[Application of 21-gene recurrence risk score in patients with breast cancer].

Objective: To investigate the relationship between 21-gene recurrence risk score (21-Gene RS) and the prognosis and clinicopathological features of hormone receptor (HR) positive, HER2-negative early breast cancer patients who did not receive neoadjuvant therapy. Methods: A total of 469 patients with HR positive and HER2-negative early breast cancer who received surgical treatment in the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine from January 2014 to October 2017 were selected. Their clinicopathological data were retrospectively analyzed. Tumor tissue samples were collected from patients, and the expression of 21-gene was detected by reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The 21-Gene RS was calculated according to the Trial Assigning Individualized Options for Treatment (TAILORx) RS grouping and National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-20 (NSABP B-20) RS grouping principles. Patients were divided into low (21-Gene RS<11 or 21-Gene RS<18), intermediate (11≤21-Gene RS<26 or 18≤21-Gene RS<31) and high (21-Gene RS≥26 or 21-Gene RS≥31) risk groups, and the clinicopathological features and prognostic differences of patients in different risk groups were compared. Statistical data were compared by chi-square test. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier curve analysis and the differences between groups were compared using Log-rank test. Multivariate analysis was conducted by COX regression analysis. Results: Based on TAILORx RS grouping, the proportions of low-risk, intermediate-risk and high-risk groups among the 469 patients were 18.8% (88/469), 48.2% (226/469) and 33.0% (155/469), respectively. Based on NSABP B-20 RS grouping, the proportion of low-risk, intermediate-risk and high-risk groups were 43.1% (202/469), 37.5% (176/469) and 19.4% (91/469), respectively. The association of 21-Gene RS with histological grading, luminal typing, Ki-67 expression, and chemotherapy and treatment modalities were statistically significant (P<0.05) regardless of TAILORx RS grouping or NSABP B-20 RS grouping. Kaplan-Meier survival curve suggested poor prognosis in high-risk group (P<0.05, Log-rank test). Multivariate COX regression analysis showed that surgical method and 21-Gene RS were risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients. Conclusions: 21-Gene RS is significantly associated with the prognosis of patients with HR-positive, HER2-negative, early-stage breast cancer not receiving neoadjuvant therapy, as well as with their clinicopathological characteristics such as patients' histologic grade, luminal typing, Ki-67 expression, and whether or not they are treated with chemotherapy or other treatment modalities.The 21-Gene RS threshold of 11 and 26 or 18 and 31 can be used to grade the prognosis in Chinese patients with early-stage breast cancer. More researches are needed to guide the selection of postoperative adjuvant therapy for patients with HR-positive and HER2-negative early-stage breast cancer.

[Evaluation of anticoagulant effect and predicted dose of low molecular weight heparin in hemodialysis by anti-â ©a factor activity].

The purpose of this study was to explore the reasonable dose of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) in hemodialysis (HD) and the strategy of preventing extracorporeal circuit coagulation (ECC). A retrospective case-control study included patients who used LMWH for anticoagulation during maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) in the Hemodialysis Center of Beijing Hospital from December 2020 to January 2021. Basic data such as weight, height, basic kidney disease, dialysis age and anti-Ⅹa factor activity before, during and after dialysis were collected. A total of 46 patients were enrolled in this study, including 5 patients in coagulation group (10.9%) and 41 patients in non-coagulation group (89.1%). The anti-Ⅹa factor activity reached its peak at 0.5 h after the start of HD. The level of anti-Ⅹa factor was incorporated into the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve). The results showed that the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.802 (95% confidence interval: 0.651-0.54, P=0.029), and the cutoff was 0.31 IU/ml (sensitivity 1, specificity 0.683). It is suggested that the body surface area should be used as the basis to estimate the anticoagulant dose of LMWH in HD, and the activity of HD 4 h anti-Ⅹa factor ≤0.31 IU/ml, which is of diagnostic value for ECC. In addition, the results of binary logistic regression analysis showed that dialysis age was an independent risk factor for ECC (OR value 1.319, 95%CI 1.052-1.654, P=0.017). In summary, this study reveals that dialysis age may be a risk factor for ECC and that the activity of HD 4 h anti-Ⅹa factor ≤0.31 IU/ml can be used as a potential diagnostic cut-off point for ECC in HD patients, which provides a scientific basis for monitoring strategies to prevent blood coagulation in HD filters.

Tuning nano-skyrmions and nano-skyrmioniums in Janus magnets.

We study non-trivial spin textures, nanoscale magnetic skyrmions and skyrmioniums, in two-dimensional (2D) Janus magnets, such as MnSTe and MnSeTe, based on the micromagnetism approach and Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation. It is found that the Janus magnetic structures can host stable Néel nano-skyrmions with sub-10 nm diameters, and skyrmioniums with zero topological charge. The skyrmion size can be squeezed by external magnetic fields, and even the topological charge can be changed. The diameters of the skyrmioniums are about twice the size of the skyrmions. Moreover, the switching of the topological charge Q = ±1 can be realized by changing the direction of the external magnetic fields. Our results clearly show that magnetic skyrmions in Janus magnets can be used to construct new types of efficient spintronic nanodevices.

[Research progress of FAPI PET/CT in the diagnosis of malignant liver tumors].

Malignant liver tumors have a high incidence and mortality rate. Therefore, it is of great significance to promptly learn about tumor advancement status through relevant examinations for patients' follow-up, diagnosis, and therapy as well as the improvement of the five-year survival rate. The primary lesions and intrahepatic metastases of malignant liver tumors have been better demonstrated in the clinical study with the use of various isotope-labeled fibroblast activating protein inhibitors because of their low uptake in liver tissues and high tumor/background ratio, which provides a new method for early diagnosis, precise staging, and radionuclide therapy. In light of this context, a review of the research progress of fibroblast-activating protein inhibitors for the diagnosis of liver malignant tumors is presented.

Current strategies in biomaterial-based periosteum scaffolds to promote bone regeneration: A review.

The role of periosteum rich in a variety of bone cells and growth factors in the treatment of bone defects has gradually been discovered. However, due to the limited number of healthy transplantable periosteum, there are still major challenges in the clinical treatment of critical-size bone defects. Various techniques for preparing biomimetic periosteal scaffolds that are similar in composition and structure to natural periosteal scaffold have gradually emerged. This article reviews the current preparation methods of biomimetic periosteal scaffolds based on various biomaterials, which are mainly divided into natural periosteal materials and various polymer biomaterials. Several preparation methods of biomimetic periosteal scaffolds with different principles are listed, their strengths and weaknesses are also discussed. It aims to provide a more systematic perspective for the preparation of biomimetic periosteal scaffolds in the future.

[Chinese expert consensus on management of dyslipidemia in the elderly].

Dyslipidemia is an important risk factor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Statins delay the occurrence and development of ASCVD, and reduce the risk of cardiovascular events and death. Due to safety concerns, there exist insufficient use of lipid-lowering agents and a high withdrawal rate of the agents in the elderly. To promote the prevention and treatment of ASCVD, this expert consensus is issued and focuses on the management of dyslipidemia of Chinese elderly basing on the clinical evidence of the use of lipid-lowering drugs by the elderly, and the lipid management guidelines and expert consensus recommendations at home and abroad.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids alleviate adenine-induced chronic renal failure via regulating ROS production and TGF-ß/SMAD pathway.

The article "Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids alleviate adenine-induced chronic renal failure via regulating ROS production and TGF-ß/SMAD pathway", by J. Xu, Z.-P. Feng, H.-Y. Peng, P. Fu, published in Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2018; 22 (15): 5024-5032-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201808_15645-PMID: 30070341, has been retracted by the authors due to input errors which occurred in the experimental data. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. https://www.europeanreview.org/article/15645.

[Analysis of the clinical efficacy and safety of bronchial thermoplasty in the treatment of patients with severe asthma and asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap].

Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety analysis of bronchial thermoplasty (BT) in the treatment of severe asthma and asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap. Methods: The clinical data of 49 patients with asthma-COPD overlap who received BT in the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Hospital from January 2016 to December 2018 and 50 patients with severe asthma who received BT in the same period were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into overlap group and asthma group, and the baseline data of two groups were recorded. The pulmonary function before and after treatment (including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), FEV1 as a percentage of predicted value (FEV1% pred)), hormone consumption, asthma control test (ACT) score, asthma quality of life questionnaire (AQLQ) score, asthma control questionnaire (ACQ) score, the overlap group before and after treatment COPD assessment test (CAT) score, modified British Medical Research Council (mMRC) score and postoperative respiratory adverse events in the next 3 weeks were comparatively analyzed. Results: The general baseline characteristics of the two groups are compared. The patients in the overlap group were older than those in the asthma group, and the course of disease and smoking history were longer than those in the asthma group. The inhaled hormone dosage in asthma group was greater than those in the overlap group ((64±11) years vs (48±11) years; 10.00 (10.00, 25.00) years vs 9.00 (1.75, 20.00) years; 20.00(2.00, 40.00) years vs 0 (0, 10.00) years; 320 (320, 640) µg/d vs 960 (320, 960) µg/d) (all P<0.05). The predicted values of lung function indexes FVC, FEV1, FEV1% pred in the overlap group before treatment were all lower than those in the asthma group (1.98 (1.43, 2.43) L vs 2.54 (2.02, 3.15) L; 0.92 (0.61, 1.26) L vs 1.69(1.17, 2.16) L; (50±16) L vs (65±14) L) (all P<0.05). There were no significant differences in ACT, ACQ, and AQLQ scores between the two groups before treatment (all P>0.05). Within 3 months after treatment, except for no significant improvement in FEV1% predicted value and inhaled hormone dosage in the overlap group (all P>0.05), other indexes in both groups were improved compared with those before treatment (all P<0.05). After 1 year of treatment, all indexes of the two groups were significantly improved than those before treatment, and all indexes of the asthma group were better than those of the overlap group (all P<0.05). In terms of respiratory adverse events occurring within 3 weeks after the operation, the incidence of cough and bloody sputum in the overlap group was higher than that in the asthma group, while the incidence of sputum and short-term wheezing was lower than that in the asthma group (all P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of chest tightness, chest pain, segmental atelectasis and pneumonia between the two groups (all P>0.05), and the postoperative adverse reactions could be effectively controlled in a short period of time. Conclusion: BT treatment could not only improve the lung function, clinical symptoms and quality of life of asthmatic patients, but was also effective for asthma-COPD overlap patients. However, BT treatment had more benefits for asthmatic patients without serious adverse events occurred.

The effect of a consortium of Penicillium sp. and Bacillus spp. in suppressing banana fungal diseases caused by Fusarium sp. and Alternaria sp.

AIMS: This study sought to utilize indigenous soil micro-organisms to suppress wilt-causing fungal pathogens of the banana. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fungal pathogens were isolated from wilt-affected rhizospheric soil, and potential antagonistic bacterial strains were isolated from healthy rhizospheric soil in the same area from which fungal pathogens were isolated. The antifungal activity of isolated micro-organisms against fungal pathogens was studied both in vitro and in vivo against fungal pathogens. It was found that Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria sp. were pathogenic, while Penicillium sp., Bacillus velezensis and Bacillus subtilis were antagonistic. Moreover, it was seen that B. velezensis, B. subtilis and Penicillium sp. inhibited the growth of the two fungal pathogens in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Further investigation indicated that B. velezensis, B. subtilis and Penicillium sp. were able to produce enzymatic antifungal compounds (chitinase and ß-1,3-glucanase). The spray application around rhizome revealed that a combination of Bacillus spp. and Penicillium sp. in greenhouse conditions gave the highest reduction in disease severity by up to 60% to both fungal pathogens among the treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Banana disease is seen to be induced not only by F. oxysporum but also by Alternaria sp. The isolated indigenous micro-organisms can effectively control both the pathogens. The combination of isolated antagonistic micro-organisms has thus demonstrated substantial potential for suppressing banana disease. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: An antagonistic consortium isolated in this study has demonstrated remarkable potential for controlling fungal diseases caused by Fusarium sp. and Alternaria sp. Therefore, the use of indigenous microflora to improve disease suppression of banana plants against soil-borne pathogens is a preferable approach.

Absent Cortical Venous Filling Is Associated with Aggravated Brain Edema in Acute Ischemic Stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Predicting malignant cerebral edema can help identify patients who may benefit from appropriate evidence-based interventions. We investigated whether absent cortical venous filling is associated with more pronounced early brain edema, which leads to malignant cerebral edema. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with acute ischemic stroke caused by large-vessel occlusion in the MCA territory who presented between July 2017 and September 2019 to our hospital were included. Collateral filling was rated using the modified Tan scale on CTA, and good collaterals were defined as a score of 2-3. The Cortical Vein Opacification Score (COVES) was calculated, and absent cortical venous filling was defined as a score of 0. Early brain edema was determined using net water uptake on baseline CT images. Malignant cerebral edema was defined as a midline shift of ≥5 mm on follow-up imaging or a massive cerebral swelling leading to decompressive hemicraniectomy or death. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were performed to analyze data. RESULTS: A total of 163 patients were included. Net water uptake was significantly higher in patients with absent than in those with favorable cortical venous filling (8.1% versus 4.2%; P < .001). In the multivariable regression analysis, absent cortical venous filling (ß = 2.04; 95% CI, 0.75-3.32; P = .002) was significantly and independently associated with higher net water uptake. Absent cortical venous filling (OR, 14.68; 95% CI, 4.03-53.45; P < .001) and higher net water uptake (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.05-1.58; P = .016) were significantly associated with increased likelihood of malignant cerebral edema. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with absent cortical venous filling were associated with an increased early brain edema and a higher risk of malignant cerebral edema. These patients may be targeted for optimized adjuvant antiedematous treatment.

[Analysis of the safety and efficacy of bronchial thermoplasty for severe asthma with the first second forced expiratory volume (FEV(1)) as a percentage of the predicted value (FEV(1)%pred)<60].

Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of bronchial thermoplasty (BT) in severe asthma patients with the first second forced expiratory volume (FEV(1)) as a percentage of the predicted value (FEV(1)%pred) <60%. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 75 patients with asthma who were treated with BT at Shenzhen University Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Sciences from January 2016 to January 2018. The patients were divided into two groups based on the FEV(1)%pred before treatment: FEV(1)%pred <60% group (39 cases) and FEV(1)%pred ≥60% group (36 cases). Comparative analysis of glucocorticoid consumption, times of acute attack, asthma control test (ACT) score, changes in lung function, and adverse reactions at 3 weeks after treatment were performed between the two groups of patients. Results: Before BT treatment, the consumption of oral prednisone, the amount of budesonide inhaled, and the times of acute attack [M (Q(1), Q(3))] in the FEV(1)%pred <60% group were significantly greater than those in the FEV(1)%pred ≥60% group, and the ACT score was significantly lower than the FEV(1)%pred ≥60% group [10.00 (0, 20.00) vs 0(0, 3.75) mg/d, 960 (320, 960) vs 320 (320, 640) µg/d, 5(4, 8) vs 4 (4, 5) times/year, 13 (9, 15) vs 17 (13, 19) scores] (all P<0.05). Except that the oral prednisone dosage in the FEV(1)%pred<60% group was still higher 1 year after treatment [0 (0, 5.00) vs 0 (0, 0) mg/d] (P=0.009), there was no significant difference in the remaining indicators between the two groups 1 year after treatment and 2 years after treatment (all P>0.05). After 1 year and 2 years of treatment, all indicators in the two groups were better than before treatment (all P<0.05). The inhaled budesonide amount and the times of acute exacerbation in the FEV(1)%pred <60% group 2 years after treatment were less than those 1 year after treatment [320 (320, 320) vs 320 (320, 640) µg/d, 0 (0, 0) vs 0(0, 1) times/year] (all P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the remaining indicators. In the FEV(1)%pred ≥60% group, there was no significant difference between 2 years after treatment and 1 year after treatment in the above indicators except the amount of inhaled budesonide (all P>0.05). In the FEV(1)%pred <60% group, FEV(1) and the FEV(1)%pred were significantly lower than the FEV(1)%pred ≥60% group before treatment, 1 year after treatment and 2 years after treatment [FEV(1):(1.21±0.41) vs (2.26±0.80)L, (1.84±0.73) vs (2.30±0.78)L, (1.70±0.66) vs (2.38±0.76)L; FEV(1)%pred:46.2 (38.5, 53.7)% vs 80.8(66.5, 93.6)%, 60.1 (48.2, 71.6)% vs 87.4 (68.5, 96.5)%, 58.5 (48.6, 74.8)% vs 86.6 (73.0, 97.3)%] (all P<0.05). In the FEV(1)%pred <60% group, FEV(1) and FEV(1)%pred 1 year after treatment and 2 years after treatment were all increased compared with before treatment (all P<0.05). In the FEV(1)%pred ≥60% group, there was no statistical difference in FEV(1) at each time point before and after treatment (all P>0.05), but the FEV(1)%pred at 2 years after treatment was higher than before treatment (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in adverse events between the two groups (all P>0.05). Conclusion: BT can significantly improve the lung function, reduce the times of acute attack and the dosage of glucocorticoids in severe asthma patients with FEV(1)% pred<60%, which is safe and effective.

[A clinical performance study of modified CT angiography in detecting bronchial artery-pulmonary artery fistula].

Objective: To evaluate the clinical value of modified computed tomography angiography(CTA) in detecting bronchial artery-pulmonary artery fistula(BPF). Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed on 246 patients with hemoptysis admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from July 2017 to December 2018, who underwent modified CTA and DSA examination at the same time. CT was performed with Toshiba Aquilion one 320 row 640-slice spiral CT scanner. All modified CTA images were read blindly by two radiologists above the attending doctors. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the modified CTA in diagnosing BPF were calculated with the DSA results as the reference,and the consistency of the two tests was analyzed. Results: DSA detected 186 cases of positive and 60 cases of negative, modified CTA detected 160 cases of positive and 86 cases of negative. The sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of modified CTA for BPF diagnosis was 85.5%(159/186),98.3%(59/60), 88.6%(218/246) respectively, and they were with high consistency with DSA examination results (kappa=0.73,P<0.01). Conclusion: Modified CTA has high diagnostic specificity for BPF,which can be used as the preferred method for non-invasive screening of suspected BPF patients.

[Applicational value of 2017 ACR TI-RADS stratification in diagnosing thyroid nodules].

OBJECTIVE: To summarize and evaluate the value of applying the thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TI-RADS) released by American College of Radiology (ACR) in 2017 of the thyroid classification, and to propose an optimized classification method based on the result to facilitate more accurate and precise risk stratification of thyroid nodules. METHODS: In the study, 342 thyroid nodules assessed by 2017 ACR TI-RADS were retrospectively analyzed. Each nodule had a score, and all the scores of nodules were compared with the pathological results. The proportion of malignant nodules in different scoring ranges was obtained. The diagnostic efficacy of all nodules, nodules above 1 cm and less than or equal to 1 cm was evaluated by ROC curve, respectively. RESULTS: The AUC of all nodules, nodules above 1 cm and less than or equal to 1 cm were 0.907, 0.936 and 0.717, respectively. With the increase of the scores, the proportion of benign nodules decreased gradually, and the proportion of malignant nodules increased, especially nodules of 4-6 scores increased significantly. Based on the proportion of malignant nodules with 3 scores, the proportion of malignant nodules with 4, 5 and 6 scores increased 1.6, 3.8 and 5.3 times, respectively. The proportion of malignant nodules with 6-8 scores was 81%-84%, while the proportion of malignant nodules with 9 scores or more was 93%-94%. According to the distribution characteristics of malignant nodules, the classification of TI-RADS was adjusted. TI-RADS 4 was divided into TI-RADS 4a, TI-RADS 4b and TI-RADS 4c, corresponding to 4, 5 and 6-8 scores respectively, while the nodules with 9 scores or more were divided into TI-RADS 5. CONCLUSION: 2017 ACR TI-RADS has high diagnostic value for thyroid nodules above 1 cm, but it is not so effective for the nodules less than or equal to 1 cm. According to the proportion distribution of malignant nodules in different scoring ranges, appropriate adjustment of classification will be more accurate and precisely predict the malignant risk of nodules.

Application of High-Resolution C-Arm CT Combined with Streak Metal Artifact Removal Technology for the Stent-Assisted Embolization of Intracranial Aneurysms.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Metal artifacts from coils and stents limit the level of detail in C-arm CT images of stent attachment and coiling attenuation in the aneurysm neck. We evaluated the utility of high-resolution C-arm CT combined with streak metal artifact removal technology for stent-assisted embolization of intracranial aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From October 2017 to July 2018, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University treated 107 patients with intracranial aneurysms (118 aneurysms in total) with stent-assisted embolization. Conventional C-arm CT and high-resolution C-arm CT scanning of the stented area were performed during and after treatment. 3D images were reconstructed with and without streak metal artifact removal techniques. Subsequently, the image quality was compared. The reconstructed images indicated the stent deployment degree and packing density. Follow-up assessments included clinical and angiographic outcomes and complications. RESULTS: In total, 118 aneurysms were successfully embolized using 118 stents. Image quality was significantly higher (P < .05) with high-resolution C-arm CT combined with streak metal artifact removal reconstruction. Streak metal artifact removal reconstruction and 2D angiography at working angles showed incomplete deployment of 6 stents and incomplete aneurysm embolization of 15 patients, which were subsequently resolved. One case of hemorrhage was noted postoperatively. Follow-up of 93 patients at 6-13 months indicated 3 cases of aneurysm recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: High-resolution C-arm CT combined with the streak metal artifact removal technique effectively reduced metal artifacts from stents and coils during aneurysm embolization. This method can help physicians determine the extent of stent deployment and the packing density of coils and thus potentially reduce complications and aneurysm recurrence.

[The importance of occupational history in clinical thinking from the diagnosis and treatment of a case of Tsutsugamushi disease].

A farm worker in Baodi District of Tianjin was diagnosed with Tsutsugamushi disease due to fever and intermittent cough for more than 3 months.The patient's diagnosis and treatment process was complicated, and the diagnosis was delayed in the early stage of the disease because the clinician neglected the occupational history and lacked knowledge about the prevention and control of tsutsugamushi disease. As an important part of the epidemiological history, occupational history is crucial for the diagnosis of occupational related diseases. Clinical thinking runs through the whole process of clinical diagnosis and disease treatment, and correct clinical thinking can effectively reduce the occurrence of misdiagnosis.Clinicians should ask and record career history in detail to improve the quality of health care.

Characterization and phylogenomics of the complete mitochondrial genome of the polyzoic cestode Gangesia oligonchis (Platyhelminthes: Onchoproteocephalidea).

The order Onchoproteocephalidea (Eucestoda) was recently erected to accommodate the hook-bearing tetraphyllideans and the proteocephalideans, which are characterized by internal proglottization and a tetra-acetabulate scolex. The recognized subfamilies in the Proteocephalidae appeared to be non-monophyletic based on 28S recombinant DNA (rDNA) sequence data. Other molecular markers with higher phylogenetic resolution, such as large mitochondrial DNA fragments and multiple genes, are obviously needed. Thus the mitochondrial genome of Gangesia oligonchis, belonging to the putative earliest diverging group of the Proteocephalidae, was sequenced. The circular mitogenome of G. oligonchis was 13,958 bp in size, and contained the standard 36 genes: 22 transfer RNA genes, two rRNA genes and 12 protein-coding genes, as well as two major non-coding regions. A short NCR and a large NCR (lNCR) region were 216 bp and 419 bp in size, respectively. Highly repetitive regions in the lNCR region were detected with that of 11 repeat units. The mitogenome of G. oligonchis shared 71.1% nucleotide identity with Testudotaenia sp. WL-2016. Phylogenetic analyses of the complete mitochondrial genomes with Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods indicated that G. oligonchis formed a sister clade with Testudotaenia sp. WL-2016 with maximum support. The ordinal topology is (Caryophyllidea, (Diphyllobothriidea, (Bothriocephalidea, (Onchoproteocephalidea, Cyclophyllidea)))). The mitogenomic gene arrangement of G. oligonchis was identical to that of Testudotaenia sp. WL-2016. Both mitogenomic and nuclear sequence data for many more taxa are required to effectively explore the inter-relationships among the Onchoproteocephalidea.