To become part of the team-patient experiences of participating in decision-making for a new treatment (proton beam therapy).

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to explore patients' experience of participation in the treatment decision of proton beam therapy versus conventional radiotherapy. BACKGROUND: Proton beam therapy (PBT) has become a treatment option for some cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. The decision to give PBT instead of conventional radiotherapy (CRT) needs to be carefully planned together with the patient to ensure that the degree of participation is based on individuals' preferences. There is a knowledge gap of successful approaches to support patients' participation in the decision-making process, which is particularly important when it comes to the situation of having to choose between two treatment options such as PBT and CRT, with similar expected outcomes. METHOD: We conducted a secondary analysis of qualitative data collected from interviews with patients who received PBT for their brain tumor. Transcribed verbatims from interviews with 22 patients were analyzed regarding experiences of participation in the decision-making process leading to PBT. FINDINGS: Participants experienced their participation in the decision-making process to a varying degree, and with individual preferences. Four themes emerged from data: to be a voice that matters, to get control over what will happen, being in the hand of doctors' choice, and feeling selected for treatment. CONCLUSION: A decision for treatment with PBT can be experienced as a privilege but can also cause stress as it might entail practical issues affecting everyday life in a considerable way. For the patient to have confidence in the decision-making process, patients' preferences, expectations, and experiences must be included by the healthcare team. Including the patient in the healthcare team as an equal partner by confirming the person enables and facilitates for patients' voice to be heard and reckoned with. Person-centered care building on a partnership between patients and healthcare professionals should provide the right basis for the decision-making process.

Evaluating patient reported outcomes and experiences in a novel proton beam clinic - challenges, activities, and outcomes of the ProtonCare project.

BACKGROUND: The ProtonCare Study Group (PCSG) was formed with the purpose to develop and implement a framework for evaluation of proton beam therapy (PBT) and the related care at a novel clinic (Skandionkliniken), based on patient reported data. METHOD: A logic model framework was used to describe the process of development and implementation of a structured plan for evaluation of PBT for all diagnoses based on patient reported data. After the mission for the project was determined, meetings with networks and stakeholders were facilitated by PCSG to identify assumptions, resources, challenges, activities, outputs, outcomes, and outcome indicators. RESULT: This paper presents the challenges and accomplishments PCSG made so far. We describe required resources, activities, and accomplished results. The long-term outcomes that were outlined as a result of the process are two; 1) Improved knowledge about health outcomes of patients that are considered for PBT and 2) The findings will serve as a base for clinical decisions when patients are referred for PBT. CONCLUSION: Using the logical model framework proved useful in planning and managing the ProtonCare project. As a result, the work of PCSG has so far resulted in long-lasting outcomes that creates a base for future evaluation of patients' perspective in radiotherapy treatment in general and in PBT especially. Our experiences can be useful for other research groups facing similar challenges. Continuing research on patients´ perspective is a central part in ongoing and future research. Collaboration, cooperation, and coordination between research groups/networks from different disciplines are a significant part of the work aiming to determine the more precise role of PBT in future treatment options.

Mandibulotomy access to tumour sites: fewer complications for postoperative compared with preoperative radiotherapy.

The purpose of this study was to compare complication rates at the mandibulotomy site between patients receiving preoperative radiotherapy (RT) and those receiving postoperative RT during treatment for oral and oropharyngeal cancer where the surgical procedure required a mandibular osteotomy to gain access to the tumour. Sixty-four consecutive patients treated during the period 2000-2015 were available for analysis. Their medical records were reviewed retrospectively. All patients were followed for at least 1year postoperatively. A subgroup of patients received RT on several occasions or long before the mandibulotomy, therefore the statistical comparisons focused on the two groups of patients receiving RT on one occasion and within 6 months prior to or following surgery. Seventeen patients presented a total of 29 complications, yielding an overall complication rate of 27%. Orocutaneous fistula was the most common complication. Patients who received RT preoperatively presented a higher complication rate (9/15; 60%) when compared to those who received RT postoperatively (2/31; 6.5%) (odds ratio 21.8, P<0.001). This study demonstrated fewer complications in the mandibulotomy area exposed to postoperative RT compared with preoperative RT. It is therefore suggested that, when possible, RT should be given postoperatively if combination treatment with RT and surgery, including a mandibulotomy, is planned.

Single institution followed by national implementation of systematic surgical quality control and feedback for radical prostatectomy: a 20-year journey.

PURPOSE: The demand for objective and outcome-based facts about surgical results after radical prostatectomy (RP) is increasing. Systematic feedback is also essential for each surgeon to improve his/her performance. METHODS: RP outcome data (e.g., pT-stage and margin status) have been registered at Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SUH) since 1988 and patient-related outcome measures (PROM) have been registered since 2001. The National Prostate Cancer Registry (NPCR) has covered all Regions in Sweden since 1998 and includes PROM-data from 2008. Initially PROM was on-paper questionnaires but due since 2018 all PROMs are collected electronically. In 2014 an on-line "dashboard" panel was introduced, showing the results for ten quality-control variables in real-time. Since 2017 all RP data on hospital, regional, and national levels are publicly accessible on-line on "www.npcr.se/RATTEN". RESULTS: The early PROM-data from SUH have been used for internal quality control. As national clinical and PROM-data from the NPCR have been made accessible on-line and in real-time we have incorporated this into our pre-existing protocol. Our data are now internally available as real-time NPCR reports on the individual surgeons' results, as well as ePROM data. We can compare the results of each surgeon internally and to other departments' aggregated data. The public can access data and compare hospital level data on "RATTEN". CONCLUSIONS: The process of quality control of RP locally at SUH, and nationally through the NPCR, has been long but fruitful. The online design, with direct real-time feedback to the institutions that report the data, is essential.

Altered cerebral pain processing of noxious stimuli from inflamed joints in rheumatoid arthritis: An event-related fMRI study.

OBJECTIVE: To our knowledge, this is the first study assessing brain activation in response to painful stimulation over disease-relevant (finger joint) vs. neutral area (thumb nail) in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared to healthy controls (HC). METHOD: Thirty-one RA patients and 23 HC underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while stimulated with subjectively calibrated painful pressures corresponding to a pain sensation of 50 mm on a 100 mm VAS scale (P50) at disease-affected finger joint and thumbnail (left hand), and corresponding sites in HC. RESULTS: Compared to controls, RA patients had significantly increased pain sensitivity (lower P50) at the inflamed joints but not at the thumbnail. RA patients exhibited significantly less activation in regions related to pain- and somatosensory processing (S1, M1, anterior insula, S2, SMG and MCC) during painful joint stimulation, compared to HC. No group difference in cerebral pain processing was found for the non-affected thumbnail. Within RA patients, significantly less brain activation was found in response to painful stimulation over disease-affected joint compared to non-affected thumbnail in bilateral S1, bilateral S2, and anterior insula. Further, RA patients exhibited a right-sided dlPFC deactivation, psycho-physiologically interacting (PPI) with the left dlPFC in response to painful stimulation at disease-affected joints. CONCLUSION: The results indicate normal pain sensitivity and cerebral pain processing in RA for non-affected sites, while the increased sensitivity at inflamed joints indicate peripheral/spinal sensitization. Brain imaging data suggest that disease-relevant pain processing in RA is marked by aberrations and a failed initiation of cortical top-down regulation.

Alterations in resting state connectivity along the autism trait continuum: a twin study.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been found to be associated with alterations in resting state (RS) functional connectivity, including areas forming the default mode network (DMN) and salience network (SN). However, insufficient control for confounding genetic and environmental influences and other methodological issues limit the generalizability of previous findings. Moreover, it has been hypothesized that ASD might be marked by early hyper-connectivity followed by later hypo-connectivity. To date, only a few studies have explicitly tested age-related influences on RS connectivity alterations in ASD. Using a within-twin pair design (N=150 twins; 8-23 years), we examined altered RS connectivity between core regions of the DMN and SN in relation to autistic trait severity and age in a sample of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins showing typical development, ASD or other neurodevelopmental conditions. Connectivity between core regions of the SN was stronger in twins with higher autistic traits compared to their co-twins. This effect was significant both in the total sample and in MZ twins alone, highlighting the effect of non-shared environmental factors on the link between SN-connectivity and autistic traits. While this link was strongest in children, we did not identify differences between age groups for the SN. In contrast, connectivity between core hubs of the DMN was negatively correlated with autistic traits in adolescents and showed a similar trend in adults but not in children. The results support hypotheses of age-dependent altered RS connectivity in ASD, making altered SN and DMN connectivity promising candidate biomarkers for ASD.

The role of long-term physical exercise on performance and brain activation during the Stroop colour word task in fibromyalgia patients.

The Stroop colour word test (SCWT) has been widely used to assess changes in cognitive performance such as processing speed, selective attention and the degree of automaticity. Moreover, the SCWT has proven to be a valuable tool to assess neuronal plasticity that is coupled to improvement in performance in clinical populations. In a previous study, we showed impaired cognitive processing during SCWT along with reduced task-related activations in patients with fibromyalgia. In this study, we used SCWT and functional magnetic resonance imagingFMRI to investigate the effects of a 15-week physical exercise intervention on cognitive performance, task-related cortical activation and distraction-induced analgesia (DIA) in patients with fibromyalgia and healthy controls. The exercise intervention yielded reduced fibromyalgia symptoms, improved cognitive processing and increased task-related activation of amygdala, but no effect on DIA. Our results suggest beneficial effects of physical exercise on cognitive functioning in FM.

Normalization of aberrant resting state functional connectivity in fibromyalgia patients following a three month physical exercise therapy.

Physical exercise is one of the most efficient interventions to mitigate chronic pain symptoms in fibromyalgia (FM). However, little is known about the neurophysiological mechanisms mediating these effects. In this study we investigated resting-state connectivity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) before and after a 15 week standardized exercise program supervised by physical therapists. Our aim was to gain an understanding of how physical exercise influences previously shown aberrant patterns of intrinsic brain activity in FM. Fourteen FM patients and eleven healthy controls successfully completed the physical exercise treatment. We investigated post- versus pre-treatment changes of brain connectivity, as well as changes in clinical symptoms in the patient group. FM patients reported improvements in symptom severity. Although several brain regions showed a treatment-related change in connectivity, only the connectivity between the right anterior insula and the left primary sensorimotor area was significantly more affected by the physical exercise among the fibromyalgia patients compared to healthy controls. Our results suggest that previously observed aberrant intrinsic brain connectivity patterns in FM are partly normalized by the physical exercise therapy. However, none of the observed normalizations in intrinsic brain connectivity were significantly correlated with symptom changes. Further studies conducted in larger cohorts are warranted to investigate the precise relationship between improvements in fibromyalgia symptoms and changes in intrinsic brain activity.

Acute alcohol intoxication impairs segmental body alignment in upright standing.

Balance control when standing upright is a complex process requiring input from several partly independent mechanisms such as coordination, feedback and feedforward control, and adaptation. Acute alcohol intoxication from ethanol is recognized as a major contributor to accidental falls requiring medical care. This study aimed to investigate if intoxication at 0.06 and 0.10% blood alcohol concentration affected body alignment. Mean angular positions of the head, shoulder, hip, and knee were measured with 3D-motion analysis and compared with the ankle position in 25 healthy adults during standing with or without perturbations, and with eyes open or closed. Alcohol intoxication had significant effects on body alignment during perturbed and unperturbed stance, and on adaptation to perturbations. It induced a significantly more posterior alignment of the knees and shoulders, and a tendency for a more posterior and left deviated head alignment in perturbed stance than when sober. The impact of alcohol intoxication was most apparent on the knee alignment, where availability of visual information deteriorated the adaptation to perturbations. Thus, acute alcohol intoxication resulted in inadequate balance control strategies with increased postural rigidity and impaired adaptation to perturbations. These factors probably contribute to the increased risk of falling when intoxicated with alcohol.

Effectuation of adaptive stability and postural alignment strategies are decreased by alcohol intoxication.

Human stability control is a complex process comprising contributions from several partly independent mechanisms such as coordination, feedback and feed-forward control, and adaptation. Acute alcohol intoxication impairs these functions and is recognized as a major contributor to fall traumas. The study aimed to investigate how alcohol intoxication at .06% and .10% blood alcohol concentration (BAC) affected the movement spans and control of posture alignment. The angular positions of the head, shoulder, hip and knees relative to the ankles were measured with a 3D motion analysis system in 25 healthy adults during standing with eyes open or closed and with or without vibratory balance perturbations. Alcohol intoxication significantly increased the movement spans of the head, shoulders, hip and knees in anteroposterior and lateral directions during quiet stance (p < or = .047 and p < or = .003) and balance perturbations (p<.001, both directions). Alcohol intoxication also decreased the ability to reduce the movement spans through adaptation in both anteroposterior (p < or = .011) and lateral (p < or = .004) directions. When sober and submitted to balance perturbations, the subjects aligned the head, shoulders, hip and knees more forward relative to the ankle joint (p < .001), hence adopting a more resilient posture increasing the safety margin for backward falls. Alcohol intoxication significantly delayed this forward realignment (p < or = .022). Alcohol intoxication did not cause any significant posture realignment in the lateral direction. Thus, initiation of adaptive posture realignments to alcohol or other disruptions might be context dependent and associated with reaching a certain level of stability threats.

Using fMRI to evaluate the effects of milnacipran on central pain processing in patients with fibromyalgia.

Background In recent years, the prescription of serotonin-noradrenalin reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for treatment of fibromyalgia (FM) has increased with reports of their efficacy. The SNRI milnacipran is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of FM, yet, the mechanisms by which milnacipran reduces FM symptoms are unknown. A large number of neuroimaging studies have demonstrated altered brain function in patients with FM but the effect of milnacipran on central pain processing has not been investigated. The primary objective of this study was to assess the effect of milnacipran on sensitivity to pressure-evoked pain in FM. Secondary objectives were to assess the effect of milnacipran on cerebral processing of pressure-evoked pain using fMRI and the tolerability and safety of milnacipran 200 mg/day in FM. Methods 92 patients were randomized to either 13-weeks milnacipran treatment (200 mg/day) or placebo in this double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter clinical trial. Psychophysical measures and functional MRI (fMRI) assessments were performed before and after treatment using a computer-controlled pressure-pain stimulator. Here, we present the results of several a priori defined statistical analyses. Results Milnacipran-treated patients displayed a trend toward lower pressure-pain sensitivity after treatment, compared to placebo, and the difference was greater at higher pain intensities. A single group fMRI analysis of milnacipran-treated patients indicated increased pain-evoked brain activity in the caudatus nucleus, anterior insula and amygdala after treatment, compared to before treatment; regions implicated in pain inhibitory processes. A 2 × 2 repeated measures fMRI analysis, comparing milnacipran and placebo, before and after treatment, showed that milnacipran-treated patients had greater pain-evoked activity in the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex after treatment; a region previously implicated in intrinsic brain function and FM pathology. This finding was only significant when uncorrected for multiple comparisons. The safety analysis revealed that patients from both treatment groups had treatment-emergent adverse events where nausea was the most common complaint, reported by 43.5% of placebo patients and 71.7% of milnacipran-treated patients. Patients on milnacipran were more likely to discontinue treatment because of side effects. Conclusions Our results provide preliminary indications of increased pain inhibitory responses in milnacipran-treated FM patients, compared to placebo. The psychophysical assessments did not reach statistical significance but reveal a trend toward higher pressure-pain tolerance after treatment with milnacipran, compared to placebo, especially for higher pain intensities. Our fMRI analyses point toward increased activation of the precuneus/posterior cingulum in patients treated with milnacipran, however results were not corrected for multiple comparisons. The precuneus/posterior cingulum is a key region of the default mode network and has previously been associated with abnormal function in FM. Future studies may further explore activity within the default mode network as a potential biomarker for abnormal central pain processing. Implications The present study provides novel insights for future studies where functional neuroimaging may be used to elucidate the central mechanisms of common pharmacological treatments for chronic pain. Furthermore, our results point toward a potential mechanism for pain normalization in response to milnacipran, involving regions of the default mode network although this finding needs to be replicated in future studies.

Study I: effects of 0.06% and 0.10% blood alcohol concentration on human postural control.

Alcohol intoxication causes many accidental falls presented at emergency departments, with the injury severity often related to level of blood alcohol concentration (BAC). One way to evaluate the decline in postural control and the fall risk is to assess standing stability when challenged. The study objective was to comprehensively investigate alcohol-related impairments on postural control and adaptive motor learning at specific BAC levels. Effects of alcohol intoxication at 0.06% and 0.10% BAC were examined with posturography when unperturbed or perturbed by calf vibration. Twenty-five participants (mean age 25.1 years) were investigated standing with either eyes open or closed. Our results revealed several significant findings: (1) stability declined much faster from alcohol intoxication between 0.06% and 0.10% BAC (60-140%) compared with between 0.0% and 0.06% BAC (30%); (2) sustained exposure to repeated balance perturbations augmented the alcohol-related destabilization; (3) there were stronger effects of alcohol intoxication on stability in lateral direction than in anteroposterior direction; and (4) there was a gradual degradation of postural control particularly in lateral direction when the balance perturbations were repeated at 0.06% and 0.10% BAC, indicating adaptation deficits when intoxicated. To summarize, alcohol has profound deteriorating effects on human postural control, which are dose dependent, time dependent and direction specific. The maximal effects of alcohol intoxication on physiological performance might not be evident initially, but may be revealed first when under sustained sensory-motor challenges.

Study II: mechanoreceptive sensation is of increased importance for human postural control under alcohol intoxication.

Standing postural stability relies on input from visual, vestibular, proprioceptive and mechanoreceptive sensors. When the information from any of these sensors is unavailable or disrupted, the central nervous system maintains postural stability by relying more on the contribution from the reliable sensors, termed sensory re-weighting. Alcohol intoxication is known to affect the integrity of the vestibular and visual systems. The aim was to assess how mechanoreceptive sensory information contributed to postural stability at 0.00% (i.e. sober), 0.06% and 0.10% blood alcohol concentration (BAC) in 25 healthy subjects (mean age 25.1 years). The subjects were assessed with eyes closed and eyes open under quiet standing and while standing was perturbed by repeated, random-length, vibratory stimulation of the calf muscles. Plantar cutaneous mechanoreceptive sensation was assessed for both receptor types: slowly adapting (tactile sensitivity) and rapidly adapting (vibration perception). The correlation between recorded torque variance and the sensation from both mechanoreceptor types was calculated. The recorded stability during alcohol intoxication was significantly influenced by both the tactile sensation and vibration perception of the subjects. Moreover, the study revealed a fluctuating association between the subjects' vibration perception and torque variance during balance perturbations, which was significantly influenced by the level of alcohol intoxication, vision and adaptation. Hence, one's ability to handle balance perturbations under the influence of alcohol is strongly dependent on accurate mechanoreceptive sensation and efficient sensory re-weighting.

Foam posturography: standing on foam is not equivalent to standing with decreased rapidly adapting mechanoreceptive sensation.

Standing on a foam surface is believed to exaggerate balance deficits by decreasing the reliability of somatosensory information from cutaneous mechanoreceptors on the plantar soles (i.e. base of feet) and by altering the effectiveness of ankle torque. The aim was to further document the nature of foam posturography testing by comparing between standing on foam and standing with decreased Rapidly Adapting Mechanoreceptive Sensation (RAMS). Sixteen healthy adults (mean age 20.8 years) were tested with posturography, standing with eyes open and closed on a solid surface and on foam, with and without decreased plantar RAMS. Standing balance was measured as torque variance and further analyzed by being divided into three spectral categories. Plantar cutaneous hypothermic anesthesia by ice-cooling was used to decrease RAMS. Plantar mechanoreceptive sensation was precisely determined with tactile sensitivity and vibration perception tests. Vibration perception was significantly decreased by hypothermic anesthesia, but tactile sensitivity was not. The anterior-posterior torque variance was significantly larger for frequencies less than 0.1 Hz under eyes closed conditions when standing on a solid surface with decreased RAMS compared to normal sensation. No effect of decreased RAMS was seen with eyes open on a solid surface, nor on foam with eyes open or closed. Decreased RAMS produced body sway responses on a solid surface that were different in spectral composition, amplitude, direction and that responded differently to vision compared with standing on foam. Hence, this study showed that RAMS contributes to postural control but reduction in RAMS does not produce a similar challenge as standing on foam.

Effects of dyslexia on postural control in adults.

Dyslexia has been shown to affect postural control. The aim of the present study was to investigate the difference in postural stability measured as torque variance in an adult dyslexic group (n=14, determined using the Adult Dyslexia Checklist (ADCL) and nonsense word repetition test) and an adult non-dyslexic group (n=39) on a firm surface and on a foam block and with eyes open and eyes closed. Another aim was to investigate the correlation between ADCL scores and postural stability. Findings showed that ADCL scores correlated with torque variance in the anteroposterior direction on foam with eyes closed (p=0.001) and in the lateral direction on the foam surface with eyes closed (p=0.040) and open (p=0.010). General Linear Model analysis showed that high dyslexia scores were associated with increased torque variance (p<0.001). However, we found no significant difference between dyslexics and non-dyslexics, though there were indications of larger torque variance in the dyslexics. The findings suggest that adults with high dyslexic ADCL scores may experience sub-clinical balance deficits. Hence, assessing motor ability and postural control in those with high ADCL scores is motivated.

Alcohol intoxication at 0.06 and 0.10% blood alcohol concentration changes segmental body movement coordination.

Alcohol intoxication is the cause of many falls requiring emergency care. The control of upright standing balance is complex and comprises contributions from several partly independent mechanisms like coordination, feedback and feedforward control and adaptation. Analysis of the segmental body movement coordination offers one option to detect the severity of balance problems. The study aims were (1) to investigate whether alcohol intoxication at 0.06 and 0.10% blood alcohol concentration (BAC) affected the segmental movement pattern under unperturbed and perturbed standing; (2) whether alcohol affected the ability for movement pattern adaptation; (3) whether one's own subjective feeling of drunkenness correlated to the movement pattern used. Twenty-five participants (13 women and 12 men, mean age 25.1 years) performed tests involving alcohol intoxication. Body movements were recorded at five locations (ankle, knee, hip, shoulder and head) during quiet standing and pseudorandom pulses of calf muscle vibration for 200 s with eyes closed or open. There was no significant effect of alcohol on the general movement pattern in unperturbed stance or on adaptation. However, when balance was repeatedly perturbed, knee movements became significantly less correlated to other body movements over time at 0.10% BAC and when visual information was unavailable, suggesting that the normal movement pattern could not be maintained for a longer period of time while under 0.10% BAC intoxication. Subjective feelings of drunkenness correlated often with a changed upper body movement pattern but less so with changed knee movements. Thus, an inability to relate drunkenness with changed knee movements may be a contributing factor to falls in addition to the direct effect of alcohol intoxication.

Change of body movement coordination during cervical proprioceptive disturbances with increased age.

BACKGROUND: To date, there are very few studies on postural stability in older adults using body movement recordings to capture the postural movement pattern. Moreover, the importance of proprioception at key areas such as the calf or neck on the postural movement pattern in older adults has rarely been investigated. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the body movement coordination strategy to calf or neck vibration was affected by aging. METHODS: Body movement measurements were taken at five locations (ankle, knee, hip, shoulder and head) from 18 younger (mean age 29.1 years) and 16 older (mean age 71.5 years) adult subjects using a 3D movement measuring system while subjected to 50 s of pseudo-random calf or neck vibratory stimulation pulses with eyes open or closed. The positions from the knee, hip, shoulder and head markers were correlated against one another to give an indication of the body coordination. RESULTS: During quiet standing, older adults had greater correlation between the head and trunk than the young. There was an age effect in the body movement coordination strategy. Older adults had a different movement pattern with neck vibration involving mainly more independent knee movements, indicating balance difficulty. CONCLUSIONS: Neck vibration affects the movement pattern in older adults more compared with younger adults and calf vibration, suggesting that, the regulation of body orientation in older adults is more difficult, especially during cervical proprioceptive disturbances.

Vestibular PREHAB and gentamicin before schwannoma surgery may improve long-term postural function.

BACKGROUND: Unilateral vestibular deafferentation (uVD), as performed in vestibular schwannoma surgery, results in a chronic vestibular deficit, though most of the insufficiency can be compensated by other sensory input. By vestibular training (prehabituation) performed before surgery, motor adaptation processes can be instigated before the actual lesion. The adaptation processes of the altered sensory input could be affected if the vestibular ablation and surgery were separated in time, by pretreating patients who have remaining vestibular function with gentamicin. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether presurgical deafferentation would affect postsurgery postural control also in a long-term perspective (6 months). METHOD: 41 patients subjected to trans-labyrinthine schwannoma surgery were divided into four groups depending on the vestibular activity before surgery (with no clinical significant remaining function n = 17; with remaining function n = 8), whether signs of central lesions were present (n = 10), and if patients with remaining vestibular activity were treated with gentamicin with the aim to produce uVD before surgery (n = 6). The vibratory posturography recordings before surgery and at the follow-up 6 months after surgery were compared. RESULTS: The subjects pretreated with gentamicin had significantly less postural sway at the follow-up, both compared with the preoperative recordings and compared with the other groups. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that by both careful sensory training and separating the surgical trauma and the effects of uVD in time, adaptive processes can develop more efficiently to resolve sensory conflicts, resulting in a reduction of symptoms not only directly after surgery but also perhaps up to 6 months afterwards.

Differences between body movement adaptation to calf and neck muscle vibratory proprioceptive stimulation.

Adaptation is essential in maintaining stability during balance-challenging situations. We studied, in standing subjects with eyes open and closed, adaptive responses of the anteroposterior head, shoulder, hip and knee movements; gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior EMG activity and anteroposterior body posture when proprioceptive information from the neck or calf muscles underwent vibratory perturbations. After 30s of quiet stance, vibratory stimuli were applied repeatedly for 200s, and adaption to stimulation was analyzed in four successive 50s periods. Repeated neck and calf vibration significantly increased linear body movement variance at all recorded sites (p<0.001, except neck stimulation with eyes closed, EC-neck), increased tibialis anterior (p<0.001, except EC-neck) and gastrocnemious muscle activity (p<0.001). Most body movement variances and tibialis anterior EMG activity decreased significantly over time (most p-values<0.01 or lower) and overall, the body leaning forward increased from 5.5 degrees to 6.5 degrees (p<0.01). The characteristics of the responses were influenced by vision and site of vibration, e.g., neck vibration affected body posture more rapidly than calf vibration. Our findings support the notion that proprioceptive perturbations have different effects in terms of nature, degree and adaptive response depending on site of vibratory proprioceptive stimulation, a factor that needs consideration in clinical investigations and design of rehabilitation programs.

Adaptation and vision change the relationship between muscle activity of the lower limbs and body movement during human balance perturbations.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate the relationship between changes in lower limb EMG root mean square (RMS) activity and changes in body movement during perturbed standing. Specifically, linear movement variance, torque variance and body posture were correlated against tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius RMS EMG activity during perturbed standing by vibration of the calf muscles. METHODS: Eighteen healthy participants (mean age 29.1 years) stood quietly for 30s before vibration pulses were randomly applied to the calf muscles over a period of 200 s with eyes open or closed. Movement variance, torque variance and RMS EMG activity were separated into five periods, thereby allowing us to explore any time-varying changes of the relationships. RESULTS: Changes of tibialis anterior muscles EMG activity were positively correlated with changes in linear movement variance and torque variance throughout most of the trials, and negatively correlated with some mean angular position changes during the last 2 min of the trials. Moreover, the initial changes in Gastrocnemius EMG activity were associated with initial changes of mean angular position. Additionally, both tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscle activities were more involved in the initial control of stability with eyes closed than with eyes open. CONCLUSIONS: Visual information and adaptation change the association between muscle activity and movement when standing is perturbed by calf muscle vibration. SIGNIFICANCE: Access to visual information changes the standing strategy to calf muscle vibrations. Training evoking adaptation could benefit those susceptible to falls by optimising the association between muscle activities and stabilising body movement.