RESUMEN
Objective: Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a significant concern for premature very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates worldwide. Recently, the popular theory of the benign nature of low-grade IVH has been argued with uncertain outcomes. This study aimed to assess the effect of low-grade IVH on the neurodevelopment of VLBW neonates. Materials & Methods: This six-month follow-up cohort study was conducted on VLBW neonates with and without grade I-II IVH diagnosed through brain ultrasonography. Participants were neurologically examined at birth and within six months. Neurodevelopment was assessed using the Bayley-III questionnaire, which includes evaluating cognition, receptive language, expressive language, fine motor, and gross motor performance. Results: A total of 100 VLBW neonates were recruited, including 40 cases with grade I-II IVH diagnosed through brain ultrasonography and 60 controls. Cases and controls were similar in terms of gestational age, body birth weight, hospitalization duration, gender distribution, and age at Bayley-III evaluation (P>0.05). The neurological assessments at birth showed no significant difference between the two groups (P=0.20), while controls showed significantly better results at the sixth month of age (P =0.004). Concerning different neurodevelopmental indices, after adjusting for demographic characteristics and respiratory-related variables at the time of Bayley-III evaluation, controls presented a higher performance in cognition and gross motor aspects compared to cases (P= 0.04 and 0.03, respectively). Conclusions: The low-grade IVH affected the sixth-month neurological examination and gross motor performance of the VLBW newborns. Notably, cognition and gross motor were the two affected subscales in the presence of low-grade IVH, independent of demographic factors.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is one of the most important risk factors for urinary tract infection (UTI). Diagnosis and treatment of VUR is important to prevent irreversible complications, such as renal scarring and chronic renal failure. This study was conducted to assess the value of direct radionuclide cystography (DRNC) in the detection of VUR in children with UTI and a normal voiding cystourethrography (VCUG). METHODS: DRNC was performed in 35 children with a normal VCUG after an episode of febrile UTI who had hydronephrosis or hydroureter, abnormal acute dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan results and/or febrile UTI recurrence. This study was conducted in the nephrology department of Mofid Children's Hospital, Tehran (Iran). RESULTS: The results were statistically analyzed. Among the 70 ureters studied, 33 (49.1 %) were observed to have VUR. Of these, 17 (51.5 %) had mild, 14 (42.4 %) moderate, and 2 (6.1 %) severe reflux. A significant relationship was observed between DRNC results and DMSA renal scan findings (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Based on our results, we suggest that DRNC may reveal VUR despite a normal VCUG in children with hydronephrosis, abnormal acute DMSA, and/or recurrent febrile UTI.