Infectious Disease Education in a Carceral Setting: Insights from a Jail-Based Medical Student-Led Health Literacy Initiative.

Incarceration is associated with adverse health outcomes, including higher rates of infectious diseases. Poor health literacy in this population is a likely contributing factor, making health education a potential tool to help address these health disparities. This article aims to describe the implementation of a novel medical student-led educational initiative in the jail setting as a tool to promote health literacy and decrease the infectious disease burden in the correctional setting. A four-part infectious disease health education curriculum was developed and tailored to a carceral context. The course was offered on a voluntary basis to members of a reentry program at a local county jail. Pre- and postcourse surveys were used to evaluate the course effectiveness. The results demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the participants' reported confidence for recognizing the symptoms of and seeking appropriate treatment for common infections, including sexually transmitted, respiratory, and blood-borne infections. To the authors' knowledge, this is one of the first medical student-led programs of its kind to be described in existing literature. This program hopes to continue refining its curricular offerings and serve as a model for medical schools across the country to increase trainee engagement.

Basal Plate Myofibers and the Risk of Placenta Accreta Spectrum in the Subsequent Pregnancy: A Large Single-Center Cohort.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate whether there is a significant association between a placental pathology diagnosis basal plate myofibers (BPMF) in an index pregnancy with placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) in the subsequent pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective nested cohort study of all cases with a histopathological finding of BPMF between August 2012 and March 2020 at a single tertiary referral center. Data were collected for all subjects (cases and controls) with at least two consecutive pregnancies (the initial index pregnancy and at least one subsequent pregnancy) accompanied by a concomitant record of histopathological study of the placenta at our center. The primary outcome was pathologically confirmed PAS in the subsequent pregnancy. Data are presented as percentage or median, interquartile range accordingly. RESULTS: A total of n = 1,344 participants were included, of which n = 119 (index cases) carried a contemporaneous histopathological diagnosis of BPMF during the index pregnancy and n = 1,225 did not (index controls). Among the index cases, patients with BPMF were older (31.0 [20, 42] vs. 29.0 [15, 43], p < 0.001), more likely to have undergone in vitro fertilization (IVF) for conception (10.9 vs. 3.8%, p = 0.001) and were of a more advanced gestational age at delivery (39.0 [25, 41] vs. 38.0 [20, 42], p = 0.006). In the subsequent pregnancy, the rate of PAS was significantly higher among the BPMF index cases (6.7 vs. 1.1%, p < 0.001). After adjusting for maternal age and IVF, a histopathological diagnosis of BPMF in an index pregnancy was shown to be a significant risk factor for PAS in the subsequent gestation (hazard ratio: 5.67 [95% confidence interval: 2.28, 14.06], p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our findings support that a histopathological diagnosis of BPMF is an independent risk factor for PAS in the subsequent pregnancy. KEY POINTS: · BPMF may indicate morbid adherence of placenta.. · Patients with BPMF were older and more likely to have undergone IVF for conception.. · The BPMF in the current pregnancy is an independent risk factor for PAS in the subsequent pregnancy..

Perinatal outcomes of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome associated with evidence of twin anemia polycythemia using different standardized definitions.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the survival of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) and concomitant twin anemia polycythemia sequence (TAPS) compared to TTTS without TAPS at the time of fetoscopic laser photocoagulation (FLP). METHODS: TTTS pregnancies undergoing FLP were divided to three groups including (i) traditional TAPS definition of middle cerebral artery (MCA) peak systolic velocity (PSV) < 1 multiple of the median (MoM) in recipient and > 1.5 MoM in the donor fetus, (ii) delta MCA-PSV > 0.5 MoM and (iii) delta MCA-PSV > 1.0 MoM. RESULTS: A total of 353 monochorionic twins underwent FLP for TTTS. Based on the traditional definition, 335 (94.9 %) had TTTS only and 18 (5.1 %) had TTTS + TAPS. There were 245 (69.4 %) TTTS only and 108 (30.6 %) TTTS + TAPS considering delta MCA-PSV > 0.5 MoM and 339 (96 %) TTTS only and 14 (4 %) TTTS + TAPS considering delta MCA-PSV > 1.0 MoM. No significant differences in survival were noted at birth or 30-days after delivery between TTTS and TTTS with TAPS patients using the traditional definition, delta > 0.5 MoM or delta > 1.0 MoM. CONCLUSION: The rate of neonatal survival at birth or at 30-days of life following FLP for TTTS only and TTTS with TAPS were not different based on any of the clinically used TAPS definitions.

School-based Sexuality Education Experiences across Three Generations of Sexual Minority People.

Sexual minority people face greater risk for compromised sexual health than their heterosexual peers, yet school-based sexuality education often excludes them. Little is known about whether or how sexual minority people's sexuality education experiences have varied across sociohistorical contexts of rapid social change in both sexuality education and sexual minority visibility. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted among 191 sexual minority people from three distinct sociohistorical generations (ages 18-25, 34-41, and 52-59, respectively) and four geographic regions of the United States. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis following a consensual qualitative protocol. Fifty-one participants (i.e., 27%) discussed school-based sexuality education experiences despite the lack of an explicit question in the interview protocol prompting them to do so. Four distinct yet overlapping themes emerged in participants' experiences of sexuality education: 1) Silence; 2) The profound influence of HIV/AIDS; 3) Stigma manifest through fear, shame, and prejudice; and, 4) Comparing school-based experiences to sexuality education outside of school. The presence of themes varied across groups defined by sociohistorical generation. The implications of sexuality education experiences for the wellbeing of sexual minority people are discussed.

Sexual Minority People's Perspectives of Sexual Health Care: Understanding Minority Stress in Sexual Health Settings.

Sexual minority individuals (e.g., lesbian, gay, bisexual people) face sexual health inequalities related to their experiences with providers in sexual health care settings, yet few prior studies have focused on these experiences. In the current study, we analyzed qualitative interviews with a diverse sample of 58 sexual minority individuals from three age cohorts in the United States to explore sexual minority people's perspectives of sexual health care. Thematic content analysis revealed four key themes: erasure, enacted stigma, felt stigma, and affirmative care. Subgroup differences in themes across gender, sexual identity, race/ethnicity, and age cohort were also assessed. Women and genderqueer participants reported erasure in the context of identity dismissal in family planning conversations, and men reported felt stigma in the context of hyperawareness of sexual minority identity. Some sexual minority people of color also reported intersectional felt stigma as a result of multiple marginalized identities. Additionally, fewer men reported erasure compared to women or genderqueer people and fewer gay and lesbian participants reported erasure than bisexual or queer people. Implications of these findings include the need for more sexual minority health care initiatives and training and the development of affirmative care practices for sexual minority populations, including those with multiple marginalized identities.