RESUMEN
Coronaviruses belong to the family Coronaviridae order Nidovirales and are known causes of respiratory and intestinal disease in various mammalian and avian species. Species of coronaviruses known to infect humans are referred to as human coronaviruses (HCoVs). While traditionally, HCoVs have been a significant cause of the common cold, more recently, emergent viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic. Here, we discuss coronavirus disease (COVID-19) biology, pathology, epidemiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and recent clinical trials involving promising treatments.
Asunto(s)
Antivirales/administración & dosificación , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/terapia , SARS-CoV-2 , Adenosina Monofosfato/administración & dosificación , Adenosina Monofosfato/análogos & derivados , Corticoesteroides/administración & dosificación , Alanina/administración & dosificación , Alanina/análogos & derivados , Animales , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/inmunología , Coronavirus/efectos de los fármacos , Coronavirus/inmunología , Tos/epidemiología , Tos/terapia , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiología , Diabetes Mellitus/terapia , Fatiga/epidemiología , Fatiga/terapia , Fiebre , Cardiopatías/epidemiología , Cardiopatías/terapia , Humanos , Respiración con Presión Positiva/métodos , Pronóstico , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/epidemiología , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/terapia , SARS-CoV-2/efectos de los fármacos , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Cigarette smoking is the single most important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, the role of nicotine, the addictive component of all tobacco products, in the development of CVD is incompletely understood. Although increased public awareness of the harms of cigarette smoking has successfully led to a decline in its prevalence, the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cig) or electronic nicotine delivery system has increased dramatically in recent years because of the perception that these products are safe. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the expression and function of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the cardiovascular system and the impact of nicotine exposure on cardiovascular health, with a focus on nicotine-induced vascular dysfunction. Nicotine alters vasoreactivity through endothelium-dependent and/or endothelium-independent mechanisms, leading to clinical manifestations in both cigarette smokers and e-cig users. In addition, nicotine induces vascular remodelling through its effects on proliferation, migration and matrix production of both vascular endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. The purpose of this review is to identify critical knowledge gaps regarding the effects of nicotine on the vasculature and to stimulate continued nicotine research.