AI-integrated Screening to Replace Double Reading of Mammograms: A Population-wide Accuracy and Feasibility Study.

Mammography screening supported by deep learning-based artificial intelligence (AI) solutions can potentially reduce workload without compromising breast cancer detection accuracy, but the site of deployment in the workflow might be crucial. This retrospective study compared three simulated AI-integrated screening scenarios with standard double reading with arbitration in a sample of 249 402 mammograms from a representative screening population. A commercial AI system replaced the first reader (scenario 1: integrated AIfirst), the second reader (scenario 2: integrated AIsecond), or both readers for triaging of low- and high-risk cases (scenario 3: integrated AItriage). AI threshold values were chosen based partly on previous validation and setting the screen-read volume reduction at approximately 50% across scenarios. Detection accuracy measures were calculated. Compared with standard double reading, integrated AIfirst showed no evidence of a difference in accuracy metrics except for a higher arbitration rate (+0.99%, P < .001). Integrated AIsecond had lower sensitivity (-1.58%, P < .001), negative predictive value (NPV) (-0.01%, P < .001), and recall rate (-0.06%, P = .04) but a higher positive predictive value (PPV) (+0.03%, P < .001) and arbitration rate (+1.22%, P < .001). Integrated AItriage achieved higher sensitivity (+1.33%, P < .001), PPV (+0.36%, P = .03), and NPV (+0.01%, P < .001) but lower arbitration rate (-0.88%, P < .001). Replacing one or both readers with AI seems feasible; however, the site of application in the workflow can have clinically relevant effects on accuracy and workload. Keywords: Mammography, Breast, Neoplasms-Primary, Screening, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) Supplemental material is available for this article. Published under a CC BY 4.0 license.

PET/MRI in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease - a prospective accuracy study.

Cross-sectional imaging supplements endoscopy in detecting disease manifestations in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of PET/MRI in a paediatric population suspected of IBD. This prospective study consecutively included patients aged 8-17 years under diagnostic evaluation for IBD. Forty-three patients underwent a PET/MRI scan and subsequent ileocolonoscopy, of whom 26 patients diagnosed with IBD participated in a follow-up scan, hereof 19 with Crohn's disease (CD), five with Ulcerative colitis and two with unclassified IBD. The results of PET alone, MRI alone, and PET/MRI combined were compared to a reference standard of endoscopy and histopathology. Of the 208 intestinal segments analysed, 109 showed inflammation, and 99 had no inflammation. In the per-segment analysis PET had a sensitivity of 0.83 (95% CI 0.73-0.93), specificity of 0.59 (95% CI 0.47-0.71), and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.73 (95% CI 0.67-0.80). MRI had a sensitivity of 0.52 (95% CI 0.41-0.64), specificity 0.89 (95% CI 0.82-0.96), and AUROC of 0.72 (95% CI 0.66-0.77). PET/MRI had a sensitivity of 0.83 (95% CI 0.74-0.94), specificity of 0.57 (95% CI 0.44-0.69), and AUROC of 0.77 (95% CI 0.71-0.84). At follow-up, PET and MRI scores decreased, and the change in MRI was able to identify patients with a clinical response. The accuracy of the PET/MRI scan in detecting inflammation in the terminal ileum and colon was moderate and not superior to either modality alone. With technological advances and combined reading, PET/MRI may still be valuable in selected cases.

Identifying the primary tumour in patients with cancer of unknown primary (CUP) using [18F]FDG PET/CT: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: In this systematic review and individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis, we analysed the diagnostic performance of [18F]FDG PET/CT in detecting primary tumours in patients with CUP and evaluated whether the location of the predominant metastatic site influences the diagnostic performance. METHODS: A systematic literature search from January 2005 to February 2024 was performed to identify articles describing the diagnostic performance of [18F]FDG PET/CT for primary tumour detection in CUP. Individual patient data retrieved from original articles or obtained from corresponding authors were grouped by the predominant metastatic site. The diagnostic performance of [18F]FDG PET/CT in detecting the underlying primary tumour was compared between predominant metastatic sites. RESULTS: A total of 1865 patients from 32 studies were included. The largest subgroup included patients with predominant bone metastases (n = 622), followed by liver (n = 369), lymph node (n = 358), brain (n = 316), peritoneal (n = 70), lung (n = 67), and soft tissue (n = 23) metastases, leaving a small group of other/undefined metastases (n = 40). [18F]FDG PET/CT resulted in pooled detection rates to identify the primary tumour of 0.74 (for patients with predominant brain metastases), 0.54 (liver-predominant), 0.49 (bone-predominant), 0.46 (lung-predominant), 0.38 (peritoneal-predominant), 0.37 (lymph node-predominant), and 0.35 (soft-tissue-predominant). CONCLUSION: This individual patient data meta-analysis suggests that the ability of [18F]FDG PET/CT to identify the primary tumour in CUP depends on the distribution of metastatic sites. This finding emphasises the need for more tailored diagnostic approaches in different patient populations. In addition, alternative diagnostic tools, such as new PET tracers or whole-body (PET/)MRI, should be investigated.

The detection of pathological parathyroid glands is facilitated by identifying vascular features on ultrasound: the potential benefit of a low-frequency vascular probe.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the potential benefit of adding a low frequency vascular probe to the conventional pre-operative ultrasound examination of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. METHODS: A prospective cohort of 136 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism underwent a conventional ultrasound examination of the neck with a high frequency ( > 10 MHz) linear ultrasound probe, followed by an add-on examination with a low frequency vascular probe. For each ultrasound probe, and for every potential parathyroid lesion, the presence of a feeding vessel, a polar placement of the feeding vessel, and the presence of a vascular arch was recorded. RESULTS: A total of 146 ultrasound lesions were evaluated for vascularity by each probe. For both ultrasound probes, the odds of a hyperfunctioning parathyroid gland being correctly identified increased with the number of visible vascular features. The vascular probe identified a significantly higher number of vascular features among ultrasound true positive glands compared with the conventional probe (p < 0.0001). Among histopathologically verified pathological parathyroid glands, the vascular probe identified 20% more feeding vessels, 27% more polar placements of the feeding vessel, and 65% more vascular arches than the high frequency probe. However, the diagnostic confidence score for true positive glands did not differ significantly between the probes (p = 0.11). CONCLUSION: The addition of a low frequency vascular probe increases the number of visible vascular features in hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands, which facilitates their preoperative detection. Whether or not this can increase the diagnostic confidence of ultrasound examiners has yet to be substantiated.

Brain Glucose Metabolism and COMT Val 158 Met Polymorphism in Female Patients with Work-Related Stress.

Stress is a ubiquitous challenge in modern societies. Symptoms range from mood swings and cognitive impairment to autonomic symptoms. This study explores the link between work-related stress and the neurobiological element of brain processing, testing the hypothesis that patients with occupational stress have altered cerebral glucose consumption compared to healthy controls. The participants' present conditions were evaluated using an adapted WHO SCAN interview. Neural activity at rest was assessed by positron emission tomography (PET) with the glucose analogue [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose. Participants were genotyped for the Val158Met polymorphism of the COMT gene, believed to influence stress resilience. This study included 11 women with work-related stress and 11 demographically comparable healthy controls aged 28-62 years, with an average of 46.2 years. The PET scans indicated clusters of decreased glucose consumption primarily located in the white matter of frontal lobe sub-gyral areas in stress patients. COMT Val158Met polymorphism detection indicated no immediate relation of the homozygous alleles and stress resilience; however, healthy controls mainly had the heterozygous allele. In conclusion, the results support that work-related stress does affect the brain in the form of altered glucose metabolism, suggesting neurobiological effects could be related to white matter abnormalities rather than gray matter deterioration. Genotyping indicates a more complex picture than just that of the one type being more resilient to stress. Further studies recruiting a larger number of participants are needed to confirm our preliminary findings.

Minimal dose CT for left ventricular ejection fraction and combination with chest-abdomen-pelvis CT.

Objectives: This prospective study tested the diagnostic accuracy, and absolute agreement with MRI of a low-dose CT protocol for left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) measurement. Furthermore we assessed its potential for combining it with Chest-Abdomen-Pelvis CT (CAP-CT) for a one-stop examination. Materials & methods: Eighty-two patients underwent helical low-dose CT. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was the reference standard. In fifty patients, CAP-CT was performed concurrently, using a modified injection protocol. In these, LVEF was measured with radioisotope cardiography (MUGA). Patients >18 years, without contrast media or MRI contraindications, were included. Bias was measured with Bland-Altman analysis, classification accuracy with Receiver Operating Characteristics, and inter-reader agreement with Intra-Class Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Correlation was examined using Pearson's correlation coefficients. CAP image quality was compared to previous scans with visual grading characteristics. Results: The mean CT dose-length-product (DLP) was 51.8 mGycm, for an estimated effective dose of 1.4 mSv, compared to 5.7 mSv for MUGA. CT LVEF bias was between 2 % and 10 %, overestimating end-diastolic volume. When corrected for bias, sensitivity and specificity of 100 and 98.5 % for classifying reduced LVEF (50 % MRI value) was achieved. ICC for MUGA was significantly lower than MRI and CT. Distinction of renal medulla and cortex was reduced in the CAP scan, but proportion of diagnostic scans was not significantly different from standard protocol. Conclusion: When corrected for inter-modality bias, CT classifies patients with reduced LVEF with high accuracy at a quarter of MUGA dose and can be combined with CAP-CT without loss of diagnostic quality.

Severe aortic stenosis treated with transcatheter aortic valve implantation or surgical aortic valve replacement with Perimount in Western Denmark 2016-2022: a nationwide retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: The healthcare registries in Denmark present a unique opportunity to gain novel insights into the outcomes associated with both transcatheter and surgical approaches to aortic valve replacement. Our objective is to enhance shared decision-making by comparing long-term mortality and clinical outcomes between treatments. METHODS: This observational study included all patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing elective isolated transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) or surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in Western Denmark between January 2016 and April 2022. Patient population and clinical data were identified from the Western Danish Heart Registry and the National Danish Patient Registry, respectively. A propensity score-matched population was generated. Outcomes were investigated according to Valve Academic Research Consortium-3. RESULTS: A total of 2269 TAVI patients and 1094 SAVR patients where identified. The propensity score-matched population consisted of 468 TAVI patients (mean[SD]age, 75.0[5.3] years) and 468 SAVR patients (mean[SD] age, 75.1[4.6]years). The Kaplan-Meier estimate for the 5-year all-cause mortality was 29.8% in the TAVI group and 16.9% for in the SAVR group (P = 0.019). The risk of all stroke or transient ischaemic attack after five year was 15.1% in the TAVI group and 11.0% in the SAVR group (P = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS: This study underscores the importance of evaluating all patient factors when choosing an aortic valve replacement method. Surgical aortic valve replacement was an excellent choice, especially for patients with New York Heart Association class I/II, ≥75 age, left ventricular ejection fraction ≥50%, or longer life expectancy.

Comparison of cystatin C-based estimated glomerular filtration rate with measured glomerular filtration rate in a pediatric cohort of patients with chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: It is essential to have an accurate assessment of the renal function of patients with chronic kidney disease to monitor, treat, and predict further development of the condition. Measurement of renal function in terms of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) requires either urine or blood sampling, but especially in children, more simple methods of measurement are preferable. The main objective of this study was to examine if the estimated GFR (eGFR) calculated with different cystatin-C-based equations was comparable to the GFR measured by a radiotracer (mGFR) in pediatric patients. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 28 pediatric patients contributed with 73 pairs of measurements collected within 5 years. Bland-Altman Limits of Agreement were used to evaluate the performance and accuracy of two different cystatin-C-based estimates, the CKiDCrea-CysC and the CKiDU25 respectively, compared to an mGFR based on plasma clearance of technetium-99m-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid or chromium-51-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. RESULTS: Using the CKiDCrea-CysC equation, 58.9% of the datasets were within P10 and 87.7% were within P30. The mean difference was 4.8 mL/min/1.73m2 (standard deviation: 8.5 mL/min/1.73m2) and tended to overestimate GFR and thereby overrate the kidney function within the entire GFR range. Using the CKiDU25 equation, 53.4% were within P10 and 93.2% within P30. The mean difference was -2.9 mL/min/1.73m2 (standard deviation: 8.4 mL/min/1.73m2), but the difference varied with the GFR value. CONCLUSIONS: A cystatin-C-based eGFR provides a viable substitute for monitoring renal function in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease. However, it has a lower accuracy than mGFR and can therefore not replace mGFR in clinical use.

Microaxial Flow Pump or Standard Care in Infarct-Related Cardiogenic Shock.

BACKGROUND: The effects of temporary mechanical circulatory support with a microaxial flow pump on mortality among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) complicated by cardiogenic shock remains unclear. METHODS: In an international, multicenter, randomized trial, we assigned patients with STEMI and cardiogenic shock to receive a microaxial flow pump (Impella CP) plus standard care or standard care alone. The primary end point was death from any cause at 180 days. A composite safety end point was severe bleeding, limb ischemia, hemolysis, device failure, or worsening aortic regurgitation. RESULTS: A total of 360 patients underwent randomization, of whom 355 were included in the final analysis (179 in the microaxial-flow-pump group and 176 in the standard-care group). The median age of the patients was 67 years, and 79.2% were men. Death from any cause occurred in 82 of 179 patients (45.8%) in the microaxial-flow-pump group and in 103 of 176 patients (58.5%) in the standard-care group (hazard ratio, 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55 to 0.99; P = 0.04). A composite safety end-point event occurred in 43 patients (24.0%) in the microaxial-flow-pump group and in 11 (6.2%) in the standard-care group (relative risk, 4.74; 95% CI, 2.36 to 9.55). Renal-replacement therapy was administered to 75 patients (41.9%) in the microaxial-flow-pump group and to 47 patients (26.7%) in the standard-care group (relative risk, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.27 to 3.09). CONCLUSIONS: The routine use of a microaxial flow pump with standard care in the treatment of patients with STEMI-related cardiogenic shock led to a lower risk of death from any cause at 180 days than standard care alone. The incidence of a composite of adverse events was higher with the use of the microaxial flow pump. (Funded by the Danish Heart Foundation and Abiomed; DanGer Shock ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01633502.).

Organ-specific accuracy of [18F]FDG-PET/CT in identifying immune-related adverse events in patients with high-risk melanoma treated with adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitor.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the organ-specific accuracy of [18F]FDG-PET/CT in identifying immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in patients with high-risk (stage III/IV) surgically resected melanoma treated with an adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) and determine the incidence of irAEs within the first year after starting treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This registry-based study included individuals who had undergone surgical removal of melanoma and were undergoing adjuvant ICI treatment (either nivolumab or pembrolizumab). The study specifically enrolled patients who had undergone both a baseline and at least one subsequent follow-up [18F]FDG-PET/CT scan. Follow-up scans were performed every third month in the first year after surgery to screen for disease recurrence. We retrospectively compared the follow-up scans with baseline scans to identify irAEs. Clinical information on irAEs was obtained from medical records and served as a reference standard for determining the accuracy of [18F]FDG-PET/CT. RESULTS: A total of 123 patients with 363 [18F]FDG-PET/CT scans were included, and 65 patients (52.8%) developed irAEs. In decreasing order, the organ-specific incidences of irAEs were: skin 26/65 (40%), muscle and joints 21/65 (32.3%), intestines 13/65 (20%), thyroid gland 12/65 (18.5%), lungs 4/65 (6.2%), and heart 2/65 (3.1%). The sensitivities and specificities of [18F]FDG-PET/CT for diagnosing irAEs were: skin 19% (95% CI: 7-39%) and 95% (88-98%), muscles and joints 71% (48-89%) and 83% (75-90%), intestines 100% (75-100%) and 85% (77-91%); thyroid gland 92% (62-99%) and 95% (89-98%), lungs 75% (19-99%) and 90% (83-95%), and heart 50% (13-99%) and 97% (92-99%), respectively. CONCLUSION: [18F]FDG-PET/CT generally had moderate to high sensitivities (except for skin and heart) and specificities in diagnosing irAEs in patients receiving adjuvant ICI; this could be suggested to be systematically assessed and reported in scan reports.

Risk of cancer and serious disease in Danish patients with urgent referral for serious non-specific symptoms and signs of cancer in Funen 2014-2021.

BACKGROUND: In 2011, as the first European country, Denmark introduced the non-organ-specific cancer patient pathway (CPP) for patients presenting with non-specific symptoms and signs of cancer (NSSC). The proportion of patients with cancer over time is unknown. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of all patients with a NSSC-CPP investigational course in the province of Funen to the Diagnostic Centre in Svendborg from 2014 to 2021 was performed to evaluate the proportion of patients with cancer and serious disease over time. RESULTS: A total of 6698 patients were referred to the NSSC-CPP of which 20.2% had cancer. While the crude referral rate increased from 114 per 100,000 people in 2014 and stabilised to around 214 in 2017-2021, the cancer detection rate of the total yearly new cancers in Funen diagnosed through the NSSC-CPP in DC Svendborg increased from 3 to 6%. CONCLUSIONS: With now high and stable conversion and crude referral rates, the NSSC-CPP is one of the largest CPPs in Denmark as measured by the number of new cancer cases found. Similar urgent referral programmes in other countries might fill an unmet medical need for patients presenting with serious non-specific symptoms and signs of cancer in general practice.

Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor as a theranostic target in breast cancer: a systematic scoping review.

The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is known to be overexpressed in breast cancer, making it a promising target for both imaging and therapy within a theranostic framework. Various radioligands targeting GRPR have undergone investigation in preclinical and clinical studies related to breast cancer. This systematic scoping review aimed to assess the current evidence on GRPR-targeted radioligands for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in breast cancer. The methodology followed the PRISMA-ScR protocol. The literature search was conducted in September 2023 and encompassed MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, and Scopus databases. We included original peer-reviewed studies focused on breast cancer patients or in vivo breast cancer models. Two reviewers performed the study selection process independently. Data were extracted, synthesized, and categorized into preclinical and clinical studies, further subdivided based on radioligand properties. A total of 35 original studies were included in the review, with three of them evaluating therapeutic outcomes. The results indicated that GRPR-radioantagonists are superior to GRPR-agonists, exhibiting preferable in vivo stability, rapid, specific tumor targeting, and enhanced retention. Both preclinical and clinical evaluations demonstrated renal excretion and high uptake in normal GRPR-expressing tissue, primarily the pancreas. A significant positive correlation was observed between GRPR and estrogen-receptor expression. In the clinical setting, GRPR-radioligands effectively detected primary tumors and, to a lesser extent, lymph node metastases. Moreover, GRPR-targeted radioantagonists successfully identified distant metastases originating from various sites in advanced metastatic disease, strongly correlated with positive estrogen receptor expression. Preclinical therapeutic evaluation of GRPR-radioligands labeled with lutetium-177 showed promising tumor responses, and none of the studies reported any observed or measured side effects, indicating a safe profile. In conclusion, the evidence presented in this review indicates a preference for GRPR-targeted antagonists over agonists, owing to their superior kinetics and promising diagnostic potential. Clinical assessments suggested diagnostic value for GRPR-targeted theranostics in breast cancer patients, particularly those with high estrogen receptor expression. Nevertheless, in the therapeutic clinical context, paying attention to the radiation dose administered to the pancreas and kidneys is crucial.

Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Non-Expandable Lung: A Prospective Observational Study of M-Mode, B-Mode, and 2D-Shear Wave Elastography.

BACKGROUND: Non-expandable lung (NEL) has severe implications for patient symptoms and impaired lung function, as well as crucial implications for the management of malignant pleural effusion (MPE). Indwelling pleural catheters have shown good symptom relief for patients with NEL; hence, identifying patients early in their disease is vital. With the inability of the lung to achieve pleural apposition following thoracentesis and the formation of a hydropneumothorax, traditionally, chest X-ray and clinical symptoms have been used to make the diagnosis following thoracentesis. It is our aim to investigate whether ultrasound measurement of lung movement during respiration can predict NEL before thoracentesis, thereby aiding clinicians in their planning for the optimal treatment of affected patients. METHODS: A total of 49 patients were consecutively included in a single-centre trial performed at a pleural clinic. Patients underwent protocolled ultrasound assessment pre-thoracentesis with measurements of lung and diaphragm movement and shear wave elastography measurements of the pleura and pleural effusion at the planned site of thoracentesis. RESULTS: M-mode measurements of lung movement provided the best diagnostic ROC-curve results, with an AUC of 0.81. Internal validity showed good results utilising the calibration belt test and Brier test. CONCLUSION: M-mode measurement of lung movement shows promise in diagnosing NEL before thoracentesis in patients with known or suspected MPE. A validation cohort is needed to confirm the results.

Critical reading of scientific arcticles on diagnostic studies.

The issue of this review is diagnostic accuracy studies by means of which it can be determined how precisely a test can identify patients with or without a given target condition. Diagnostic accuracy studies vary substantially in design but usually report outcome measures such as sensitivity and specificity. Diagnostic accuracy studies can be critically appraised by using QUADAS-2. Some study characteristics to consider is the avoidance of a case-control study design, patient selection, and the reference standard. Also, the statistical imprecision and the applicability of a study to a general population are essential factors to consider.

Impact of mandatory preoperative dental screening on post-procedural risk of infective endocarditis in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation: a nationwide retrospective observational study.

Background: Guidelines recommend preoperative dental screening (PDS) prior to cardiac valve surgery, to reduce the incidence of prosthetic valve infective endocarditis (IE). However, limited data support these recommendations, particular in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). We aimed to investigate the effect of mandatory PDS on risk of IE in patients undergoing TAVI. Methods: In this observational study, a total of 1133 patients undergoing TAVI in Western-Denmark from 2020 to 2022 were included. Patients were categorized based on two implemented PDS practices: mandatory PDS (MPDS group), and no referral for PDS (NPDS group). Outcome data were retrieved from Danish registries and confirmed using medical records. The primary outcome was incidence of IE. Secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality and composite outcome of all-cause mortality and IE. Findings: Of 568 patients in the MPDS group 126 (22.2%) underwent subsequent oral dental surgery, compared to 8 (1.4%) among 565 patients in the NPDS group. During a median follow-up of 1.9 years (interquartile range 1.4-2.5 years), 31 (2.7%) developed IE. The yearly incidence IE rate was 1.4% (0.8-2.3) and 1.5% (0.8-2.4) in MPDS and NPDS, respectively, p = 0.86. All-cause mortality rates were similar between groups (estimated 2-year overall mortality of 6.7% (4.8-9.2) vs. 4.7% (3.2-6.9), MPDS and NPDS, respectively, p = 0.15). Consistent findings were found in 712 propensity score-matched patients. Interpretation: Mandatory PDS did not demonstrate reduced risk of IE or all-cause mortality compared to targeted PDS in patients undergoing TAVI. Funding: The funder had no role in the study design, data management, or writing.

Survival and neurological outcome after bystander versus lay responder defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A sub-study of the BOX trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Bystander defibrillation is associated with increased survival with good neurological outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Dispatch of lay responders could increase defibrillation rates, however, survival with good neurological outcome in these remain unknown. The aim was to compare long-term survival with good neurological outcome in bystander versus lay responder defibrillated OHCAs. METHODS: This is a sub-study of the BOX trial, which included OHCA patients from two Danish tertiary cardiac intensive care units from March 2017 to December 2021. The main outcome was defined as 3-month survival with good neurological performance (Cerebral Performance Category of 1or 2, on a scale from 1 (good cerebral performance) to 5 (death or brain death)). For this study EMS witnessed OHCAs were excluded. RESULTS: Of the 715 patients, a lay responder arrived before EMS in 125 cases (16%). In total, 81 patients were defibrillated by a lay responder (11%), 69 patients by a bystander (10%) and 565 patients by the EMS staff (79%). The 3-month survival with good neurological outcome was 65% and 81% in the lay responder and bystander defibrillated groups, respectively (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: In patients with OHCA, 3-month survival with good neurological outcome was higher in bystander defibrillated patients compared with lay responder defibrillated patients.

Breast cancer detection accuracy of AI in an entire screening population: a retrospective, multicentre study.

BACKGROUND: Artificial intelligence (AI) systems are proposed as a replacement of the first reader in double reading within mammography screening. We aimed to assess cancer detection accuracy of an AI system in a Danish screening population. METHODS: We retrieved a consecutive screening cohort from the Region of Southern Denmark including all participating women between Aug 4, 2014, and August 15, 2018. Screening mammograms were processed by a commercial AI system and detection accuracy was evaluated in two scenarios, Standalone AI and AI-integrated screening replacing first reader, with first reader and double reading with arbitration (combined reading) as comparators, respectively. Two AI-score cut-off points were applied by matching at mean first reader sensitivity (AIsens) and specificity (AIspec). Reference standard was histopathology-proven breast cancer or cancer-free follow-up within 24 months. Coprimary endpoints were sensitivity and specificity, and secondary endpoints were positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), recall rate, and arbitration rate. Accuracy estimates were calculated using McNemar's test or exact binomial test. RESULTS: Out of 272,008 screening mammograms from 158,732 women, 257,671 (94.7%) with adequate image data were included in the final analyses. Sensitivity and specificity were 63.7% (95% CI 61.6%-65.8%) and 97.8% (97.7-97.8%) for first reader, and 73.9% (72.0-75.8%) and 97.9% (97.9-98.0%) for combined reading, respectively. Standalone AIsens showed a lower specificity (-1.3%) and PPV (-6.1%), and a higher recall rate (+ 1.3%) compared to first reader (p < 0.0001 for all), while Standalone AIspec had a lower sensitivity (-5.1%; p < 0.0001), PPV (-1.3%; p = 0.01) and NPV (-0.04%; p = 0.0002). Compared to combined reading, Integrated AIsens achieved higher sensitivity (+ 2.3%; p = 0.0004), but lower specificity (-0.6%) and PPV (-3.9%) as well as higher recall rate (+ 0.6%) and arbitration rate (+ 2.2%; p < 0.0001 for all). Integrated AIspec showed no significant difference in any outcome measures apart from a slightly higher arbitration rate (p < 0.0001). Subgroup analyses showed higher detection of interval cancers by Standalone AI and Integrated AI at both thresholds (p < 0.0001 for all) with a varying composition of detected cancers across multiple subgroups of tumour characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Replacing first reader in double reading with an AI could be feasible but choosing an appropriate AI threshold is crucial to maintaining cancer detection accuracy and workload.

Population-wide evaluation of artificial intelligence and radiologist assessment of screening mammograms.

OBJECTIVES: To validate an AI system for standalone breast cancer detection on an entire screening population in comparison to first-reading breast radiologists. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All mammography screenings performed between August 4, 2014, and August 15, 2018, in the Region of Southern Denmark with follow-up within 24 months were eligible. Screenings were assessed as normal or abnormal by breast radiologists through double reading with arbitration. For an AI decision of normal or abnormal, two AI-score cut-off points were applied by matching at mean sensitivity (AIsens) and specificity (AIspec) of first readers. Accuracy measures were sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and recall rate (RR). RESULTS: The sample included 249,402 screenings (149,495 women) and 2033 breast cancers (72.6% screen-detected cancers, 27.4% interval cancers). AIsens had lower specificity (97.5% vs 97.7%; p < 0.0001) and PPV (17.5% vs 18.7%; p = 0.01) and a higher RR (3.0% vs 2.8%; p < 0.0001) than first readers. AIspec was comparable to first readers in terms of all accuracy measures. Both AIsens and AIspec detected significantly fewer screen-detected cancers (1166 (AIsens), 1156 (AIspec) vs 1252; p < 0.0001) but found more interval cancers compared to first readers (126 (AIsens), 117 (AIspec) vs 39; p < 0.0001) with varying types of cancers detected across multiple subgroups. CONCLUSION: Standalone AI can detect breast cancer at an accuracy level equivalent to the standard of first readers when the AI threshold point was matched at first reader specificity. However, AI and first readers detected a different composition of cancers. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: Replacing first readers with AI with an appropriate cut-off score could be feasible. AI-detected cancers not detected by radiologists suggest a potential increase in the number of cancers detected if AI is implemented to support double reading within screening, although the clinicopathological characteristics of detected cancers would not change significantly. KEY POINTS: • Standalone AI cancer detection was compared to first readers in a double-read mammography screening population. • Standalone AI matched at first reader specificity showed no statistically significant difference in overall accuracy but detected different cancers. • With an appropriate threshold, AI-integrated screening can increase the number of detected cancers with similar clinicopathological characteristics.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Up-Front PET/CT and MRI for Detecting Cervical Lymph Node Metastases in T1-T2 Oral Cavity Cancer-A Prospective Cohort Study.

The diagnostic accuracy of up-front 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for detecting cervical lymph node metastases in patients with T1-T2 oral squamous cell carcinoma is reported with large discrepancies across the literature. We investigated the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and accuracy of up-front PET/CT for detecting cervical lymph node metastases in this patient group and compared the performance to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this prospective cohort study, 76 patients with T1-T2 oral squamous cell carcinoma underwent an up-front PET/CT and MRI at the Odense University Hospital from September 2013 to February 2016. Sentinel node biopsy and elective neck dissection were used for histopathological verification of the imaging modalities. Up-front PET/CT was significantly more sensitive than neck MRI (74% vs. 27%, p = 0.0001), but less specific (60% vs. 88%, p = 0.001). The accuracy of PET/CT and neck MRI was comparable (66% vs. 63%, p = 0.85), the PPV was slightly in favor of neck MRI (56% vs. 62%, p = 0.73), the NPV was slightly in favor of PET/CT (77% vs. 63%, p = 0.16). Neither PET/CT nor neck MRI should stand alone for N-staging T1-T2 oral cavity cancer.

Potential for Dose Reduction in CT-Derived Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction: A Simulation Study.

BACKGROUND: Measuring left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is important for detecting heart failure, e.g., in treatment with potentially cardiotoxic chemotherapy. MRI is considered the reference standard for LVEF, but availability may be limited and claustrophobia or metal implants still present challenges. CT has been shown to be accurate and would be advantageous, as LVEF could be measured in conjunction with routine chest-abdomen-pelvis oncology CT. However, the use of CT is not recommended due to the excessive radiation dose. This study aimed to explore the potential for dose reduction using simulation. Using an anthropomorphic heart phantom scanned at 13 dose levels, a noise simulation algorithm was developed to introduce controlled Poisson noise. Filtered backprojection parameters were iteratively tested to minimise differences in myocardium-to-ventricle contrast/noise ratio, as well as structural similarity index (SSIM) differences between real and simulated images at all dose levels. Fifty-one clinical CT coronary angiographies, scanned with full dose through end-systolic and -diastolic phases, were located retrospectively. Using the developed algorithm, noise was introduced corresponding to 25, 10, 5 and 2% of the original dose level. LVEF was measured using clinical software (Syngo.via VB50) with papillary muscles in and excluded from the LV volume. At each dose level, LVEF was compared to the 100% dose level, using Bland-Altman analysis. The effective dose was calculated from DLP using a conversion factor of 0.026 mSv/mGycm. RESULTS: In the clinical images, mean CTDIvol and DLP were 47.1 mGy and 771.9 mGycm, respectively (effective dose 20.0 mSv). Measurements with papillary muscles excluded did not exhibit statistically significant LVEF bias to full-dose images at 25, 10 and 5% simulated dose. At 2% dose, a significant bias of 4.4% was found. With papillary muscles included, small but significant biases were found at all simulated dose levels. CONCLUSION: Provided that measurements are performed with papillary muscles excluded from the LV volume, the dose can be reduced by a factor of 20 without significantly affecting LVEF measurements. This corresponds to an effective dose of 1 mSv. CT can potentially be used for LVEF measurement with minimal excessive radiation.