vaccinated patient that is infected with a vaccine escape HBV strain (Eg200). Characterization of the isolate Eg200 showed that it belongs to the genotype D and an uncommon sub-genotype in Egypt; D9. The DNA sequence encoding HBsAg was sequenced. Mutational analysis of the HBsAg showed a double mutation in the "a" determinant of this HBV isolate; T125M and P127T. However, such substitutions were found to be conserved to the detected serotype, ayw3, of Eg200 isolate. This case report indicates that continuous characterization of breakthrough vaccine escape strains of HBV is essential to develop the immunization strategies against HBV infection.

Ciprofloxacin- and levofloxacin-loaded nanoparticles efficiently suppressed fluoroquinolone resistance and biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii.

The spread of fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii represents a critical health threat. This study aims to overcome FQ resistance in A. baumannii via the formulation of polymeric nanoFQs. Herein, 80 A. baumannii isolates were obtained from diverse clinical sources. All A. baumannii isolates showed high resistance to most of the investigated antimicrobials, including ciprofloxacin (CIP) and levofloxacin (LEV) (97.5%). FQ resistance-determining regions of the gyrA and parC genes were the most predominant resistant mechanism, harbored by 69 (86.3%) and 75 (93.8%) of the isolates, respectively. Additionally, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes aac(6')-Ib and qnrS were detected in 61 (76.3%) and 2 (2.5%) of the 80 isolates, respectively. The CIP- and LEV-loaded poly ε-caprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles, FCIP and FLEV, respectively, showed a 1.5-6- and 6-12-fold decrease in the MIC, respectively, against the tested isolates. Interestingly, the time kill assay demonstrated that MICs of FCIP and FLEV completely killed A. baumannii isolates after 5-6 h of treatment. Furthermore, FCIP and FLEV were found to be efficient in overcoming the FQ resistance mediated by the efflux pumps in A. baumannii isolates as revealed by decreasing the MIC four-fold lower than that of free CIP and LEV, respectively. Moreover, FCIP and FLEV at 1/2 and 1/4 MIC significantly decreased biofilm formation by 47-93% and 69-91%, respectively. These findings suggest that polymeric nanoparticles can restore the effectiveness of FQs and represent a paradigm shift in the fight against A. baumannii isolates.

Expression and purification of Hepatitis B virus core antigen using Escherichia coli and its utilization for the diagnosis of Hepatitis B virus infections.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is responsible for most of the viral hepatitis worldwide. HBV is a partially double stranded DNA virus that is composed of four main open reading frames (ORFs) encoding its important antigens, namely hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg), HBV polymerase and hepatitis B X antigen (HBxAg). In this study, we report a successful method for the cloning and expression of HBcAg. The ORF of HBcAg was successfully amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cloned into the expression vector pRSET-B and transformed to Escherichia coli (E. coli) BL-21 (DE3) pLysS strain for protein expression. Successful expression of HBcAg was accomplished, in which an induced protein with a molecular weight of 24 kDa was obtained and confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting. The produced HBcAg was successfully used for the diagnosis of HBV infected patient through detection of antibodies against HBcAg (anti-HBcAg) in the serum of the patient utilizing Western blotting. Overall, this study provides a simple, convenient and efficient protocol for the production of HBcAg that can be used as an important candidate to study the diagnosis and prognosis of HBV disease, as well as for understanding the epidemiological prevalence of HBV cases and production of anti-HBcAg.

Tazemetostat decreases ß-catenin and CD13 protein expression in HEPG-2 and Hepatitis B virus-transfected HEPG-2 with decreased cell viability.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the global health concerns. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the major causes of HCC. Poor clinical outcome of HCC patients is attributed to a small population of cancer cells known as cancer stem cells (CSCs). In this work, we studied the effect of inhibiting the enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2), a histone methyltransferase known to be overexpressed in CSCs, using tazemetostat (Taz). The effect of Taz was assessed in the HCC cell line (HEPG2) and Hepatitis B virus-transfected HEPG2 (HBV/HEPG2) cells. MTT assay showed a significant decrease in HEPG2 cells viability after 48 h treatment with either 0.5, 1, 4 or 6 µM Taz. HEPG2 and HBV/HEPG2 cells were incubated with either 0.5 or 1 µM Taz for 48 h, and then, the cells and supernatants were collected for protein expression analysis of EZH2, CD13, epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and ß-catenin using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Taz showed a significant dose-dependent inhibition of EZH2, CD13 and ß-catenin in HEPG2 and HBV/HEPG2 cells. Also, EpCAM protein levels were significantly decreased in HBV/HEPG2 but not in HEPG2 cell line alone. Our results indicate that Taz inhibition of EZH2 leads to downregulation of ß-catenin signaling and eventually decreased expression of CD13 and EpCAM, which are characteristic for CSCs. The present study suggests that Taz could be a promising treatment for HCC including HBV-induced HCC that might be used in combination with radio/chemotherapy to target CSCs and prevent tumor relapse.

Enolase 1 of Candida albicans binds human CD4+ T cells and modulates naïve and memory responses.

To obtain a better understanding of the biology behind life-threatening fungal infections caused by Candida albicans, we recently conducted an in silico screening for fungal and host protein interaction partners. We report here that the extracellular domain of human CD4 binds to the moonlighting protein enolase 1 (Eno1) of C. albicans as predicted bioinformatically. By using different anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies, we determined that C. albicans Eno1 (CaEno1) primarily binds to the extracellular domain 3 of CD4. Functionally, we observed that CaEno1 binding to CD4 activated lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK), which was also the case for anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies tested in parallel. CaEno1 binding to naïve human CD4+ T cells skewed cytokine secretion toward a Th2 profile indicative of poor fungal control. Moreover, CaEno1 inhibited human memory CD4+ T-cell recall responses. Therapeutically, CD4+ T cells transduced with a p41/Crf1-specific T-cell receptor developed for adoptive T-cell therapy were not inhibited by CaEno1 in vitro. Together, the interaction of human CD4+ T cells with CaEno1 modulated host CD4+ T-cell responses in favor of the fungus. Thus, CaEno1 mediates not only immune evasion through its interference with complement regulators but also through the direct modulation of CD4+ T-cell responses.

Novel PCR detection of CRISPR/Cas systems in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its correlation with antibiotic resistance.

CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas (CRISPR-associated proteins) systems are considered as acquired immune mechanisms in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and also in archaea. They provide resistance/immunity to attacking bacteriophages or mobile genetic elements as integrative conjugative elements (ICE) as well as plasmid transformation. As an opportunistic pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been held responsible for serious infections especially in hospitalized and immunocompromised patients. Three subtypes of type I CRISPR system (I-C, I-E, & I-F1) have been detected in P. aeruginosa genomes. In this work, P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from different clinical sources, and the three CRISPR/Cas subtypes (I-C, I-E, & I-F1) were detected via singleplex and multiplex PCR techniques using novel universal primers that were designed specifically in this study. CRISPR subtypes I-C, I-E, and I-F1 were detected in 10, 9, and 13 isolates, respectively. Furthermore, antimicrobial susceptibility of CRISPR/Cas-positive and negative isolates to different antibiotics and the capacity of biofilm formation were detected using disc diffusion method and tissue culture plate method, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the presence/absence of CRISPR/Cas system and both antimicrobial susceptibility to some antibiotics and biofilm-forming capacity among P. aeruginosa clinical isolates. KEY POINTS: • A novel multiplex-PCR for detection of CRISPR/Cas-positive strains of P. aeruginosa. • Understand the correlation between CRISPR/Cas systems and other characters of P. aeruginosa. • Correlation between antimicrobial susceptibility and CRISPR systems in P. aeruginosa.

The antimicrobial peptide alpha defensin correlates to type 2 diabetes via the advanced glycation end products pathway.

Background: Diabetes is a serious health problem that results in high mortality rates worldwide. α-defensins are antimicrobial peptides of the innate immune system that contribute to inflammation. However, data on serum levels of α-defensin in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes are limited. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the possible changes in α-defensin serum levels in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes and to investigate its correlation with relevant biomarkers. Methodology: Analysis of serum α-defensin levels in 47 type 2 diabetics with diabetic neuropathy, 19 type 2 diabetics with no complications and 19 healthy control subjects by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was established. Furthermore, measurement of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) serum levels was performed, together with the lipid profile analysis. Results: The serum levels of α-defensin were higher in patients with and without diabetic neuropathy in comparison to control subjects. In addition, there was a significant correlation between α-defensin serum levels and AGEs and FBG serum levels as well as with the body mass index. Conclusions: α-defensins are significantly elevated in serum of type II diabetics, and correlate with AGEs serum levels indicating a crosstalk that may aggravate inflammation in type 2 diabetes.

Metabolic Influences of Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis on Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic medical disorders characterized by recurrent gastrointestinal inflammation. While the etiology of IBD is still unknown, the pathogenesis of the disease results from perturbations in both gut microbiota and the host immune system. Gut microbiota dysbiosis in IBD is characterized by depleted diversity, reduced abundance of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) producers and enriched proinflammatory microbes such as adherent/invasive E. coli and H2S producers. This dysbiosis may contribute to the inflammation through affecting either the immune system or a metabolic pathway. The immune responses to gut microbiota in IBD are extensively discussed. In this review, we highlight the main metabolic pathways that regulate the host-microbiota interaction. We also discuss the reported findings indicating that the microbial dysbiosis during IBD has a potential metabolic impact on colonocytes and this may underlie the disease progression. Moreover, we present the host metabolic defectiveness that adds to the impact of symbiont dysbiosis on the disease progression. This will raise the possibility that gut microbiota dysbiosis associated with IBD results in functional perturbations of host-microbiota interactions, and consequently modulates the disease development. Finally, we shed light on the possible therapeutic approaches of IBD through targeting gut microbiome.

Ingestion of mannose ameliorates thioacetamide-induced intrahepatic oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis in rats.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The monosaccharide mannose has gained recent interest for its beneficial effect against certain inflammatory disorders. Nevertheless, the influence of mannose on experimentally-induced liver fibrosis and the ensued inflammation is still not fully clear to date. MAIN METHODS: The current study investigated the outcomes of treating rats with mannose (0.2 ml of 20% w/v, oral gavage) 30 min before the twice weekly intoxication with thioacetamide (TAA) (200 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) for a total period of 8 weeks. KEY FINDINGS: The data indicated that mannose markedly dampened TAA-induced liver fibrosis, as indicated by lowering the fibrotic bridges shown by Masson's trichrome staining. This effect was consistent with reducing TAA-induced hepatocellular injury, as evidenced biochemically (serum ALT and AST activities) and pathologically (necroinflammation score). These hepatoprotective effects mediated by mannose were attributed to i) reversing TAA-induced rise in malondialdehyde (MDA) and decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) expressions in the liver, ii) limiting TAA-induced release of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), iii) impairing TAA-induced activation of hepatic stellate cells by downregulating α-smooth muscle actin expression (α-SMA), and more importantly, iv) dampening TAA-induced fibrogenesis driven by transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). SIGNIFICANCE: Mannose may be a valuable candidate for preventing oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrogenesis in the liver.

Antimicrobial resistance and virulence characteristics in ERIC-PCR typed biofilm forming isolates of P. aeruginosa.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a serious pathogen particularly in immunocompromised patients. In this work, 103 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected and classified into weak, moderate, and strong biofilm producers according to their biofilm forming abilities via tissue culture plate method. The antimicrobial resistance and the presence of different virulence genes were investigated via disc diffusion method and polymerase chain reaction respectively. Moreover, ERIC-PCR typing was performed to investigate the genetic diversity among the clinical isolates. No significant correlation was observed between biofilm formation and resistance to each antimicrobial agent. Similar observation was detected concerning the multidrug resistance and biofilm formation. Regarding virulence genes, algD gene was harbored by all isolates (100%). Only pelA and phzM were significantly prevalent in strong biofilm producers. Additionally, the mean virulence score was higher in strong biofilm producers (9.33) than moderate (8.62) and weak (7) biofilm producers. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the overall virulence score of the isolates and its ability to form biofilm. ERIC-PCR genotyping revealed the presence of 99 different ERIC patterns based on 70% similarity, and the different ERIC patterns were categorized into 8 clusters. 100% similarity indicates the possibility of cross-colonization in P. aeruginosa infections.

Natural variability in surface antigen and reverse transcriptase domain of hepatitis B virus in treatment-naïve chronic HBV-infected Egyptian patients.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious health problem not only in Egypt, but also worldwide. We collected 57 serum samples from treatment-naïve chronic HBV-infected Egyptians. The DNA segment encoding HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and reverse transcriptase (RT) domain was partially sequenced. Our data revealed that all viral isolates belonged to genotype D with ayw2 as the predominant serotype (89 %). Regarding HBsAg, 45 substitutions were detected in the collected isolates. Eleven substitutions were found in the major hydrophilic region, including two novel ones (M103T and G130E) that were not correlated before with genotype D. Additionally, 11 occult samples (19 %) were detected, in which the predominant mutations of HBsAg were S143L (7 samples) followed by D144A and T125M (4 samples each). Concerning the RT domain, 26 isolates (45 %) harbored 19 natural mutations that were reported to be associated with antiviral resistance. Eleven different mutations were not correlated previously with genotype D. The most predominant mutation was Y124H (47 samples, 82 %). Interestingly, such mutation was detected in 91 % of the previous reported sequences of HBV isolates collected in Egypt (157 sequences). Furthermore, our study illustrated the presence of viral quasispecies in the HBsAg (10 samples, 17.5 %) and RT domain (9 samples, 15.7 %). In conclusion, we elucidated the presence of natural substitutions in HBsAg and RT domain of HBV isolates obtained from treatment-naïve chronic HBV-infected Egyptian patients. Additionally, we detected viral quasispecies and revealed Y124H as a characteristic substitution in the RT domain for HBV isolates in Egypt. Moreover, novel substitutions in HBsAg and RT domain were reported with genotype D.

Serum Soluble Fibrinogen-Like Protein 2 Represents a Novel Biomarker for Differentiation Between Acute and Chronic Egyptian Hepatitis B Virus-Infected Patients.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is considered as one of the most serious public health problems worldwide including Egypt. Soluble fibrinogen-like protein 2 (sFGL2) is a well-known immunomodulator that is produced by the T cells and has a strong inhibitory effect on the proliferation of T cells and maturation of dendritic cells (DC). In the current study, serum levels of sFGL2 were assessed utilizing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique among 20 acute HBV-infected patients, 55 chronic HBV-infected patients and 15 healthy individuals. In addition, serum levels of soluble FAS ligand (sFASL), soluble FAS receptor (sFAS) as well as interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were assessed and correlated to the levels of sFGL2. According to our results, serum levels of sFGL2 were significantly higher in the acute HBV-infected patients than in the chronic HBV-infected patients and healthy individuals. On the other hand, the serum levels of sFASL, sFAS and IFN-γ were significantly higher in the chronic than in acute HBV-infected patients. Also, serum sFGL2 levels were negatively correlated with the serum levels of sFASL, sFAS, IFN-γ and albumin as well as hemoglobin concentration. Furthermore, serum sFGL2 levels were positively correlated with the activities of ALT and AST and total bilirubin levels in serum. Thus, the current work highlights the possibility of utilizing serum sFGL2 level as a novel biomarker for the differentiation between acute and chronic Egyptian HBV-infected patients.

Exercise-induced downregulation of serum interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in Egyptian handball players.

Muscles of candidates work at various grades of intensity during handball exercises according to the pace of exercise. The movement pattern involves large number of contractions, feints, dodges and numerous changes in movements, all of which are highly responsible for changes in trainer's organs, including the immune system. In this study, inflammatory mediators involving interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in serum of 18 Egyptian male handball players, selected from Tanta club handball under 21 year's old team, were analyzed. The analysis was established on samples collected just before and immediately after intermediate reasonable exercise via enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Moreover, white blood cells (WBCs) count and other hematological markers including hemoglobin %, hematocrit value, and platelet count were assessed. Our results demonstrated a significant decrease in the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α after exercise compared to those before exercise. This was coupled with an increase in WBCs and platelets count. It is also noteworthy that there was a significant positive correlation between serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in the study subjects coupled with a significant negative correlation between IL-6 and WBCs after the exercise. Therefore, it is concluded that intermediate reasonable exercises result in decreased levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, which result in decreasing of the inflammation and help in healing and rapid recovery of muscles of the candidates.

Changes of Gut-Microbiota-Liver Axis in Hepatitis C Virus Infection.

The gut-liver-axis is a bidirectional coordination between the gut, including microbial residents, the gut microbiota, from one side and the liver on the other side. Any disturbance in this crosstalk may lead to a disease status that impacts the functionality of both the gut and the liver. A major cause of liver disorders is hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection that has been illustrated to be associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis at different stages of the disease progression. This dysbiosis may start a cycle of inflammation and metabolic disturbance that impacts the gut and liver health and contributes to the disease progression. This review discusses the latest literature addressing this interplay between the gut microbiota and the liver in HCV infection from both directions. Additionally, we highlight the contribution of gut microbiota to the metabolism of antivirals used in HCV treatment regimens and the impact of these medications on the microbiota composition. This review shed light on the potential of the gut microbiota manipulation as an alternative therapeutic approach to control the liver complications post HCV infection.

Alterations of the Treatment-Naive Gut Microbiome in Newly Diagnosed Hepatitis C Virus Infection.

Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been linked to many heath disorders including hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, profiles of the gut microbiota alterations in HCV are inconsistent in the literature and are affected by the treatment regimens. Using samples collected prior to treatment from newly diagnosed patients, we characterized the gut microbiota structure in HCV patients as compared to healthy controls. Treatment-naive HCV microbiota showed increased diversity, an increased abundance of Prevotella, Succinivibrio, Catenibacterium, Megasphaera, and Ruminococcaceae, and a lower abundance of Bacteroides, Dialister, Bilophila, Streptococcus, parabacteroides, Enterobacteriaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Rikenellaceae, and Alistipes. Predicted community metagenomic functions showed a depletion of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in HCV microbiota along with perturbations of amino acid metabolism. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis identified five disease-specific operational taxonomic units (OTUs) as potential biomarkers of HCV infections. Collectively, our findings reveal the alteration of gut microbiota in treatment naive HCV patients and suggest that gut microbiota may hold diagnostic promise in HCV infection.

Diagnostic and prognostic value of hematological and immunological markers in COVID-19 infection: A meta-analysis of 6320 patients.

OBJECTIVE: Evidence-based characterization of the diagnostic and prognostic value of the hematological and immunological markers related to the epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is critical to understand the clinical course of the infection and to assess in development and validation of biomarkers. METHODS: Based on systematic search in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct up to April 22, 2020, a total of 52 eligible articles with 6,320 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cohorts were included. Pairwise comparison between severe versus mild disease, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) versus general ward admission and expired versus survivors were performed for 36 laboratory parameters. The pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using the DerSimonian Laird method/random effects model and converted to the Odds ratio (OR). The decision tree algorithm was employed to identify the key risk factor(s) attributed to severe COVID-19 disease. RESULTS: Cohorts with elevated levels of white blood cells (WBCs) (OR = 1.75), neutrophil count (OR = 2.62), D-dimer (OR = 3.97), prolonged prothrombin time (PT) (OR = 1.82), fibrinogen (OR = 3.14), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (OR = 1.60), procalcitonin (OR = 4.76), IL-6 (OR = 2.10), and IL-10 (OR = 4.93) had higher odds of progression to severe phenotype. Decision tree model (sensitivity = 100%, specificity = 81%) showed the high performance of neutrophil count at a cut-off value of more than 3.74x109/L for identifying patients at high risk of severe COVID-19. Likewise, ICU admission was associated with higher levels of WBCs (OR = 5.21), neutrophils (OR = 6.25), D-dimer (OR = 4.19), and prolonged PT (OR = 2.18). Patients with high IL-6 (OR = 13.87), CRP (OR = 7.09), D-dimer (OR = 6.36), and neutrophils (OR = 6.25) had the highest likelihood of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Several hematological and immunological markers, in particular neutrophilic count, could be helpful to be included within the routine panel for COVID-19 infection evaluation to ensure risk stratification and effective management.

Association of cardiac biomarkers and comorbidities with increased mortality, severity, and cardiac injury in COVID-19 patients: A meta-regression and decision tree analysis.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has a deleterious effect on several systems, including the cardiovascular system. We aim to systematically explore the association of COVID-19 severity and mortality rate with the history of cardiovascular diseases and/or other comorbidities and cardiac injury laboratory markers. METHODS: The standardized mean difference (SMD) or odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were applied to estimate pooled results from the 56 studies. The prognostic performance of cardiac markers for predicting adverse outcomes and to select the best cutoff threshold was estimated by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Decision tree analysis by combining cardiac markers with demographic and clinical features was applied to predict mortality and severity in patients with COVID-19. RESULTS: A meta-analysis of 17 794 patients showed patients with high cardiac troponin I (OR = 5.22, 95% CI = 3.73-7.31, P < .001) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels (OR = 3.64, 95% CI = 2.84-4.66, P < .001) were more likely to develop adverse outcomes. High troponin I more than 13.75 ng/L combined with either advanced age more than 60 years or elevated AST level more than 27.72 U/L was the best model to predict poor outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 severity and mortality are complicated by myocardial injury. Assessment of cardiac injury biomarkers may improve the identification of those patients at the highest risk and potentially lead to improved therapeutic approaches.

Effects of Lysozyme, Proteinase K, and Cephalosporins on Biofilm Formation by Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that can form biofilms, which confer resistance to immune clearance and antibacterial treatment. Therefore, effective strategies to prevent biofilm formation are warranted. Here, 103 P. aeruginosa clinical isolates were quantitatively screened for biofilm formation ability via the tissue culture plate method. The effects of lysozyme (hydrolytic enzyme) and proteinase K (protease) on biofilm formation were evaluated at different concentrations. Lysozyme (30 µg/mL), but not proteinase K, significantly inhibited biofilm formation (19% inhibition). Treatment of 24-hour-old biofilms of P. aeruginosa isolates with 50 times the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ceftazidime and cefepime significantly decreased the biofilm mass by 32.8% and 44%, respectively. Moreover, the exposure of 24-hour-old biofilms of P. aeruginosa isolates to lysozyme (30 µg/mL) and 50 times MICs of ceftazidime or cefepime resulted in a significant reduction in biofilm mass as compared with the exposure to lysozyme or either antibacterial agent alone. The best antibiofilm effect (49.3%) was observed with the combination of lysozyme (30 µg/mL) and 50 times MIC of cefepime. The promising antibiofilm activity observed after treatment with 50 times MIC of ceftazidime or cefepime alone or in combination with lysozyme (30 µg/mL) is indicative of a novel strategy to eradicate pseudomonal biofilms in intravascular devices and contact lenses.

Correlation of Serum Soluble Fibrinogen-Like Protein 2 with Soluble FAS Ligand and Interferon Gamma in Egyptian Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Patients and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients.

Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains one of the serious human diseases worldwide, especially in Egypt, which can lead to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the exact molecular mechanism of HCC progress in HCV-infected patients remains unclear. Soluble fibrinogen-like protein 2 (sFGL2) is a modulator of the immune response that is secreted by T cells and inhibits maturation of dendritic cells and T cell proliferation. In the current study, serum sFGL2 levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique in 30 chronic HCV-infected patients (HCV group), 30 chronic HCV-infected patients with HCC (HCC group), and 12 healthy individuals (control group). Moreover, serum levels of soluble FAS ligand (sFASL) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) were analyzed and correlated with sFGL2 levels. According to our results, serum sFGL2 levels were significantly elevated in all patients with chronic HCV infection. However, HCC patients showed lower sFGL2 levels than HCV-infected patients without HCC incidence. In addition, serum sFASL levels were significantly elevated in both HCV and HCC groups, whereas serum IFN-γ levels were only elevated in the HCC group. Interestingly, sFGL2 correlated positively with serum total bilirubin level and negatively with serum levels of sFASL, IFN-γ, and albumin in HCV and HCC groups. Thus, conclusively, sFGL2 level increases in Egyptian HCV-infected and HCC patients. Taken together, the current work may open future possibility of designing new treatment strategies for HCV infection targeting sFGL2 and its immunosuppressive effect.

Molecular analysis of Hepatitis B virus sub-genotypes and incidence of preS1/preS2 region mutations in HBV-infected Egyptian patients from Mansoura.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the major causes of viral hepatitis worldwide. Despite the prevalence of HBV infection in Egypt, few studies have focused on sub-genotyping of the virus. Moreover, no studies are available regarding the mutational analysis of the preS1/preS2 region of the viral genome, or its impact on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development in Egypt. In this study, we have analyzed the sub-genotypes and incidence of mutations in the preS1/preS2 region of HBV present in HBV-infected patients, from Mansoura city (located in the center of Nile Delta region of Egypt), via partial sequencing of this specific region. Moreover, we have investigated the impact of these mutations on HCC development by measuring serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) level and abdominal ultrasound examination of the HBV-infected patients. According to our results, all samples were genotype D in which sub-genotype D1 was predominant. In addition, the results revealed mutations in the preS1/preS2 region, which could result in either immature preS1 protein or completely inhibit the translation of the preS2 protein. However, there was no incidence of HCC development in patients infected with mutated HBV in the preS1/preS2 region. In summary, for the first time our work has proved the predominance of sub-genotype D1 among HBV-infected Egyptian patients in Mansoura city, Nile Delta region, Egypt, and incidence of mutations in the preS1/preS2 region of HBV genome. This current study opens up research opportunities to discuss the impact of HBV mutations on the development of HCC in Egypt.