Effects of enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation technique on multiple heavy metals immobilization and unconfined compressive strength improvement of contaminated sand.

Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) has been studied in remediation of heavy metal contaminated water or soil in recent years. This paper aims to investigate the immobilization mechanism of Zn2+, Ni2+, and Cr(VI) in contaminated sand, as well as strength enhancement of sand specimens by using EICP method with crude sword bean urease extracts. A series of liquid batch tests and artificially contaminated sand remediation experiments were conducted to explore the heavy metal immobilization efficacy and mechanisms. Results showed that the urea hydrolysis completion efficiency decreased as the Ca2+ concentration increased and the heavy metal immobilization percentage increased with the concentration of Ca2+ and treatment cycles in contaminated sand. After four treatment cycles with 0.5 mol/L Ca2+ added, the immobilization percentage of Zn2+, Ni2+, and Cr(VI) were 99.99 %, 86.38 %, and 75.18 %, respectively. The microscale analysis results presented that carbonate precipitates and metallic oxide such as CaCO3, ZnCO3, NiCO3, Zn(OH)2, and CrO(OH) were generated in liquid batch tests and sand remediation experiments. The SEM-EDS and FTIR results also showed that organic molecules and CaCO3 may adsorb or complex heavy metal ions. Thus, the immobilization mechanism of EICP method with crude sword bean urease can be considered as biomineralization, as well as adsorption and complexation by organic matter and calcium carbonate. The unconfined compressive strength of EICP-treated contaminated sand specimens demonstrated a positive correlation with the increased generation of carbonate precipitates, being up to 306 kPa after four treatment cycles with shear failure mode. Crude sword bean urease with 0.5 mol/L Ca2+ added is recommended to immobilize multiple heavy metal ions and enhance soil strength.

Model predictive manipulation of compliant objects with multi-objective optimizer and adversarial network for occlusion compensation.

BACKGROUND: The manipulation of compliant objects by robotic systems remains a challenging task, largely due to their variable shapes and the complex, high-dimensional nature of their interaction dynamics. Traditional robotic manipulation strategies struggle with the accurate modeling and control necessary to handle such materials, especially in the presence of visual occlusions that frequently occur in dynamic environments. Meanwhile, for most unstructured environments, robots are required to have autonomous interactions with their surroundings. METHODS: To solve the shape manipulation of compliant objects in an unstructured environment, we begin by exploring the regression-based algorithm of representing the high-dimensional configuration space of deformable objects in a compressed form that enables efficient and effective manipulation. Simultaneously, we address the issue of visual occlusions by proposing the integration of an adversarial network, enabling guiding the shaping task even with partial observations of the object. Afterwards, we propose a receding-time estimator to coordinate the robot action with the computed shape features while satisfying various performance criteria. Finally, model predictive controller is utilized to compute the robot's shaping motions subject to safety constraints. Detailed experiments are presented to evaluate the proposed manipulation framework. SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS: Our MPC framework utilizes the compressed representation and occlusion-compensated information to predict the object's behavior, while the multi-objective optimizer ensures that the resulting control actions meet multiple performance criteria. Through rigorous experimental validation, our approach demonstrates superior manipulation capabilities in scenarios with visual obstructions, outperforming existing methods in terms of precision and operational reliability. The findings highlight the potential of our integrated approach to significantly enhance the manipulation of compliant objects in real-world robotic applications.

Proton pump inhibitors stabilize the expression of PD-L1 on cell membrane depending on the phosphorylation of GSK3ß.

BACKGROUND: Preclinical and clinical evidence indicates that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may indirectly diminish the microbiome diversity, thereby reducing the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Conversely, recent publications have shown that PPIs could potentially enhance the response to ICIs. The precise mechanism through which PPIs modulate the ICIs remains unclear. In this study, we discovered a novel molecular function of PPIs in regulating immune invasion, specifically through inducing PD-L1 translocation in various tumor cells. METHODS: C57BL/6 mice subcutaneous transplantation model is used to verify the potential efficacy of PPIs and PD-L1 antibody. Western blotting analysis and phosphorylated chip are used to verify the alteration of PD-L1-related pathways after being treated with PPIs. The related gene expression is performed by qRT-PCR and luciferase reporter analysis. We also collected 60 clinical patients diagnosed with esophageal cancer or reflux esophagitis and then detected the expression of PD-L1 in the tissue samples by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: We observed that the IC50 of tumor cells in response to PPIs was significantly higher than that of normal epithelial cells. PPIs significantly increased the expression of PD-L1 on cell membrane at clinically relevant concentrations. Furthermore, pre-treatment with PPIs appeared to synergize the efficiency of anti-PD-L1 antibodies in mouse models. However, PPI administration did not alter the transcription or total protein level of PD-L1 in multiple tumor cells. Using a phosphorylated protein chip, we identified that PPIs enhanced the phosphorylation of GSK3ß, then leading to PD-L1 protein translocation to the cell membranes. The capacity of PPIs to upregulate PD-L1 was negated following GSK3ß knockout. Furthermore, our clinical data showed that the PPIs use resulted in increased PD-L1 expression in esophageal cancer patients. CONCLUSION: We mainly address a significant and novel mechanism that the usage of PPIs could directly induce the expression of PD-L1 by inducing GSK3ß phosphorylation and facilitate primary tumor progression and metastasis.

Improved analysis of 230 pesticide residues in three fermented soy products by using automated one-step accelerated solvent extraction coupled with GC-MS/MS.

Consumer concerns over healthy diets are increasing as a result of the toxicity and persistence of pesticide residues in foodstuffs. Developing sensitive and high-throughput monitoring techniques for these trace residues is seen as an essential step in ensuring food safety. An automatic and sensitive multi-residue analytical method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 230 compounds, including pesticides and their hazardous metabolites, in fermented soy products. The method included preparing the sample using on-line extraction and clean-up system based on accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), then determining the analytes using GC-MS/MS techniques. The homogenized samples (soy sauce, douchi, and sufu) were automatically extracted at 80 °C and 10.3 MPa and at the same time, in situ cleaned by 300 mg of primary secondary amine (PSA) combined with 20 mg of hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes in an extraction cell. The method obtained excellent calibration linearity (r > 0.9220) and a satisfactory analysis of the targeted compounds, which were evaluated with matrix-matched calibration standards over the range of 5-500 µg L-1. The limit of detections (LODs) of analytes were in the range of 0.01-1.29 µg kg-1, 0.01-1.39 µg kg-1, and 0.01-1.34 µg kg-1 in soy sauce, douchi, and sufu, respectively. The limit of quantifications (LOQs), which defined as the lowest spiking level, were set at 5.0 µg kg-1. The recoveries were within 70-120 % for over 95 % of the analytes, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were below 13.6 %. Moreover, a positive detection rate of 47 % were obtained when the proposed method was used on 15 real fermented soy products. These results suggested that the developed high-throughput method is highly feasible for monitoring of these target analytes in trace level.

Analysis of the association between urinary glyphosate exposure and fatty liver index: a study for US adults.

BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent condition that often goes unrecognized in the population, and many risk factors for this disease are not well understood. Glyphosate (GLY) is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and exposure to this chemical in the environment is significant. However, studies exploring the association between GLY exposure and NAFLD remain limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the association between urinary glyphosate (uGLY) level and fatty liver index (FLI) using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which includes uGLY measurements. METHODS: The log function of uGLY was converted and expressed as Loge(uGLY) with the constant "e" as the base and used for subsequent analysis. The association between Loge(uGLY) (the independent variable) level and FLI (the dependent variable) was assessed by multiple linear regression analysis. Smoothing curve fitting and a generalized additive model were used to assess if there was a nonlinear association between the independent and the dependent variables. A subgroup analysis was used to find susceptible individuals of the association between the independent variable and the dependent variable. RESULTS: A final total of 2238 participants were included in this study. Participants were categorized into two groups (< -1.011 and ≥ -1.011 ng/ml) based on the median value of Loge(uGLY). A total of 1125 participants had Loge(uGLY) levels ≥ -1.011 ng/ml and higher FLI. The result of multiple linear regression analysis showed a positive association between Loge(uGLY) and FLI (Beta coefficient = 2.16, 95% CI: 0.71, 3.61). Smoothing curve fitting and threshold effect analysis indicated a linear association between Loge(uGLY) and FLI [likelihood ratio(LLR) = 0.364]. Subgroup analyses showed that the positive association between Loge(uGLY) and FLI was more pronounced in participants who were female, aged between 40 and 60 years, had borderline diabetes history, and without hypertension history. In addition, participants of races/ethnicities other than (Mexican American, White and Black) were particularly sensitive to the positive association between Loge(uGLY) and FLI. CONCLUSIONS: A positive linear association was found between Loge(uGLY) level and FLI. Participants who were female, 40 to 60 years old, and of ethnic backgrounds other than Mexican American, White, and Black, deserve more attention.

Probing cell metabolism using the two-photon excitation autofluorescence lifetime of tryptophan.

Compared to intensity detection, fluorescence lifetime has the advantage of being unaffected by variations in excitation intensity, fluorophore concentration, or attenuation due to biological absorption and scattering. In this Letter, to the best of our knowledge, we present the use of the two-photon excitation autofluorescence lifetime imaging of tryptophan (TRP) to probe cell metabolism for the first time. Tests of pure chemical samples showed that the fluorescence lifetime of TRP was highly sensitive to changes in molecular conformation and the environment. In in vitro cell experiments, we successfully utilized the fluorescence lifetime of TRP to distinguish tumor cells from healthy cells, track the therapeutic effect of the tumor immunotherapy drug 1-MT for HeLa cells, and monitor cells in response to carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP)-induced cell apoptosis. These results reveal that the two-photon excitation autofluorescence lifetime of TRP could be a sensitive natural probe of cell metabolism in living cells.

A nomogram of preoperative indicators predicting lymph vascular space invasion in cervical cancer.

PURPOSE: To develop predictive nomograms of lymph vascular space invasion (LVSI) in patients with early-stage cervical cancer. METHODS: We identified 403 patients with cervical cancer from the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University from January 2015 to December 2019. Patients were divided into the training set (n = 242) and the validation set (n = 161), with patients in the training set subdivided into LVSI (+) and LVSI (-) groups according to postoperative pathology. Preoperative hematologic indexes were compared between the two subgroups. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the independent risk factors for LVSI, from which a nomogram was constructed using the R package. RESULTS: LVSI (+) was present in 94 out of 242 patients in the training set, accompanied by a significant increase in the preoperative squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC), white blood cells (WBC), neutrophil (NE), platelet (PLT), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic inflammation index (SII), and tumor size (P < 0.05). Univariate analysis showed that SCC, WBC, NE, NLR, PLR, SII, and tumor size were correlated with LVSI (P < 0.05), and multivariate analysis showed that tumor size, SCC, WBC, and NLR were independent risk factors for LVSI (P < 0.05). A nomogram was correspondingly established with good performance in predicting LVSI [training: ROC-AUC = 0.845 (95% CI: 0.731-0.843) and external validation: ROC-AUC = 0.704 (95% CI: 0.683-0.835)] and high accuracy (training: C-index = 0.787; external validation: C-index = 0.759). CONCLUSION: The nomogram based on preoperative tumor size, SCC, WBC, and NLR had excellent accuracy and discriminative capability to assess the risk of LVSI in early-stage cervical cancer patients.

Accurate piecewise centroid calculation algorithm for wavefront measurement in adaptive optics.

Adaptive optics using direct wavefront sensing (direct AO) is widely used in two-photon microscopy to correct sample-induced aberrations and restore diffraction-limited performance at high speeds. In general, the direct AO method employs a Sharked-Hartman wavefront sensor (SHWS) to directly measure the aberrations through a spot array. However, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of spots in SHWS varies significantly within deep tissues, presenting challenges for accurately locating spot centroids over a large SNR range, particularly under extremely low SNR conditions. To address this issue, we propose a piecewise centroid calculation algorithm called GCP, which integrates three optimal algorithms for accurate spot centroid calculations under high-, medium-, and low-SNR conditions. Simulations and experiments demonstrate that the GCP can accurately measure aberrations over a large SNR range and exhibits robustness under extremely low-SNR conditions. Importantly, GCP improves the AO working depth by 150 µm compared to the conventional algorithm.

Characterization and risk assessment of novel SXT/R391 integrative and conjugative elements with multidrug resistance in Proteus mirabilis isolated from China, 2018-2020.

Proteus mirabilis can transfer transposons, insertion sequences, and gene cassettes to the chromosomes of other hosts through SXT/R391 integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), significantly increasing the possibility of antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) evolution and expanding the risk of ARGs transmission among bacteria. A total of 103 strains of P. mirabilis were isolated from 25 farms in China from 2018 to 2020. The positive detection rate of SXT/R391 ICEs was 25.2% (26/103). All SXT/R391 ICEs positive P. mirabilis exhibited a high level of overall drug resistance. Conjugation experiments showed that all 26 SXT/R391 ICEs could efficiently transfer to Escherichia coli EC600 with a frequency of 2.0 × 10-7 to 6.0 × 10-5. The acquired ARGs, genetic structures, homology relationships, and conservation sequences of 26 (19 different subtypes) SXT/R391 ICEs were investigated by high-throughput sequencing, whole-genome typing, and phylogenetic tree construction. ICEPmiChnHBRJC2 carries erm (42), which have never been found within an SXT/R391 ICE in P. mirabilis, and ICEPmiChnSC1111 carries 19 ARGs, including clinically important cfr, blaCTX-M-65, and aac(6')-Ib-cr, making it the ICE with the most ARGs reported to date. Through genetic stability, growth curve, and competition experiments, it was found that the transconjugant of ICEPmiChnSCNNC12 did not have a significant fitness cost on the recipient bacterium EC600 and may have a higher risk of transmission and dissemination. Although the transconjugant of ICEPmiChnSCSZC20 had a relatively obvious fitness cost on EC600, long-term resistance selection pressure may improve bacterial fitness through compensatory adaptation, providing scientific evidence for risk assessment of horizontal transfer and dissemination of SXT/R391 ICEs in P. mirabilis.IMPORTANCEThe spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is a major public health concern. The study investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) in Proteus mirabilis, which can transfer ARGs to other hosts. The study found that all of the P. mirabilis strains carrying ICEs exhibited a high level of drug resistance and a higher risk of transmission and dissemination of ARGs. The analysis of novel multidrug-resistant ICEs highlighted the potential for the evolution and spread of novel resistance mechanisms. These findings emphasize the importance of monitoring the spread of ICEs carrying ARGs and the urgent need for effective strategies to combat antibiotic resistance. Understanding the genetic diversity and potential for transmission of ARGs among bacteria is crucial for developing targeted interventions to mitigate the threat of antibiotic resistance.

REDH: A database of RNA editome in hematopoietic differentiation and malignancy.

BACKGROUND: The conversion of adenosine (A) to inosine (I) through deamination is the prevailing form of RNA editing, impacting numerous nuclear and cytoplasmic transcripts across various eukaryotic species. Millions of high-confidence RNA editing sites have been identified and integrated into various RNA databases, providing a convenient platform for the rapid identification of key drivers of cancer and potential therapeutic targets. However, the available database for integration of RNA editing in hematopoietic cells and hematopoietic malignancies is still lacking. METHODS: We downloaded RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data of 29 leukemia patients and 19 healthy donors from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and RNA-seq data of 12 mouse hematopoietic cell populations obtained from our previous research were also used. We performed sequence alignment, identified RNA editing sites, and obtained characteristic editing sites related to normal hematopoietic development and abnormal editing sites associated with hematologic diseases. RESULTS: We established a new database, "REDH", represents RNA editome in hematopoietic differentiation and malignancy. REDH is a curated database of associations between RNA editome and hematopoiesis. REDH integrates 30,796 editing sites from 12 murine adult hematopoietic cell populations and systematically characterizes more than 400,000 edited events in malignant hematopoietic samples from 48 cohorts (human). Through the Differentiation, Disease, Enrichment, and knowledge modules, each A-to-I editing site is systematically integrated, including its distribution throughout the genome, its clinical information (human sample), and functional editing sites under physiological and pathological conditions. Furthermore, REDH compares the similarities and differences of editing sites between different hematologic malignancies and healthy control. CONCLUSIONS: REDH is accessible at http://www.redhdatabase.com/ . This user-friendly database would aid in understanding the mechanisms of RNA editing in hematopoietic differentiation and malignancies. It provides a set of data related to the maintenance of hematopoietic homeostasis and identifying potential therapeutic targets in malignancies.

Breast carcinoma arising in a fibroadenoma: A case series of 16 patients and review of the literature.

Breast carcinoma arising from a fibroadenoma is an uncommon entity and is frequently detected incidentally during pathological examination or excisional biopsy of a benign breast tumor. Due to only sporadic cases being reported, evidence-based guidelines are not well-established to date. The present report describes 16 patients diagnosed with breast carcinoma arising within a fibroadenoma in the Third Hospital of Nanchang (Nanchang, China) between January 2019 and December 2021 and discusses the clinicopathological characteristics, imaging findings and treatment. The age of patients at diagnosis ranged between 19 and 58 years and a well-defined asymptomatic mass was the most common clinical presentation. Carcinoma occurring in fibroadenoma generally mimics a benign tumor and potential carcinomatous changes may not be detected. Pathologically, carcinoma in situ was the predominant subtype in the present study. Additionally, ductal carcinoma in situ was more common compared with lobular carcinoma in situ in the present case series. Regarding the molecular phenotypes, the majority of cases were categorized as luminal subtype, although other subtypes such as triple-negative and HER2 positive breast cancer were also identified. In the present study, seven patients were treated with breast-conserving surgery and nine patients were treated with mastectomy. Sentinel lymph node biopsy was performed in all patients and none exhibited axillary node metastasis. Additionally, six patients underwent radiotherapy and two received chemotherapy. During the follow-up, all patients were alive and no evidence of disease relapse was observed. In summary, clinicians should be aware of the possibility of carcinoma within a fibroadenoma, which could alter the therapeutical course. Adequate biopsy or excision should be performed in patients with indicators of malignant transformation in a presumed benign breast tumor.

Boosting the synergism between cancer ferroptosis and immunotherapy via targeted stimuli-responsive liposomes.

Both ferroptotic therapy and immunotherapy have been widely employed in cancer treatment. However, ferroptotic cell death fails to induce dendritic cells maturation, which limits the therapeutic outcome of ferroptotic cancer therapy. To address this, the current work reports a tailored liposome to establish a positive loop between ferroptotic therapy and immunotherapy. As the key component of liposome, a unique phospholipid is designed to bear two arachidonic acid tails. The liposome is further surface-engineered with fucose ligand and physically encapsulates immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs). The tailored liposome shows enhanced cellular uptake in a model 4T1 cell line. Meanwhile, the high level of reactive oxygen species in cancer cells can induce ferroptosis-specific peroxidation of DAPC and trigger the release CpG ODNs. The CpG ODNs further enable the maturation of dendritic cells and enhance the effector function of CD8+ T cells. IFN-γ released from CD8+ T cells promotes cancer cell ferroptosis via inhibiting SLC7A11 and suppressing the biosynthesis of glutathione. The tailored liposome can also act in synergism with PD-L1 antibody, resulting in enhanced anti-cancer efficacy in a 4T1 tumor-bearing mice model. This work provides a promising strategy for cancer treatment through orchestrating ferroptotic therapy and immunotherapy.

[Mongolian medicine Zhenbao Pill (Eridon Uril) inhibits inflammation and apoptosis in hippocampal neuronal cells of oxyglucose deprived/reoxygenated mice through activation of SIRT1/NF-κB pathway].

Objective To observe the effect of Mongolian medicine Zhenbao Pill (Eridon Uril, EU) on inflammation and apoptosis of HT22 mouse hippocampal neurons cells under oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R), and to explore its potential mechanism. Methods Three-gas incubator and sugar-free anaerobic medium were used to construct a model of OGD/R-injured HT22 cells. OGD/R model cells were treated with EU (10, 20 and 40 µg/mL), and the optimal dose of 20 µg/mL was screened. The OGD/R injured cells treated with nicotinamide (NAM), inhibitor of SIRT1, combined with EU were set as EU combined with NAM group, and the OGD /R injured cells treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) combined with EU were set as EU combined with DMSO group. CCK-8 assay and ELISA were used to detect cell activity and LDH leakage rate, respectively. Detection of the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-1ß was detected by real time fluorescence quantitative PCR in HT22 cells. The apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The protein expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), Bcl2 related X protein (BAX), SIRT1, inhibitor of nuclear factor κB α (IκBα), and phosphorylated nuclear factor κB (p-NF-κB) were detected by Western blot analysis. Results Compared to the control group, HT22 cells in the OGD/R group showed significantly lower activity and higher LDH leakage rate, while (20, 40)µg/mL EU treatment significantly increased cell activity and lowered LDH leakage rate, with 20 µg/mL EU being the optimal dose. The mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1ß and the apoptosis rate of the cells in the OGD/R group were significantly higher than those in the control group. The protein levels of SIRT1, IκBα, and Bcl2 were significantly lower than that in the control group, while the protein levels of p-NF-κB, BAX were significantly higher than that in the control group. EU significantly inhibited the secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß and apoptosis in HT22 cells induced by OGD/R. Conclusion EU significantly reduces the inflammatory response and apoptosis in OGD/R-induced mouse hippocampal neurons, which is associated with the activation of SIRT1/NF-κB signal pathway.

The characteristics of trimethylamine N-oxide content in different classes of marine animals over the coastal and offshore areas of China.

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is widely present in marine animals. However, the characteristics of TMAO content in different classes of marine animals are insufficiently understood. In this study, the TMAO content in 79 marine animals (48 species, 7 classes) collected in the coastal and offshore areas of China during year 2019-2022 was analysed. The results showed that the TMAO content of the total samples varied from 0 to 139.19 mmol kg-1. The TMAO content in the classes Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Polychaeta and Holothuroidea varied from 0.06 ± 0.09 to 0.38 ± 0.63 mmol kg-1, but it varied from 30.20 ± 24.20 to 75.90 ± 38.59 mmol kg-1 in the classes Crustacea, Cephalopoda, and Osteichthyes. The TMAO content in the latter 3 classes was 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than that of the former 4 classes. It was inferred that the significant difference was related to the food sources or physiological metabolic mechanisms of different classes.

Quantitative multiphoton imaging of cell metabolism, stromal fibers, and keratinization enables label-free discrimination of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) features atypical clinical manifestations and a low 5-year survival rate (< 5% in many developing countries where most of the disease occurs). Precise ESCC detection and grading toward timely and effective intervention are therefore crucial. In this study, we propose a multidimensional, slicing-free, and label-free histopathological evaluation method based on multispectral multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (MM-FLIM) for precise ESCC identification. To assess the feasibility of this method, comparative imaging on fresh human biopsy specimens of different ESCC grades is performed. By constructing fluorescence spectrum- and lifetime-coded images, ESCC-induced morphological variations are unveiled. Further quantification of cell metabolism and stromal fibers reveals potential indicators for ESCC detection and grading. The specific identification of keratin pearls provides additional support for the early detection of ESCC. These findings demonstrate the viability of using MM-FLIM and the series of derived indicators for histopathological evaluation of ESCC. As there is an increasing interest in developing multiphoton endoscopes and multiphoton FLIM systems for clinical use, the proposed method would probably allow noninvasive, label-free, and multidimensional histological detection and grading of ESCC in the future.

Deciphering the Functional Long Non-Coding RNAs Derived from MicroRNA Loci.

Albeit the majority of eukaryotic genomes can be pervasively transcribed to a diverse population of lncRNAs and various subtypes of lncRNA are discovered. However, the genome-wide study of miRNA-derived lncRNAs is still lacking. Here, it is reported that over 800 miRNA gene-originated lncRNAs (molncRNAs) are generated from miRNA loci. One of them, molnc-301b from miR-301b and miR-130b, functions as an "RNA decoy" to facilitate dissociation of the chromatin remodeling protein SMARCA5 from chromatin and thereby sequester transcription and mRNA translation. Specifically, molnc-301b attenuates erythropoiesis by mitigating the transcription of erythropoietic and translation-associated genes, such as GATA1 and FOS. In addition, a useful and powerful CRISPR screen platform to characterize the biological functions of molncRNAs at large-scale and single-cell levels is established and 29 functional molncRNAs in hematopoietic cells are identified. Collectively, the focus is on miRNA-derived lncRNAs, deciphering their landscape during normal hematopoiesis, and comprehensively evaluating their potential roles.

Epidemiological and Molecular Study on Tick-Borne Pathogens in Argun Port Area Near the Chinese-Russian Border.

Objective: We aim to investigate the species composition of ticks and the pathogen characteristics they carry in the Argun port area of the China-Russia border. Materials and Methods: Ticks were collected in surrounding grassland, mixed forest land, and other different habitats around the Argun port area at the Sino-Russian Border of Inner Mongolia in China in April 2019. The presence of 16 potential pathogens, including Yersinia Pestis, Francisella tularensis, Coxiella burnetii (Cb), Anaplasma sp. (Ap), spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFG Rk), Borrelia sp. (Bl), Leptospira, Bartonella spp., Babesia, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, Bhanja virus, West Nile Virus, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus, Hantaan virus, and bocavirus (boca) was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. The DNA and amino acid sequences of tick-borne pathogens were compared for homology, and the phylogenetic trees were constructed by using Mega and Lasergene software. Results: A total of 210 ticks were collected and they belonged to three species: Dermacentor nuttalli, Ixodes persulcatus, and Haemaphysalis verticalis. Among them, 165 (78.57%) ticks tested positive for 5 pathogens, namely Ap, SFG Rk, Cb, Bl, and boca. Fifteen (7.14%) ticks were detected coinfection with two pathogens, and none were coinfected with three or more pathogens. Conclusion: This study shows the prevalence of at least five tick-borne pathogens in Argun, and there is a risk of coinfection by two pathogens in one tick. This study reveals the great importance of controlling tick-borne diseases in this region.

Encapsulated papillary carcinoma of the breast: A single institution experience.

Encapsulated papillary carcinoma (EPC) is a relatively rare form of breast cancer. To date, no evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of EPC have been established. Between January 2015 and December 2021, patients with histologically confirmed EPC of the breast were recorded in a database by The Third Hospital of Nanchang City (Nanchang, China). A total of 46 patients with EPC were retrieved from the database. Age at diagnosis ranged from 41-88 years (median age, 62 years). A total of 21 of these patients had pure EPC, 6 patients had EPC associated with ductal carcinoma in situ and 19 patients had EPC associated with invasive carcinoma. The majority of EPC cases were low nuclear grade, hormone receptor-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-negative. Additionally, myoepithelial cells were always absent in the papillae of the EPC. All patients underwent lumpectomy or mastectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy, and almost all of the patients received adjuvant hormonal therapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy was only suggested to 4 patients who were diagnosed with axillary lymph node involvement. Subsequently, the clinicopathological features of non-invasive EPC were compared with invasive EPC. The results indicated that larger tumor sizes and axillary lymph node metastases were more common in invasive tumors. During the follow-up, only 2 patients with invasive EPC experienced recurrence or metastasis. In conclusion, a substantial proportion of invasive EPC cases display aggressive characteristics and metastatic potential, despite it being considered a subtype of carcinoma in situ with excellent prognosis, and local surgical resection is the initial method of treatment. Therefore, adjuvant endocrine therapy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy should be considered in select patients, especially in those diagnosed with invasive EPC tumors.

Chondroitin sulfate modified calcium phosphate nanoparticles for efficient transfection via caveolin-mediated endocytosis.

Efficient transfection remains a challenge for gene delivery in both cell biological scientific research and gene therapeutic fields. Existing transfection strategies rarely pay attention to altering the endocytosis pathway of nanocarriers for transfection efficiency improvement. In this work, we innovatively postulated that calcium phosphate nanoparticles coated with glycosaminoglycan could be internalized by cells mainly through caveolin-mediated endocytosis pathway allowing genes to bypass lysosome route, and hence enhance the transfection efficiency. To achieve this, we developed calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CP-ALN-CS) coated with chondroitin sulfate (CS) and alendronate (ALN) in a modular manner. The CP-ALN-CS had a hydrodynamic size of 131.0 ± 8.7 nm and exhibited favorable dispersity, stability, and resistance to nuclease degradation. Unlike conventional calcium phosphate and PEI-based transfection, CP-ALN-CS exhibited efficient cellular uptake with co-localization in Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. Through bypassing the lysosome involved cellular uptake route, CP-ALN-CS can effectively protect genes from degradation and relieve cytotoxicity. After loading plasmid DNA, CP-ALN-CS showed extraordinary transfection efficiency in HEK 293T cells, outperforming the PEI which is considered as the gold standard. The current work provides a novel and facile approach to improve gene transfection efficiency and is valuable for the design of next-generation in vitro transfection reagents.

Association of weight-adjusted-waist index with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver fibrosis: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to explore the association of weight-adjusted-waist index (WWI) with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and liver fibrosis. METHODS: A cross-sectional study including 6587 participants was conducted in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Multiple linear regression was used to validate the association of WWI with NAFLD and liver fibrosis, and smoothed curve fitting and threshold effect models were used to validate non-linear relationships. Subgroup analyses were used to verify the stability of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables in different populations. RESULTS: There was a positive association of WWI with NAFLD and liver fibrosis. In the model adjusted for all covariates, the effect values of WWI with NAFLD and liver fibrosis were (OR = 3.44, 95% CI: 3.09-3.82) and (OR = 2.40, 95% CI: 2.05-2.79), respectively. This positive correlation became more significant as WWI increased when WWI was presented in quartiles (P for trend < 0.01). Smoothed curve fitting and threshold effects analysis suggested a non-linear correlation between WWI and NAFLD (LLR < 0.01), with the positive correlation between WWI and NAFLD becoming more significant when WWI was less than 11.44 [5.93 (95% CI: 5.04-6.98)]. However, there was a linear correlation between WWI and liver fibrosis (LLR = 0.291). When subgroup analyses were performed by indicators such as age, race and gender, we found that the positive association between WWI and the dependent variables (NAFLD and liver fibrosis) was more pronounced in white male participants aged < 40 years. CONCLUSIONS: Among adults in the United States, WWI was positively associated with the prevalence of NAFLD and liver fibrosis. Participants with a WWI less than 11.44 should be cautious about the possibility of an increased risk of NAFLD development due to a higher WWI. Meanwhile, white males younger than 40 years of age should be more cautious about the higher risk of NAFLD and liver fibrosis that might be associated with an increased WWI.