The Relationship Between Work-Related Stress and Depression: A Scoping Review.

Objectives: Work-related stress is highly prevalent. Recent systematic reviews concluded on a significant association between common work-related stress measures and depression. Our scoping review aims to explore whether work-related psychosocial stress is generally associated with depression or depressiveness, the extent and methodology of the primary research undertaken on this topic and to elucidate inconsistencies or gaps in knowledge. Methods: We searched for literature in Pubmed, PsycInfo and Web of Science including full reports in seven languages published between 1999 and 2022 and applied the PRISMA statement for scoping reviews criteria. Results: Of 463 primarily identified articles, 125 were retained after abstract and full-text screening. The majority report significant associations between work-related stress and depression. Cross-sectional studies are most prevalent. Sufficient evidence exists only for job strain and effort-reward imbalance. Most studies are from Asia, North America and Europe. The health sector is the most studied. Several research gaps such as the lack of interventional studies were identified. Conclusion: The consistency of most studies on the significant association between work-related stress and depression is remarkable. More studies are needed to improve evidence and to close research gaps.

Incidence and prevalence of occupational contact dermatitis in hairdressing apprentices: A 3-year prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: It is known that a large number of hairdressing apprentices (HA) develop occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) during schooling, but studies that address prevalence of contact sensitization in HAs with hand eczema are missing. OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence, incidence rate and clinical characteristics of OCD, including contact sensitization, in a sample of Croatian HAs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 408 HAs from 25 Croatian towns were examined at the beginning of education and monitored at the end of each school year. Clinical evaluation of skin changes was performed using the Osnabrueck Hand Eczema Severity Index (OHSI). Standard patch test (PT) with baseline and hairdresser series of contact allergens was performed in 46 HAs with skin changes lasting ≥3 months. RESULTS: The overall incidence rate of OCD was 32.3/100 person-years, and the 3-year prevalence 50.3%. Contact sensitization was found in 14 out of 46 (30.3%) HAs, with 10 of these 14 HAs (71.4%) sensitized to specific hairdressing allergens. The strongest reactions were found to PPD. HAs with positive PT had higher OHSI than HAs with negative patch test (median, IQR: 3, 2-4 vs. 2, 2-4). CONCLUSIONS: Contact sensitization to specific hairdressing chemicals was found in 71.4% of HAs with a positive patch test, supporting evidence on the early contact sensitization to occupational allergens among HAs.

Systematic review on skin adverse effects of important hazardous hair cosmetic ingredients with a focus on hairdressers.

BACKGROUND: The burden of occupational hand eczema in hairdressers is high, and (partly strong) allergens abound in the hair cosmetic products they use. OBJECTIVES: To systematically review published evidence concerning contact allergy to an indicative list of active ingredients of hair cosmetics, namely, p-phenylenediamine (PPD), toluene-2,5-diamine (PTD), persulfates, mostly ammonium persulfate (APS), glyceryl thioglycolate (GMTG), and ammonium thioglycolate (ATG), concerning the prevalence of sensitization, particularly in terms of a comparison (relative risk; RR) between hairdressers and non-hairdressers. METHODS: Following a PROSPERO-registered and published protocol, eligible literature published from 2000 to February 2021 was identified, yielding 322 publications, and extracted in standardized publication record forms, also considering risk of bias. RESULTS: Based on 141 publications, the contact allergy prevalence to PPD was 4.3% (95% CI: 3.8-4.9%) in consecutively patch tested patients. Other ingredients were mostly tested in an aimed fashion, yielding variable, and partly high contact allergy prevalences. Where possible, the RR was calculated, yielding an average increased sensitization risk in hairdressers of between 5.4 (PPD) and 3.4 (ATG). Additional evidence related to immediate-type hypersensitivity, experimental results, exposures, and information from case reports was qualitatively synthesized. CONCLUSIONS: An excess risk of contact allergy is clearly evident from the pooled published evidence from the last 20 years. This should prompt an improvement in working conditions and product safety.

Association of hairdressing with cancer and reproductive diseases: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: To review recent epidemiological studies investigating carcinogenic or reprotoxic effects among hairdressers who seem to be at greater risk for systemic adverse effects of chemicals released from hair care products than consumers. METHODS: A systematic review according to the PRISMA-P guidelines was performed and included studies published from 2000 to August 2021, in which cancer or adverse reproductive effects were diagnosed in 1995 and onward. Data were synthetized qualitatively due to the small number of studies, heterogeneity of study designs, outcomes, and methods. RESULTS: Four studies investigating cancer frequencies and six studies investigating effects on reproduction among hairdressers were identified. All were of good quality and with low risk of bias. Only one of the four studies found an increased risk of cancer reporting nine times higher odds for bladder cancer in hairdressers than the population-based controls. Three other studies investigating bladder and lung cancer, and non-Hodgins lymphoma did not find an increased risk in hairdressers. Regarding reprotoxic effects, numerous outcomes were investigated including menstrual disorders, congenital malformations, fetal loss, small-for-gestational age newborns, preterm delivery, and infertility. Increased risk was found for ventricular septal defect in newborns of fathers working as hairdressers. Furthermore, several indices of poor neonatal or maternal health were significantly associated with mothers working as hairdresser. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the scarce evidence that hairdressers are at increased risk of carcinogenic or reprotoxic effects related to their trade, such health risks cannot be ruled out. Therefore, preventive efforts to diminish occupational exposures to hairdressing chemicals should be targeted.

Skin barrier function in nursing apprentices during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Studies investigating simultaneous influence of personal and work-related factors on skin health during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic are missing. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the associations of skin hazards relevant for nursing apprentices with parameters of skin barrier function. METHODS: A total of 238 nursing apprentices attending the final year of education (median age 19 years) from vocational schools in Zagreb, Croatia, were enrolled in this study. We administered a questionnaire based on the Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire to the nursing apprentices, performed clinical examination of skin on the hands, and evaluated transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and stratum corneum (SC) pH on the dorsum of the hand. RESULTS: Around half of nursing apprentices had compromised hand skin barrier function, as indicated by TEWL values >25 g/m2 /h (48%) and SC pH >5.5 (57%). Skin barrier was compromised in around 40% of nursing apprentices without clinically observed skin symptoms. Elevated SC pH was independent of ambient conditions associated with skin symptoms and female sex. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of SC pH was shown to be less sensitive to field conditions than TEWL, and should be employed more in the field studies. Strengthening of skin health promotion in healthcare workers and apprentices is needed in pandemic conditions.

Characteristics of hand eczema in final-year apprentice nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Apprentice nurses are considered at high risk to developing occupational skin diseases. OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the frequency and origin of hand eczema, and work-related risk factors in apprentice nurses. METHODS: The study involved 240 final-year apprentice nurses (females 75%, median age 19 years) from vocational schools in Zagreb, Croatia. The study was performed in 2020/2021 and included a questionnaire and clinical examination by means of the Osnabrück Hand Eczema Severity Index (OHSI). Skin prick test (SPT) with natural rubber latex (NRL) allergen, and patch test with the basic series of allergens, and disinfectants, were performed in 42 apprentice nurses with hand eczema that lasted more than 3 months. RESULTS: Clinically observed and self-reported hand eczema were found in 49% and 46% of apprentice nurses, respectively. Those with observed changes were older and reported more days per month spent on practical work than those with healthy skin (P = .001). Median OHSI was 4 (interquartile range 2-6). There were no positive SPTs to latex, and 11 (26%) apprentice nurses had positive patch test reactions to one or more tested allergens, mostly nickel. CONCLUSIONS: Hand eczema was common in final-year apprentice nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was mostly of irritative origin, associated with the duration of practical training, confirming cumulative effect of hazards on skin barrier.

Skin Characteristics of Hairdresser Apprentices at the Beginning of Vocational Training.

BACKGROUND: Hairdresser apprentices (HAs) are at high risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis. OBJECTIVES: To assess skin characteristics of HAs, using genotyping, clinically observed and self-reported skin symptoms, and skin bioengineering methods at the beginning of apprenticeship. METHODS: During the screening phase of a prospective cohort study, we recruited 352 HAs in 24 Croatian towns. The protocol included the following: questionnaires with self-reported skin and atopy symptoms evaluation, Osnabrueck Hand Eczema Severity Index (OHSI) for clinical skin assessment, genotyping FLG (filaggrin) gene mutations, skin pH, and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements. RESULTS: Self-reported skin symptoms were reported by 12%, history of dry hands by 29%, and history of atopy by 46% of HAs. Skin changes were found at the clinical examination in 18% of the HA. The OHSI score was positively correlated with hand TEWL and hand skin pH in multiple regression linear models. An FLG gene mutation was found in 1 apprentice. CONCLUSIONS: Significant prevalence of clinically observed skin signs on the hands was observed in HAs at the beginning of training. The OHSI score was found to be an independent predictor of higher hand TEWL and skin pH values. The need to ameliorate preventive examinations before the enrolment to hairdressing schools was indicated.

Prevention of poisonings by educational intervention aimed at parents of preschool children.

The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of the specific design of a poisoning prevention intervention. This controlled before-after study followed Solomon design for educational interventions using two groups (the educational intervention group and the control group). Participants comprised parents of children attending kindergartens under the jurisdiction of the City of Zagreb and in the vicinity of Zagreb. The intervention group (N = 336) underwent an educational intervention during parents' meetings comprising oral presentation by the Croatian Poison Control Centre (CPCC) and distribution of gift packages containing child-proof locks, flyers, and stickers with the CPCC contact number. After the intervention they more frequently started keeping the CPCC's number by their telephone or in the list of important numbers than parents in the control group, and this association remained significant when tested by generalized estimating equations for binary outcomes, after the adjustment for parents' characteristics (age, gender and educational level), and clustered by kindergartens (p < 0.001). This means parents acknowledged the CPCC as an adequate and accessible way for initial management of poisoning incidents.

Effect of extract from Boswellia serrata gum resin on decrease of GAD65 autoantibodies in a patient with Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults.

BACKGROUND: Extracts from Boswellia serrata gum resin have anti-inflammatory effect and are used for treatment of a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases. It was previously demonstrated that the treatment with Boswellia serrata gum resin of LADA (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults) patients decreased blood levels of IA2 antibodies, one of the markers associated with LADA autoimmune diabetes. PRIMARY STUDY OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to test whether Boswellia serrata gum resin also influences GAD65 autoantibodies as the other marker associated with LADA. METHODS/DESIGN: We report a case study of male patient diagnosed with LADA with positive GAD65 autoantibodies who was treated with extract from Boswellia serrata gum resin, during 9 months. Blood levels of GAD65 autoantibodies, fasting blood glucose levels and HbA1c were measured before the treatment and periodically during the treatment. RESULTS: Over the observed period, the blood levels of GAD65 autoantibodies linearly decreased about 25%. CONCLUSION: The study confirms that extract of Boswellia serrata gum resin seems to prevent insulitis in patients with LADA, as indicated by its action on both markers of autoimmune diabetes, i.e., GAD65 and IA2 autoantibodies. The possibility that the treatment with boswellic acids of LADA patients with positive autoantibodies could be beneficial on the course of the disease, calls for further investigation and a clinical study.

Factors related to skin health in hairdressing apprentices from two Croatian regions.

BACKGROUND: Hairdressing apprentices are at high risk for developing occupational contact dermatitis. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to analyse whether there are differences in skin health, skin protection and health-related quality of life between apprentices from two Croatian regions (Zagreb and Dalmatia). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Final-year hairdressing apprentices from Zagreb (n = 101) and Dalmatia (n = 77) were enrolled in the study. Clinical examination of hands was performed by use of the Osnabrück Hand Eczema Severity Index. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured on forearm and hand. A history of self-reported skin symptoms, work-related exposure to skin hazards and health-related quality of life were assessed with validated questionnaires. RESULTS: Apprentices from Zagreb reported having been engaged in practical work more days per month than Dalmatian apprentices (median 12 days vs 8 days, respectively, P < 0.001), and washing their hands >20 times per day more frequently (28% vs 10%, respectively, P = 0.004), and consequently more frequently having dry hands (37% vs 16%, respectively, P = 0.002), and significantly higher TEWL values on the hand and forearm, which was confirmed by the results obtained with multiple linear regression models. CONCLUSIONS: A higher extent of exposure to skin hazards was related to poorer skin barrier function, which confirms the need for improvement of appropriate safety practices in hairdressing schools.

Post-Chernobyl investigations of radiocaesium activity concentrations in Adriatic Sea pilchards.

Investigations in the post-Chernobyl period (1986-2009) of radiocaesium activity concentrations in Adriatic pilchards are presented. Compared with pre-Chernobyl period, the Chernobyl nuclear accident caused increase of (137)Cs activity concentrations in pilchards. By fitting the measured (137)Cs activity concentrations to the theoretical curve was estimated to be 1.5±0.4 y for 1986-90 and 5.8±0.4 y for 1991-2009 and the bimodal behaviour for the ecological half-life of (137)Cs in pilchards has been observed. Estimated annual effective doses received by (134)Cs and (137)Cs intake due to consumption for an adult member of Croatian population are small. Collective dose for the 1986-2009 period was 4.9+0.3 person-Sv. The observed (134)Cs/(137)Cs activity ratio in pilchards was similar to the ratio that has been found in other environmental samples. The concentration factor for pilchards was roughly estimated to be 93.7±39.2 l kg(-1), which is consistent with the values observed elsewhere.

Efficacy and safety of budesonide/formeterol combination therapy in asthma patients.

Budesonide/formoterol as single inhaler was developed for treating asthma patients who are not adequately controlled on glucocorticoides alone. The aim of this study was to evaluate efficacy, safety and patient/physician satisfaction of budesonide/formoterol therapy.Total of 268 asthma patients (120 men, mean age 38.8 +/- 37.2 years, and 148 women, mean age 42.2 +/- 32 years) were included in the study. All patients received budesonide/formoterol bid (640 mcg of budesonide and 18 mcg of formoterol daily) during run-in period for three weeks. Patients were followed during 14 weeks at 5 visits. At each visit lung function (FEV1 and PEF) was measured,presence of side affects was recorded and questionnaire was given to patients and physicians to estimate the level of satisfaction with budesonide/formoterol therapy (1 very unsatisfied to 5 very satisfied). Significant improvement was noticed in FEV1, from 76.25% of predicted value to 86.94% (p < 0.01); and in PEF from 380.84 L/min to 442.29 L/min (p < 0.01) in all patients. At the end of the study patients' satisfaction with budesonide/formeterol therapy was significantly improved comparing with satisfaction with previously taken therapy, in average grade, from 2.94 to 4.56 (p < 0.01), and similar results were noticed with physicians' satisfaction, from 2.60 to 4.41 (p < 0.01). Budesonide/formoterol in single inhaler, significantly improved lung function in patients with asthma.

Radiocaesium activity concentrations in potatoes in Croatia after the Chernobyl accident and dose assessment.

Systematic investigations of (137)Cs and (134)Cs activity concentrations in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) for the post-Chernobyl period (1986-2005) in the Republic of Croatia are summarized. The correlation between (137)Cs activity concentrations in fallout and potatoes, has been found to be very good, the correlation coefficient being r = 0.88 with P(t) < 0.001 for 18 degrees of freedom. As the radiocaesium levels in potatoes decreased exponentially, the mean residence time of (137)Cs in potatoes was estimated by fitting the measured activity concentrations to the exponential curve. The mean residence time was found to be 6.8 +/- 1.1 years, the standard deviation being estimated by the Monte Carlo simulations. The initial observed (134)Cs:(137)Cs activity ratio in potatoes has been found to be quite variable, but slightly lesser than the theoretically predicted value of 0.5, calculated by applying the known inventory of these radionuclides in the Chernobyl reactor to the equation for the differential radioactive decay. This can be explained by presence of the pre-Chernobyl (137)Cs in soil that originated from nuclear fallout. The annual effective doses received by (134)Cs and (137)Cs intake due to consumption of potatoes estimated for an adult member of the Croatian population were found to be very small, as the per caput Dose for the entire 1986-2005 period was calculated to be about 2.9 microSv, (134)Cs accounting approximately for 1/3 of the entire dose. Therefore, after the Chernobyl accident consumption of potatoes was not the critical pathway for human intake of radiocaesium from the environment in Croatia.