Protective effects of Amauroderma rugosum on dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis through the regulation of macrophage polarization and suppression of oxidative stress.

BACKGROUND: Amauroderma rugosum (AR) is a medicinal mushroom commonly used to treat inflammation, gastric disorders, epilepsy, and cancers due to its remarkable anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. This study was designed to evaluate the pharmacological effects of AR and its underlying mechanism of action against ulcerative colitis (UC) in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: A UC mouse model was established by administration of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). AR extract was administered intragastrically to mice for 7 days. At the end of the experiment, histopathology, macrophage phenotype, oxidative stress, and inflammatory status were examined in vivo. Furthermore, RAW 264.7, THP-1, and Caco-2 cells were used to elucidate the mechanism of action of AR in vitro. RESULTS: AR extract (0.5-2 mg/mL) significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-induced M1 macrophage (pro-inflammatory) polarization in both RAW 264.7 and THP-1 cells. LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators (nitric oxide, TNF-α, IL-1ß, MCP-1, and IL-6) were reduced by AR extract in a concentration-dependent manner. Similarly, AR extract downregulated MAPK signaling activity in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. AR extract elicited a concentration-dependent increase in the mRNA expression of M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotype markers (CD206, Arg-1, Fizz-1, and Ym-1) in RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, AR extract suppressed DSS-induced ROS generation and mitochondrial dysfunction in Caco-2 cells. The in vivo experiment revealed that AR extract (200 mg/kg) increased colon length compared to the DSS-treated group. In addition, disease activity index, spleen ratio, body weight, oxidative stress, and colonic inflammation were markedly improved by AR treatment in DSS-induced UC mice. Finally, AR suppressed M1 and promoted M2 macrophage polarization in UC mice. CONCLUSION: The AR extract protected against DSS-induced UC by regulating macrophage polarization and suppressing oxidative stress. These valuable findings suggest that adequate intake of AR can prevent and/or treat UC.

Physicochemical characterization and anti-angiogenesis activity of polysaccharides from Amauroderma rugosum, a medicinal and edible mushroom.

Amauroderma rugosum (AR) is commonly recognized as a medicinal fungus, often used as an alternative to Ganoderma lucidum. There is a scarcity of comprehensive and in-depth research on its bioactive polysaccharides and their associated biological activities. Herein, we isolated the polysaccharide fractions extracted from AR (ARPs) and investigated their primary structure and anti-angiogenic activities, given that various diseases are associated with excessive angiogenesis. Four polysaccharide fractions including ARP-0, ARP-1, ARP-2, and ARP-5 were heteropolysaccharides with different molecular weights, monosaccharide compositions, and micromorphologies, highlighting their varying bioactive profiles. Treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells with these polysaccharide fractions showed that only ARP-5 inhibited cell proliferation after vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulation. Similarly, ARP-5 inhibited human umbilical vein endothelial cells migration, invasion, and tube formation upon VEGF (50 ng/mL) treatment. Moreover, compared with the insignificant effects of ARP-0, ARP-1, and ARP-2, ARP-5 impeded angiogenesis in zebrafish embryos. Additionally, ARP-5 downregulated the VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling pathway in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that ARP-5 exerts its anti-angiogenic activities by blocking the VEGF/VEGFR2-mediated angiogenesis signaling pathway. Taken together, the study findings shed light on the primary structure and bioactivity of ARPs.

*The traditional Chinese medicine processing change chemical composition and pharmacological effectiveness: Taking Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. and honey bran-fried Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. as examples.

BACKGROUND: Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (Baizhu in Chinese, BZ) is a typical traditional edible-medicinal herb used for thousands of years. Known as "the spleen-reinforcing medicine", it is often used clinically to treat reduced digestive function, abdominal distension, and diarrhoea, which are all caused by spleen deficiency. Among BZ's processing products, honey bran-fried BZ (HBBZ) is the only processed product recorded in BZ in the 2020 Chinese Pharmacopoeia (ChP). There are differences in effectiveness, traditional application, and clinical indications between them. PURPOSE: This review reviewed BZ and its main product HBBZ from botany, ethnopharmacology, chemical composition, pharmacological effectiveness, and safety. The changes in chemical composition and pharmacological effectiveness of BZ induced by the processing of traditional Chinese medicine were emphatically described. METHODS: Keywords related to Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz., honey bran frying, essential oil, lactones, polysaccharide and combinations to include published studies of BZ and HBBZ from 2004-2023 were searched in the following databases: Pubmed, Chengdu University of TCM Library, Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang database. All studies, published in English or Chinese, were included. However, in the process of chemical composition collection, we reviewed all available literature on the chemical composition of BZ and HBBZ. CONCLUSION: Honey bran frying processing methods will affect BZ's chemical composition and pharmacological effectiveness. The types and contents of chemical components in the HBBZ showed some changes compared with those in BZ. For example, the content of volatile oil decreased and the content of lactones increased after stir-fried bran. In addition, new ingredients such as phenylacetaldehyde, 2-acetyl pyrrole, 6- (1,1-dimethylethyl) -3,4-dihydro-1 (2H) -naphthalone and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural appeared. Both BZ and HBBZ have a variety of pharmacological effectiveness. After stir-fried with honey bran, the "Zao Xing" is reduced, and the efficacy of tonify spleen is strengthened, which is more suitable for patients with weak spleen and stomach.

Tumor Microenvironment ROS/pH Cascade-Responsive Supramolecular Nanoplatform with ROS Regeneration Property for Enhanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy.

The low targeted drug delivery efficiency, including poor tumor accumulation and penetration and uncontrolled drug release, leads to the failure of cancer therapy. Herein, a multifunctional supramolecular nanoplatform loading triptolide (TPL/PBAETK@GA NPs) was fabricated via the host-guest interaction between glycyrrhetinic-acid-modified poly(ethylene glycol)-adamantanecarboxylic acid moiety and reactive oxygen species (ROS)/pH cascade-responsive copolymer poly(ß-amino esters)-thioketal (TK)-ß-cyclodextrin. TPL/PBAETK@GA NPs could accumulate in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue effectively, mediated by nanoscale advantage and GA' recognition to specific receptors. The elevated concentration of ROS in tumor microenvironment (TME) quickly breaks the TK linkages, causing the detachment of shell (cyclodextrin) CD layer. Then, the accompanying negative-to-positive charge-reversal of NPs was realized via the PBAE moiety protonation under the slightly acidic TME, significantly enhancing the NPs' cellular internalization. Remarkably, the pH-responsive endo/lysosome escape of PBAE core triggered intracellular TPL burst release, promoting the cancer cell apoptosis, autophagy, and intracellular ROS generation, leading to the self-amplification of ROS in TME. Afterward, the ROS positive-feedback loop was generated to further promote size-shrinkage and charge-reversal of NPs. Both in vitro and in vivo tests verified that TPL/PBAETK@GA NPs produced a satisfactory anti-HCC therapy outcome. Collectively, this study offers a potential appealing paradigm to enhance TPL-based HCC therapy outcomes via multifunctionalized supramolecular nanodrugs.

Modulating Effects of Turmeric Polysaccharides on Immune Response and Gut Microbiota in Cyclophosphamide-Treated Mice.

Turmeric, a traditional medicinal herb, is commonly used as a dietary and functional ingredient. This study aimed to investigate the effect of turmeric polysaccharides (TPs) on intestinal immunity and gut microbiota in cyclophosphamide (Cy)-induced immunosuppressed BALB/c mice. We verified that the oral administration of TPs-0 and TPs-3 (200 and 400 mg/kg, bw) improved thymus and spleen indexes, increased the whole blood immune cells (WBC) and lymph count index, and stimulated the secretion of serum immunoglobulin IgG. More importantly, TPs-0 and TPs-3 could repair intestinal immune damage and reduce intestinal inflammation. The specific mechanism is ameliorating the intestinal pathological damage, promoting CD4+ T cell secretion, regulating the expression of related cytokines, and reducing the level of critical proteins in the NF-κB/iNOS pathway. Interestingly, the intake of TPs-0 and TPs-3 significantly increased the content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Moreover, TPs-0 and TPs-3 relieved the intestinal microbiota disorder via the proliferation of the abundance of Lactobacillus and Bacteroides and the inhibition of Staphylococcus. Cumulatively, our study suggests that TPs-0 and TPs-3 can relieve intestinal immune damage by repairing the immune barrier and regulating intestinal flora disorders. TPs have potential applications for enhancing immunity as a functional food.

ß-1,3-d-glucan particles-based "nest" protected co-loaded Rhein and Emodin regulates microbiota and intestinal immunity for ulcerative colitis treatment.

Herein, a ß-1,3-D-glucan based yeast cell wall loaded with co-loaded nanoparticles of Rhein (RH) and Emodin (EMO), was developed for the combined treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) by modulating gut microbiota and the Th17/Treg cell balance. This was achieved through an oral "nano-in-micro" advanced drug delivery system. Specifically, RH was grafted onto the HA chain via disulfide bonds to synthesize a reduction-sensitive carrier material and then used to encapsulate EMO to form nanoparticles with a specific drug ratio (denoted as HA-RH/EMO NPs). As anticipated, HA-RH/EMO NPs were encased within the "nests"-yeast cell wall microparticles (YPs), efficiently reach the colon and then released gradually, this occurs mainly due to the degradation of ß-1,3-D-glucan by ß-glucanase. Additionally, HA-RH/EMO NPs demonstrated a significant reduction-sensitive effect in GSH stimulation evaluations and a remarkable ability to target macrophages in in vitro cell uptake studies. Notably, HA-RH/EMO NYPs reduced inflammatory responses by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Even more crucially, the oral delivery and drug combination methods significantly enhanced the regulatory effects of HA-RH/EMO NYPs on gut microbiota and the Th17/Treg balance. Overall, this research marks the first use of YPs to encapsulate two components, RH and EMO, presenting a promising therapeutic strategy for UC.

"Dual sensitive supramolecular curcumin nanoparticles" in "advanced yeast particles" mediate macrophage reprogramming, ROS scavenging and inflammation resolution for ulcerative colitis treatment.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) faces some barriers in oral therapy, such as how to safely deliver drugs to the colon and accumulate in the colon lesions. Hence, we report an advanced yeast particles system loaded with supramolecular nanoparticles with ROS scavenger (curcumin) to treat UC by reducing oxidative stress state and inflammatory response and accelerating the reprogramming of macrophages. In this study, the dual-sensitive materials are bonded on ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD), the D-mannose (Man) is modified to adamantane (ADA), and then loaded with curcumin (CUR), to form a functional supramolecular nano-delivery system (Man-CUR NPs) through the host-guest interaction. To improve gastrointestinal stability and colonic accumulation of Man-CUR NPs, yeast cell wall microparticles (YPs) encapsulated Man-CUR NPs to form Man-CUR NYPs via electrostatic adsorption and vacuum extrusion technologies. As expected, the YPs showed the strong stability in complex gastrointestinal environment. In addition, the Man modified supramolecular nanoparticles demonstrated excellent targeting ability to macrophages in the in vitro cellular uptake study and the pH/ROS sensitive effect of Man-CUR NPs was confirmed by the pH/ROS-dual stimulation evaluation. They also enhanced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory model in macrophages through downregulation of pro-inflammatory factors, upregulation of anti-inflammatory factors, M2 macrophage polarization, and scavenging the excess ROS. Notably, in DSS-induced mice colitis model, Man-CUR NYPs can reduce the inflammatory responses by modulating TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways, alleviate oxidative stress by Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, promote macrophages reprogramming and improve the favorable recovery of the damaged colonic tissue. Taken together, this study not only provides strategy for "supramolecular curcumin nanoparticles with pH/ROS sensitive and multistage therapeutic effects" in "advanced yeast particles", but also provided strong theoretical support multi-effect therapy for UC.

[Core connotation of compatibility of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata-Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma herb pair under physiological/ pathological conditions based on metabolomics and network pharmacology].

This study aims to explore the core connotation of the compatibility of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata(Fuzi)-Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma(Gancao) herb pair under physiological and pathological conditions. The biochemical indicators of serum/myocardial tissue, pathological changes of the myocardial tissue, and serum metabolic profiles of normal rats and heart failure model rats treated with Fuzi Decoction and Fuzi Gancao Decoction were determined. Network pharmacology and metabolomics were employed to establish the metabolite-target-pathway network for Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma in enhancing the efficacy and reducing the toxicity of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata, Western blotting was employed to verify the representative pathways in the network. The results showed that both decoctions lowered the levels of creatine kinase and other indicators and mitigate myocardial pathological injury in model rats. However, they caused the abnormal rises in creatine kinase and other indicators and myocardial pathological injury in normal rats. The results indicated that the compatibility reduced the toxicity in normal rats and enhanced the efficacy in model rats. The results of metabolomics showed that Fuzi Gancao Decoction recovered more metabolites in model rats and had weaker effect on interfe-ring with the metabolites in normal rats than Fuzi Decoction. The association analysis showed that the network of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma enhancing the efficacy of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata involved 112 metabolites, 89 targets, and 15 pathways, including calcium and cAMP signaling pathways. The network of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma reducing the cardiotoxicity of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata involved 36 metabolites, 59 targets, and 11 pathways, including adrenergic signaling and tricarboxylic acid cycle in cardiomyocytes. The experimental results of protein expression verified the reliability of the association analysis. This study demonstrated that the core connotation of the herb pair of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata-Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma changed under physio-logical and pathological states, and the compatibility results of enhancing efficacy and reducing toxicity were achieved with different metabolic pathways and biological processes.

Garcinone E suppresses breast cancer growth and metastasis by modulating tumor-associated macrophages polarization via STAT6 signaling.

Cancer metastasis remains the most common cause of death in breast cancer patients. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Despite the good anti-cancer activity of garcinone E (GE), there are no reports on its therapeutic effects on breast cancer metastasis. The objective of this study was to examine the anti-cancer effects of GE on metastatic breast cancer. RAW 264.7 and THP-1 cells were polarized to M2 macrophages by IL-4/IL-13 in vitro. A 4T1 mouse breast cancer model and the tail vein breast cancer metastasis model were used to explore the effect of GE on breast cancer growth and metastasis in vivo. In vitro studies showed that GE dose-dependently suppressed IL-4 + IL-13-induced expression of CD206 in both RAW 264.7 cells and differentiated THP-1 macrophages. However, GE did not affect the LPS + IFN-γ-induced polarization to the M1-like macrophages in vitro. GE inhibited the expression of the M2 macrophage specific genes in RAW 264.7 cells, and simultaneously impaired M2 macrophage-induced breast cancer cell proliferation and migration, and angiogenesis. In animal studies, GE significantly suppressed tumor growth, angiogenesis, and lung metastasis in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice, without causing toxicity. In both tumor and lung tissues, the proportion of M2-like TAMs was significantly decreased while the proportion of M1-like TAMs was markedly increased by GE treatment. Mechanistically, GE inhibited phosphorylation of STAT6 in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrate for the first time that GE suppresses breast cancer growth and pulmonary metastasis by modulating M2-like macrophage polarization through the STAT6 signaling pathway.

Intra-articular delivery system of methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis therapy: An in-suit thermosensitive comprehensive gel of polysaccharide from Aconitum carmichaelii Debx.

The polysaccharides (FP) extracted from the lateral roots of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. (Fuzi) are natural compounds, which have effective therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methotrexate (MTX) is the first-line drug for RA, but its application is greatly limited to the toxicity in liver and kidney and drug resistance. In this study, an attempt is made to apply oxidized FP (OFP) as a polymer carrier based on intra-articular delivery system loaded MTX. The FP could be modified and used as comprehensive gel carriers with biocompatibility and degradability for therapy of RA. Firstly, OFP-chitosan-poloxamer 407 in situ gel (OFP-CS-F407-MTX gel) was prepared by natural non-toxic cross-linking agents. Physicochemical characterization was performed by using 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopic techniques to assess the successful functionalization of OFP. TGA, SEM and rheological experiment of OFP-CS-F407-MTX gel were investigated. Notably, we loaded MTX into OFP-CS-F407-MTX gel which had remarkable therapeutic efficacy and biosafety for RA. Therefore, OFP-CS-F407-MTX in situ gel delivery system can potentially reduce systemic toxicity and irritation of oral administration of MTX but hold a controlled release of drug for a long period of time.

Oral administration of Huanglian-Houpo herbal nanoemulsion loading multiple phytochemicals for ulcerative colitis therapy in mice.

How to achieve stable co-delivery of multiple phytochemicals is a common problem. This study focuses on the development, optimization and characterization of Huanglian-HouPo extract nanoemulsion (HLHPEN), with multiple components co-delivery, to enhance the anti-ulcerative colitis (UC) effects. The formulation of HLHPEN was optimized by pseudo-ternary phase diagram combined with Box-Behnken design. The physicochemical properties of HLHPEN were characterized, and its anti-UC activity was evaluated in DSS-induced UC mice model. Based on preparation process optimization, the herbal nanoemulsion HLHPEN was obtained, with the droplet size, PDI value, encapsulation efficiency (EE) for 6 phytochemicals (berberine, epiberberine, coptisine, bamatine, magnolol and honokiol) of 65.21 ± 0.82 nm, 0.182 ± 0.016, and 90.71 ± 0.21%, respectively. The TEM morphology of HLHPEN shows the nearly spheroidal shape of particles. The optimized HLHPEN showed a brownish yellow milky single-phase and optimal physical stability at 25 °C for 90 days. HLHPEN exhibited the good particle stability and gradual release of phytochemicals in SGF and SIF, to resist the destruction of simulated stomach and small intestine environment. Importantly, the oral administration of HLHPEN significantly restored the shrunk colon tissue length and reduced body weight, ameliorated DAI value and colon histological pathology, decreased the levels of inflammatory factors in DSS-induced UC mice model. These results demonstrated that HLHPEN had a significant therapeutic effect on DSS-induced UC mice, as a potential alternative UC therapeutic agent.

Gegen Qinlian standard decoction alleviated irinotecan-induced diarrhea via PI3K/AKT/NF-κB axis by network pharmacology prediction and experimental validation combination.

BACKGROUND: The frequently occurred chemotherapy-induced diarrhea (CID) caused by irinotecan (CPT-11) administration has been the most representative side-effects of CPT-11, resulting in the chemotherapy suspension or failure. Our previous studies indicated that Gegen Qinlian formula exhibited a significant alleviation effect on CPT-11-induced diarrhea. However, referencing to Japanese Kampo medicine, the TCM standard decoction would supply the gap between ancient preparation application and modern industrial production. METHODS: The LC-MS technology combined with network pharmacology was employed to identify the active ingredients and mechanisms of GQD standard decoction for CPT-11-induced diarrhea. The anti-inflammatory activities associated with intestinal barrier function of GQD standard decoction were studied by SN-38 activated NCM460 cells in vitro and CPT-11-induced diarrhea in vivo. Proteins involved in inflammation, mRNA levels, disease severity scores, and histology involved in intestinal inflammation were analysed. RESULTS: There were 37 active compounds were identified in GQD standard decoction. Network pharmacology analyses indicated that PI3K-AKT signaling pathway were probably the main pathway of GQD standard decoction in CPT-11-induced diarrhea treatment, and PIK3R1, AKT1, NF-κB1 were the core proteins. Moreover, we found that the key proteins and pathway predicted above was verified in vivo and in vitro experiments, and the GQD standard decoction could protect the cellular proliferation in vitro and ameliorate CPT-11-induced diarrhea in mice model. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the molecular mechanism of 37 active ingredients in GQD standard decoction against CPT-11-induced diarrhea. And the core proteins and pathway were validated by experiment. This data establishes the groundwork for particular molecular mechanism of GQD standard decoction active components, and this research can provide a scientific reference for the TCM therapy of CID.

Exploring the mechanism of Taohong Siwu Decoction on the treatment of blood deficiency and blood stasis syndrome by gut microbiota combined with metabolomics.

BACKGROUND: Taohong Siwu Decoction (THSWD) is a prescription which included in the "List of Ancient Classic Prescriptions (First Batch)" issued by the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and the National Medical Products Administration of the People's Republic of China. THSWD is effective and widely applied clinically for many diseases caused by blood deficiency and stasis syndrome in TCM, such as primary dysmenorrhea, menopausal syndrome, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, and diabetes. METHODS: The TCM model of blood deficiency and blood stasis syndrome was prepared by ice water bath combined with cyclophosphamide, and the rats were randomly divided into control group, blood deficiency, and blood stasis model group, positive group, and THSWD treatment group. Pharmacodynamics measured the blood routine, blood coagulation, and other related indexes in rats. UHPLC-MS technology was used to analyze the changes in the fingerprints of metabolites in the plasma of rats with blood deficiency and blood stasis syndrome, and combined with mass spectrometry information and public database retrieval, to find potential biomarkers for screening metabolites. At the same time, 16S rDNA sequencing technology was used to identify intestinal flora, and statistical analysis was used to find differences in strain diversity between groups. RESULTS: THSWD administration can significantly improve the physical signs, blood routine, and hematopoietic factors caused by the blood deficiency and blood stasis syndrome model, and improve the symptoms of blood deficiency. The results of the general pharmacological studies showed THSWD groups improved changes in blood plasma viscosity and coagulation-related factors caused by modeling, and improved coagulation function significantly. The metabolomic analysis found that compared to the model group, THSWD exerted better effects on ß-alanine, taurine, L-tyrosine, L-arginine, Eugenol, sodium deoxycholate, and deethylatrazine. Twenty-three potential differential metabolites showed intervention effects, mainly involved in eight metabolic pathways, including amino acid metabolism, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, vitamin metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism. Gut microbiota data showed that, compared to the control group, the relative abundance and value of Firmicutes and Bacteroidota of the blood deficiency and blood stasis model group was significantly reduced, while the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Spirochaetota, Proteobacteria, Campilobacterota, and other pathogenic bacteria was significantly increased. Following THSWD intervention, the abundance of beneficial bacteria increased, and the abundance of pathogenic bacteria decreased. Correlation analysis between the gut microbiota and differential metabolites showed that the two are closely related. THSWD affected the host blood system through mutual adjustment of these two factors, and improved blood deficiency and blood stasis syndrome in rats. CONCLUSION: The blood deficiency and blood stasis syndrome model of TCM disease caused by ice bath combined with cyclophosphamide lead to changes in the pharmacology, metabolomics, and gut microbiota. The intervention of THSWD can improve the symptoms caused by blood deficiency and blood stasis. The mechanism is mainly through the regulation of platelet function and amino acid metabolism.

Glycyrrhetinic acid suppresses breast cancer metastasis by inhibiting M2-like macrophage polarization via activating JNK1/2 signaling.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer metastasis is leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have been considered as potential targets for treating breast cancer metastasis because they promote tumor growth and development. Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is one of the most important phytochemicals of licorice which has shown promising anti-cancer efficacies in pre-clinical trials. However, the regulatory effect of GA on the polarization of TAMs remains elusive. PURPOSE: To investigate the role of GA in regulating the polarization of M2 macrophages and inhibiting breast cancer metastasis, and to further explore its underlying mechanisms of action. STUDY DESIGN: IL-4 / IL-13-treated RAW 264.7 and THP-1 cells were used as the M2-polarized macrophages in vitro. A 4T1 mouse breast cancer model and the tail vein breast cancer metastasis model were applied to study the effect of GA on breast cancer growth and metastasis in vivo. RESULTS: In vitro studies showed that GA significantly inhibited IL-4 / IL 13-induced M2-like polarization in RAW 264.7 and THP-1 macrophages without affecting M1-like polarization. GA strongly decreased the expression of M2 macrophage markers CD206 and Arg-1, and reduced the levels of the pro-angiogenic molecules VEGF, MMP9, MMP2 and IL-10 in M2 macrophages. GA also increased the phosphorylation of JNK1/2 in M2 macrophages. Moreover, GA significantly suppressed M2 macrophage-induced cell proliferation and migration in 4T1 cancer cells and HUVECs. Interestingly, the inhibitory effects of GA on M2 macrophages were abolished by a JNK inhibitor. Animal studies showed that GA significantly suppressed tumor growth, angiogenesis, and lung metastasis in BALB/c mice bearing breast tumor. In tumor tissues, GA reduced the number of M2 macrophages but elevated the proportion of M1 macrophages, accompanied by activation of JNK signaling. Similar results were found in the tail vein breast cancer metastasis model. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated for the first time that GA could effectively suppress breast cancer growth and metastasis by inhibiting macrophage M2 polarization via activating JNK1/2 signaling. These findings indicate that GA could be served as the lead compound for the future development of anti-breast cancer drug.

Butanol Extract of Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms Alleviates Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet.

This study investigated the effect of butanol extract of AS (ASBUE) on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice. The mice were administered ASBUE (390 or 130 mg/kg/day) or rosuvastatin (RSV) via oral gavage for eight weeks. In ApoE-/- mice, ASBUE suppressed the abnormal body weight gain and improved serum and liver biochemical indicators. ASBUE remarkably reduced the aortic plaque area, improved liver pathological conditions, and lipid metabolism abnormalities, and altered the intestinal microbiota structure in ApoE-/- mice. In the vascular tissue of ASBUE-treated mice, P-IKKß, P-NFκB, and P-IκBα levels tended to decrease, while IκB-α increased in high fat-diet-fed atherosclerotic mice. These findings demonstrated the anti-atherosclerotic potential of ASBUE, which is mediated by the interaction between the gut microbiota and lipid metabolism and regulated via the Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. This work paves the groundwork for subsequent studies to develop innovative drugs to treat atherosclerosis.

Huanglian-Houpo extract attenuates DSS-induced UC mice by protecting intestinal mucosal barrier and regulating macrophage polarization.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Huanglian-Houpo Decoction (HLHP), a classical prescription, has been used to treat gastrointestinal diseases for hundreds of years in TCM. However, the effective constituents and underlying mechanisms of HLHP in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) have not been fully investigated. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to reveal the potential anti-UC mechanisms of 50% ethanol extraction of HL and HP (EHLHP), combining transcriptomes and network pharmacology, as well as the animal experiment verification. METHODS: Primarily, we identified the chemical composition of EHLHP via UPLC-QE-MS analysis. A visualization network with components-targets-pathways on UC treatment were constructed using network pharmacology. And then, the transcriptomics sequencing method was applied to screen out the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of EHLHP in the treatment of UC. The key targets and pathways of EHLHP were selected by the combination of the network pharmacology and transcriptomics results. Ultimately, the potential mechanisms of EHLHP on DSS-induced UC mice were verified. RESULTS: A total of 34 components of EHLHP were identified by UPLC-QE-MS analysis. Combined with the analysis of network pharmacology and transcriptomics, there were 262 DEGs between the normal group and the model group, and 151 DEGs between the model group and the EHLHP group. At the same time, there are 79 interaction paths, such as PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, etc. These results indicated that the anti-UC mechanisms would be involved in calcium signaling pathway, inflammatory signaling pathway (JAK-STAT, TNF-α, cGMP-PKG) and immune regulation (IL-17, B cell receptor). After 160 mg/kg and 320 mg/kg EHLHP were given to DSS induced UC mice, these typical symptoms could be significantly alleviated, such as the decrease of DAI value and inflammation level. The IHC staining results of ZO-1, Occludin and Claudin-1 suggested that the intestinal barrier of UC mice was enhanced by EHLHP. The expression of macrophages and immune cells in F4/80+, CD11c+, Gr-1+, NK1.1+ by FCM determination indicated that EHLHP could suppress UC by immunosuppression and macrophage polarization M1 to M2. CONCLUSION: The potential mechanisms of HLHP extract on DSS-induced UC mice were revealed, by the prediction of integrated analysis of transcriptomes and network pharmacology, and subsequently animal test verification. It would provide a viable strategy to elucidate the mechanisms of TCM classical formula.

The hepatoprotective effects of plant-based foods based on the "gut-liver axis": a prospective review.

The importance of the "gut-liver axis" in the pathogenesis of liver diseases has been revealed recently; which promotes the process of developing preventive and therapeutic strategies. However, considering that there are still many challenges in the medical treatment of liver diseases, potential preventive dietary intervention may be a good alternative choice. Plant-based foods have received much attention due to their reported health-promoting effects in targeting multiple pathways involved in the pathogenesis of liver diseases as well as the relative safety for general use. Based on the PubMed and Web of Science databases, this review emphatically summarizes the plant-based foods and their chemical constituents with reported effects to impact the LPS/TLR4 signaling pathway of gut-liver axis of various liver diseases, reflecting their health benefits in preventing/alleviating liver diseases. Moreover, some plant-based foods with potential gut-liver effects are specifically analyzed from the reported studies and conclusions. This review intends to provide readers an overview of the current progress in the field of this research topic. We expect to see more hepatoprotective measures for alleviating the current prevalence of liver diseases.

Potential mechanisms of Lian-Zhi-Fan solution for TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis in rats via a metabolomics approach.

Lian-Zhi-Fan (LZF) decoction is a hospital-prescribed traditional Chinese medicine botanical drug prepared by the fermentation of decocted Coptidis Rhizome (Huanglian), Gardeniae Fructus (Zhizi), and alum (Baifan). It has been used clinically in China for the treatment of anal fistula, perianal abscess, ulcerative colitis (UC), and other anorectal diseases for hundreds of years. However, due to the complexity of traditional Chinese medicine, the potential mechanisms of LZF in the treatment of UC have remained unknown. This study primarily investigated the remarkable pharmacological effects of LZF on TNBS-induced UC rats. To explore the complex targets and regulatory mechanisms of metabolic networks under LZF intervention, a metabolomics approach mediated by HPLC/Q-TOF-MS analysis was used to screen the different metabolites and their metabolic pathways in the serum in order to characterize the possible anti-UC mechanisms of LZF. After rectal administration of LZF for seven consecutive days, significant amelioration effects on body weight loss, DAI score, and colon inflammation were found in UC rats. Based on this, further metabolomics identified 14 potential biomarkers in the treatment of UC with LZF, of which five possessed diagnostic significance: L-alanine, taurocholic acid, niacinamide, cholic acid, and L-valine. These metabolites are mainly involved in 12 metabolic pathways, including nicotate and nicotinamide metabolism, glycospholipid metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, primary bile acid biosynthesis, and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis. These metabolic pathways suggest that LZF ameliorates UC by regulating amino acid metabolism, fat metabolism, and energy production. This study provides a useful approach for exploring the potential mechanisms of herbal prescription in UC treatment mediated by metabolomics.

pH/ROS Dual-Sensitive Natural Polysaccharide Nanoparticles Enhance "One Stone Four Birds" Effect of Rhein on Ulcerative Colitis.

Rhein (RH), a natural anthraquinone compound, is considered an effective treatment candidate for ulcerative colitis (UC), whose multiple biological activities contribute to UC, including anti-inflammation, antioxidation, intestinal barrier repair, and microflora regulation. However, the application of RH is severely limited by its low water solubility, low bioavailability, and poor colonic targeting. Although some nanoparticles have been developed for the oral delivery of RH, most of them mainly highlighted only one effect of some drug delivery strategies but the above multiple biological activities. Therefore, a multiple polysaccharide-based nanodelivery system, comprising chitosan (CS) and fucoidan (FU), with pH/reactive oxygen species (ROS) sensitivity and mucosal adhesion, was developed and first used to load RH as a comprehensive treatment for UC. Briefly, RH-F/C-NPs were prepared using the polyelectrolyte self-assembly method; the average size of RH-F/C-NPs was 233.1 ± 5.7 nm, and the encapsulation rate of RH was 93.67 ± 1.60%. And it could maintain gastric stability and release RH in the colon with the designed pH/ROS sensitivity contributed by the polysaccharide-based structures. Cellular uptake experiments showed that both NCM 460 cells and RAW 264.7 cells had a good uptake of RH-F/C-NPs. Importantly, the effects of RH were highlighted in in vivo experiments, the results of which showed that RH-F/C-NPs could significantly reduce DSS-induced inflammation by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB-mediated anti-inflammatory pathway, the Nrf2/HO-1-mediated antioxidant pathway, colonic mucosal barrier repair, and intestinal microflora regulation. In addition, pharmacokinetic studies have shown that F/C-NPs contribute to the increase in the plasma concentration and the accumulation of RH in the colon to some extent. In short, this study is the first to develop an oral multiple polysaccharide-based nanosystem with pH/ROS dual sensitivity to study the "one stone four birds" therapeutic effect of RH on UC.

[Comparative study on intestinal absorption kinetics of main active components in Sini Decoction and its separated recipes].

This paper aims to study the difference in the intestinal absorption kinetics of main active components of Sini decoction and its separated recipes and explain the scientificity and rationality of the compatibility of Sini Decoction. A in situ intestinal perfusion rat model was established to evaluate the differences in the absorption of benzoylmesaconine, benzoylaconine, benzoylhypacoitine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine, glycyrrhizic acid, liquiritin and 6-gingerol from Sini Decoction and its separated recipes in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). The results indicated that the Sini Decoction group was superior to the Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata group in terms of absorption degree and rate for aconitum alkaloids. The absorption of benzoylmesaconine and hypaconitine in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum was faster and stronger in the Sini Decoction group(P<0.05). The absorption degree of glycyrrhizic acid in the duodenum was significantly higher in the Sini Decoction group than in the Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma group and the Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma-Zingiberis Rhizoma group(P<0.05). The absorption rate and degree of 6-gingerol in the ileum in the Sini Decoction group were significantly higher than those in the Zingiberis Rhizoma group(P<0.05). In short, Zingiberis Rhizoma and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma can promote the absorption of aconitum alkaloids in different intestinal segments, which reflects the scientific composition of Sini Decoction.