Contrast-enhanced CT in the differential diagnosis of bladder cancer and paraganglioma.

PURPOSE: We sought to summarize the value of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) in the differential diagnosis of bladder paraganglioma (BPG) and bladder cancer. METHODS: The medical records of 19 patients with BPG (13 males, 6 females) and 56 patients with bladder cancer (49 males, 7 females) between November 2007 and June 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. All patients underwent unenhanced and contrast-enhanced CT scanning. RESULTS: Patient age (46.4 ± 11.1 years vs. 58.6 ± 16.0 years), tumor calcification (1/19 vs. 18/56), stalk (0/19 vs. 10/56), internal vessels (15/19 vs. 19/56) and the enlarged adjacent supplying artery (14/19 vs. 10/56) were significantly different between BPG and bladder cancer (P < 0.05). The CT value in the corticomedullary phase (92.4 ± 16.6 HU vs. 64.0 ± 14.5 HU) and the contrast-enhanced value in the corticomedullary phase (54.5 ± 17.4 HU vs. 28.5 ± 12.8 HU) were significantly greater in BPG patients than in bladder cancer patients (P < 0.001), with corresponding area under the curve values of 0.930 and 0.912, respectively. The optimal cutoff values were 83.2 HU and 38.5 HU, respectively. A CT value > 83.2 HU in the corticomedullary phase and a contrast-enhanced CT value > 38.5 HU in the corticomedullary phase were used to indicate BPG with sensitivities of 78.9% and 89.5%, respectively, and specificities of 94.6% and 75.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The corticomedullary phase of CECT plays an important role in the preoperative differential diagnosis of BPG and bladder cancer.

Lysine demethylase 2A promotes the progression of ovarian cancer by regulating the PI3K pathway and reversing epithelial­mesenchymal transition.

Metastasis is the most common cause of death in ovarian cancer patients but remains largely untreated. Epithelial­mesenchymal transition (EMT) is critical for the conversion of early­stage ovarian tumors into metastatic malignancies. Thus, investigating the signaling pathways promoting EMT may identify potential targets for the treatment of metastatic ovarian cancer. Lysine demethylase 2A (KDM2A), also known as FBXL11 and JHDM1A, is a histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36) demethylase that regulates EMT and the metastasis of ovarian cancer. However, the function and underlying mechanisms of EMT suppression in ovarian cancer have not been thoroughly elucidated to date. In the present study, we used Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases to determine that KDM2A is significantly upregulated in human ovarian cancers. KDM2A expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) borderline ovarian tumors and normal ovary tissues. Seven fresh EOC tissues and 3 fresh normal ovary tissues were collected for western blot analysis. Kaplan­Meier survival curves were constructed to identify genes related to EOC prognosis from the TCGA data portal. Stable KDM2A­knockdown cell lines were established to study the biological functions and underlying mechanisms of KDM2A in EMT in vitro. GEO database analysis revealed that KDM2A was highly upregulated in EOC tissues; this analysis was accompanied by immunochemistry and western blot analysis using samples of human tissues. High expression of KDM2A was associated with poor survival in EOC patients. KDM2A knockdown promoted apoptosis and suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of tumor cells in vitro. EMT and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway were suppressed in KDM2A­silenced cells. Inactivation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in A2780 cells induced EMT inhibition. Our data revealed that KDM2A functions as a tumor oncogene, and the downregulation of KDM2A expression regulates EMT and EOC progression, providing a valuable prognostic marker and potential target for the treatment of EOC patients.

Mucinous variant of invasive micropapillary carcinoma of breast: report of two cases and literature review.

Invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) is a rare type of malignant tumor of breast with a poor prognosis. There is controversy in the identification of mucinous variant of IMPC with mucinous carcinoma. In the past, it always be diagnosed as micropapillary variant of mucinous carcinoma, but in this study, the author has a different opinion. Here, we report two cases diagnosed as mucinous variant of IMPC. Histological morphologies were similar in the two cases. In difference from mucinous carcinoma, mucinous variant of the IMPC is characterized by micropapillary structure of the tumor cells, higher nuclear atypia, more frequent HER2/Neu overexpression, high proliferation index of Ki-67, increased lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis. A distinct feature of the 2 cases was that the tumor cells were present as micropapillary or tubular-solid clusters floating in the extracellular mucin pools and most of the floating tumor cells were surrounded by the hyaline lacunae, which can clearly be appreciated even in the background of mucin. Both patients were managed by the standard chemotherapy and radiotherapy combined with simple mastectomy. Up to the time of preparation of this report, both patients have survived for over 4 years. It is important to differentiate a mucinous variants of IMPC from a pure mucinous carcinoma due to their significantly different prognosis and, thereafter, different choices of patient management.

Dexmedetomidine alleviates pulmonary edema by upregulating AQP1 and AQP5 expression in rats with acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide.

This study aims to elucidate the mechanisms by which dexmedetomidine alleviates pulmonary edema in rats with acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: normal saline control (NS) group, receiving intravenous 0.9% normal saline (5 mL/kg); LPS group, receiving intravenous LPS (10 mg/kg); small-dose dexmedetomidine (S) group, treated with a small dose of dexmedetomidine (0.5 µg · kg(-1) · h(-1)); medium-dose dexmedetomidine (M) group, treated with a medium dose of dexmedetomidine (2.5 µg · kg(-1) · h(-1)); high-dose dexmedetomidine (H) group, treated with a high dose of dexmedetomidine (5 µg · kg(-1) · h(-1)). The rats were sacrificed 6 h after intravenous injection of LPS or NS, and the lungs were removed for evaluating histological characteristics and determining the lung wet/dry weight ratio (W/D). The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) in the lung tissues were assessed by enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA and protein expression levels of aquaporin-1 (AQP1) and aquaporin-5 (AQP5) were detected by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting. The lung tissues from the LPS groups were significantly damaged, which were less pronounced in the H group but not in the small-dose dexmedetomidine group or medium-dose dexmedetomidine group. The W/D and the concentrations of TNF-α and IL-1ß in the pulmonary tissues were increased in the LPS group as compared with those in NS group, which were reduced in the H group but not in S group or M group (P<0.01). The expression of AQP1 and AQP5 was lower in the LPS group than in the NS group, and significantly increased in the H group but not in the S group or M group (P<0.01). Our findings suggest that dexmedetomidine may alleviate pulmonary edema by increasing the expression of AQP-1 and AQP-5.

[MicroRNA383 regulates expression of PRDX3 in human medulloblastomas].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of microRNA-383 (miR-383) on PRDX3 gene expression, cell proliferation and apoptosis of human medulloblastma. METHODS: PRDX3 and miR-383 RNA expression was detected by real-time quantitative RT-PCR in human medulloblastoma tumor tissue samples, Daoy cell line and normal brain tissue samples. Western blot was used to detect protein expression of PRDX3. Synthetic miR-383 mimics were transfected into Daoy cells by lipofectamine. Using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) method, flow cytometry was used to investigate the cell proliferation and apoptosis, cells reactive oxgen species(ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential changes in each experimental groups. RESULTS: Of 15 cases of human medulloblastoma tumor, 13 cases had miR-383 expression levels significantly lower than that of normal brain tissue, and 14 had PRDX3 mRNA expression levels significantly higher than that of normal brain tissue. The expression levels of miR-383 and PRDX3 in Daoy cells were 0.353 and 1.315 times than those of normal brain tissue, respectively. The protein expression levels of PRDX3 were higher in human medulloblatoma tumors and Daoy cells than that of normal brain tissue. Transfected miR-383 mimics increased the expression level of miR-383 after 24 h and 48 h was significantly higher than that of the control. In contrast, PRDX3 gene mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly decreased at 48 h compared with the control group. Using CCK-8 assay, the cell proliferation rate in the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Annexin V-FITC assay demonstrated that early apoptosis rate of the experimental group (11.60 ± 0.30)% was significantly higher than those of the control group (2.3 ± 0.20)% and negative control group (10.37 ± 0.25)% (P = 0.000) after 48 h of transfection. The intracellular ROS levels after transfection at 24 and 48 h significantly increased than those of the control group. Mitochondrial membrane potential level at 24 h after transfection significantly decreased, comparing with the blank control group and the negative control group. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with normal brain tissue, decreased expression of miR-383 but elevated expression of PRDX3 are medulloblastoma tumour and Daoy cell lines. Up-regulation of miR-383 knockdowns the expression of PRDX3, inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of Daoy cells, leading to increased intracellular ROS and decreased levels of mitochondrial membrane potential.

[Study on effects of microRNA-21 antisense oligonucleotide in vivo and in vitro on bionomics of human cervical squamous carcinoma cell lines SiHa].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of microRNA-21 (miR-21) antisense oligonucleotide on the biological characteristics of human cervical squamous carcinoma cell lines SiHa in vivo and in vitro. METHODS: Specific phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotides targeting miR-21 were synthesized and transfected into cervical cancer cells in vitro. Expression of miR-21 in SiHa after transfection was detected by real-time RT-PCR. The cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay and colony formation experiment. The cell apoptosis was analyzed by annexin V-FITC/PI analysis. The inhibitory effect of miR-21 antisense oligonucleotide on tumor growth was evaluated by tumor growth curves and immunohistochemistry (MaxVision method). H-E staining was used to document morphological changes and fluorometric TUNEL assay was to detect the apoptotic activity. RESULTS: After the transfection of antisense miR-21, the expression of miR-21 decreased along with an obvious growth inhibition, compared with that of the control groups (P < 0.05). Colony formation of both cell lines was markedly inhibited with antisense miR-21 (55.6% ± 1.4%), as compared with that in the negative group (98.3% ± 2.0%, P < 0.05). Flow cytometry assay showed that antisense miR-21 expression significantly enhanced the cell apoptosis (6.7% ± 1.3% and 29.4% ± 1.7%, P < 0.05). The tumor-forming rates of miR-21 transfected group, and negative control groups were 3/8 and 6/8, respectively (P < 0.05). Ki-67 proliferative marker staining decreased significantly (42% vs 90%) in the transfected group compared with negative control groups. Extensive dead tumor cells were seen in the miR-21 transfected cells along with a marked increase of apoptosis (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Targeted antisense oligonucleotide miR-21 effectively suppresses the growth of cervical carcinoma SiHa cells both in vitro and in vivo through an induction of apoptosis.