Effects of splenic allograft in lipid profile of non-splenectomized rats: the immune and metabolic role of the "double spleen".

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the role of the spleen and splenic allograft in lipid control and evaluate its effect on the lipid profile of rats. METHOD: 32 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups: control group (1), total splenectomy group (2), splenectomy and implantation of allograft group (3) and double spleen group (4). Each group was subdivided into two subgroups: A and B, based on the death of the animals after 30 or 120 days of monitoring. The procedures in groups 2, 3 and 4 were made simultaneously, and splenectomized animals, groups 2 and 3 were donors, respectively, for the animals of groups 3 and 4. In group 4 the spleen was preserved and the animals received implants from the spleens of rats from group 3. The regeneration of splenic tissue was evaluated by macroscopic and microscopic analyzes of the grafts and own spleens, as well as with measurements of VLDL, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol and triglycerides. RESULTS: after 120 days, Group 4 showed levels of total cholesterol and LDL lower than the other groups. Group 1 had higher levels of lipids. CONCLUSION: The technique of double spleen was effective in the control of lipid metabolism, corroborating the function of the spleen as a reserve of lipids.

Combined remote ischemic perconditioning and local postconditioning on liver ischemia-reperfusion injury.

BACKGROUND: Remote ischemic perconditioning (rPER) is the newest technique described to mitigate ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury. Local postconditioning (POS) is also an effective technique for this purpose. It is uncertain if adding local POS to rPER provides superior liver protection, so we tested this hypothesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty five Wistar rats were assigned into five groups: sham, IR, POS, rPER, and rPER + POS. Animals were subjected to liver ischemia for 60 min. POS consisted of four cycles of 5-min liver perfusion followed by 5-min liver ischemia (40 min total) after the major ischemic period. rPER consisted of four cycles of 5-min hindlimb ischemia followed by 5 min hindlimb perfusion contemporaneously to major liver ischemic period, during its last 40 min. After 2 h, median and left lobes were harvested for malondialdehyde and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) measurement, and blood for the measurement of serum transaminases. RESULTS: All tissue conditioning techniques were able to reduce transaminases serum levels, having no differences among them. All tissue conditioning techniques were able to reduce hepatic tissue MDA level; however, only rPER + POS had higher values than SHAM. All tissue conditioning techniques also enhanced TEAC; however, only POS had lower TEAC than SHAM. CONCLUSIONS: rPER appears as the most promising technique to avoid IR injury. This technique reduced oxidative stress of cell membranes and lowered transaminases serum level. There was no additive protection when POS and rPER were held together.

Effects of splenic allograft in lipid profile of non-splenectomized rats: the immune and metabolic role of the "double spleen" / Efeitos do aloenxerto esplênico no lipidograma de ratos não esplenectomizados: papel imunológico e metabólico do "baço duplo"

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the role of the spleen and splenic allograft in lipid control and evaluate its effect on the lipid profile of rats. METHOD: 32 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups: control group (1), total splenectomy group (2), splenectomy and implantation of allograft group (3) and double spleen group (4). Each group was subdivided into two subgroups: A and B, based on the death of the animals after 30 or 120 days of monitoring. The procedures in groups 2, 3 and 4 were made simultaneously, and splenectomized animals, groups 2 and 3 were donors, respectively, for the animals of groups 3 and 4. In group 4 the spleen was preserved and the animals received implants from the spleens of rats from group 3. The regeneration of splenic tissue was evaluated by macroscopic and microscopic analyzes of the grafts and own spleens, as well as with measurements of VLDL, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol and triglycerides. RESULTS: after 120 days, Group 4 showed levels of total cholesterol and LDL lower than the other groups. Group 1 had higher levels of lipids. CONCLUSION: The technique of double spleen was effective in the control of lipid metabolism, corroborating the function of the spleen as a reserve of lipids. .

OBJETIVO: Este estudo objetiva elucidar o papel do baço e do aloenxerto esplênico no controle lipídico e avaliar seu efeito no lipidograma de ratos. MÉTODO: Foram distribuídos aleatoriamente 32 ratos machos da linhagem Wistar em quatro grupos: grupo controle (1), grupo esplenectomia total (2), grupo esplenectomia e implante de aloenxerto (3) e grupo baço duplo (4). Cada grupo foi subdividido em dois subgrupos: A e B, com base na morte dos animais após 30 ou 120 dias de acompanhamento. Os procedimentos nos animais dos grupos 2, 3 e 4 foram feitos simultaneamente, sendo que os animais esplenectomizados, grupos 2 e 3, foram doadores, respectivamente, para os animais dos grupos 3 e 4. No grupo 4 preservou-se o baço dos animais e implantou-se outro baço oriundo dos ratos do grupo 3. A regeneração do tecido esplênico foi avaliada por análises macro e microscópicas dos enxertos e dos baço próprios, bem como dosagens de VLDL, HDL, LDL, colesterol total e triglicérides. RESULTADOS: O Grupo 4 apresentou, após 120 dias, níveis de LDL e colesterol total inferiores aos demais grupos. O Grupo 1 apresentou os níveis de lipidograma mais elevados. CONCLUSÃO: A técnica do baço duplo foi eficaz no controle do metabolismo lipídico, comprovando a função do baço como reserva de lipídios. .

New experimental model of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.

PURPOSE: To describe a new model to passive smoking for rodents. METHODS: Twenty rats were distributed into two study groups (N=10): control group (CG), that was not exposed to tobacco smoke and used as normal standard for biochemical and histological analysis; Experimental Group (EG), that Animals were exposed to the passive smoking; Euthanasia was performed after 14 days of exposure. The serum level of nicotine and histological analysis were performed. RESULTS: There was a statistical difference on the nicotine serum levels between Experimental and Control group, with level of 286 ± 23 nanograma/mL in the EG and undetectable on CG (p<0.01). The histological study suggested the model efficacy producing alveolar destruction and emphysema in the EG compared with the insignificant lesions in the CG's lung. CONCLUSION: The model of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke for rodents induced easily the changes related to secondhand smoke.

New experimental model of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke

PURPOSE: To describe a new model to passive smoking for rodents. METHODS: Twenty rats were distributed into two study groups (N=10): control group (CG), that was not exposed to tobacco smoke and used as normal standard for biochemical and histological analysis; Experimental Group (EG), that Animals were exposed to the passive smoking; Euthanasia was performed after 14 days of exposure. The serum level of nicotine and histological analysis were performed. RESULTS: There was a statistical difference on the nicotine serum levels between Experimental and Control group, with level of 286 ±23 nanograma/mL in the EG and undetectable on CG (p<0.01). The histological study suggested the model efficacy producing alveolar destruction and emphysema in the EG compared with the insignificant lesions in the CG's lung. CONCLUSION: The model of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke for rodents induced easily the changes related to secondhand smoke.

O fator de impacto influencia na ética das instruções aos autores de uma revista? / Does impact factor influence the ethics of the instructions provided to journal authors?

OBJETIVO: Verificar se o fator de impacto de um periódico é um mecanismo modificador dos quesitos éticos descritos nas instruções aos autores de revistas médicas nacionais. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionadas 48 revistas divididas em dois grupos: grupo com fator de impacto (n = 24), e grupo sem fator de impacto (n = 24). Foi comparada a quantidade de quesitos éticos entre os dois grupos baseados num protocolo de pesquisa próprio, variando de zero a seis pontos, analisando a presença de aprovação por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa; citação de que a pesquisa segue os preceitos da Declaração de Helsinque e as normas da resolução 196/96; uso de Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido; informação sobre os conflitos de interesse dos Pesquisadores; e solicitação para que os estudos clínicos sejam cadastrados no Registro Brasileiro de Estudos Clínicos. RESULTADOS: A média da pontuação do grupo com fator de impacto foi significativamente maior que o grupo sem fator de impacto (3,12 ±1,03 vs. 2,08 ±1,64, p = 0,0121). Quando cada quesito ético foi comparado entre os grupos, houve diferença significativa apenas entre a solicitação do TCLE e o conflito de interesses (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: O fator de impacto é um fator determinante na ética contida nas instruções aos autores das revistas científicas, mostrando que as revistas de maior qualidade buscam artigos com melhores desenhos e que sejam criteriosos quando do início da pesquisa.

OBJECTIVE: Verify whether a journal's impact factor is a mechanism that modifies the ethi cal requirements described in the instructions provided to authors of articles published in Brazilian medical journals. METHODS: 48 selected journals were divided into two groups: impact-factor (n = 24), and no impact-factor (n = 24). The number of ethical requirements was compared between both groups based on a specific research protocol, ranging from zero to six points, analyzing the presence of an approval by a research ethics committee; reference to the fact that the research follows the precepts of the Declaration of Helsinki and the rules of Resolution 196/96; use of an informed consent; information about the authors' conflicts of interest; and a request for registration of clinical trials in the Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry. RESULTS: The average score of the impact-factor group was significantly higher than that of the no-impact-factor group (3.12 ± 1.03 vs. 2.08 ± 1.64, p = 0.0121). When each ethical requirement was compared between the groups, there was significant difference only between the requirement of an informed consent and the disclosure of conflicts of interest (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The impact factor is a determinant factor on the ethics included in the instructions to authors of articles in scientific journals, showing that higher-quality journals seek better-designed articles that are conscientious at the beginning of the research.

[Does impact factor influence the ethics of the instructions provided to journal authors?]. / O fator de impacto influencia na ética das instruções aos autores de uma revista?

OBJECTIVE: Verify whether a journal's impact factor is a mechanism that modifies the ethical requirements described in the instructions provided to authors of articles published in Brazilian medical journals. METHODS: 48 selected journals were divided into two groups: impact-factor (n=24), and no-impact-factor (n=24). The number of ethical requirements was compared between both groups based on a specific research protocol, ranging from zero to six points, analyzing the presence of an approval by a research ethics committee; reference to the fact that the research follows the precepts of the Declaration of Helsinki and the rules of Resolution 196/96; use of an informed consent; information about the authors' conflicts of interest; and a request for registration of clinical trials in the Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry. RESULTS: The average score of the impact-factor group was significantly higher than that of the no-impact-factor group (3.12 ± 1.03 vs. 2.08 ± 1.64, p=0.0121). When each ethical requirement was compared between the groups, there was significant difference only between the requirement of an informed consent and the disclosure of conflicts of interest (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The impact factor is a determinant factor on the ethics included in the instructions to authors of articles in scientific journals, showing that higher-quality journals seek better-designed articles that are conscientious at the beginning of the research.

Efeito protetor do per-condicionamento isquêmico remoto nas lesões da síndrome de isquemia e reperfusão renal em ratos / Protective effect of remote ischemic per-conditioning in the ischemia and reperfusion-induce renal injury in rats

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito protetor do per-condicionamento isquêmico remoto nas lesões de isquemia e reperfusão renal induzida. MÉTODOS: Quinze ratos (Rattus Novergicus) foram randomizados em três grupos (n=5): Grupo Normalidade (GN), Grupo Controle - Isquemia e Reperfusão (GIR) e Grupo Per-condicionamento isquêmico remoto (GPER). Com exceção do grupo GN, todos os demais foram submetidos à isquemia renal de 30 minutos. No grupo GPER, foi realizado o per-condicionamento isquêmico remoto, constituído de três ciclos de isquemia e reperfusão de cinco minutos cada aplicado, durante o período de isquemia, no membro posterior esquerdo dos ratos, por meio de torniquete. Para quantificar as lesões, foram dosados os níveis séricos de ureia e creatinina, bem como, analisada a histopatologia renal. RESULTADOS: O grupo GPER apresentou-se com melhores níveis de ureia (83,74 ± 14,58%) e creatinina (0,72 ± 26,14%) quando comparado ao grupo GIR, se aproximando do grupo GN. Na histopatologia, os menores níveis de degeneração hidrópica e congestão medular foram encontrados no grupo GPER. CONCLUSÃO: O per-condicionamento isquêmico remoto apresentou importante efeito protetor na lesão de isquemia e reperfusão renal.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the protective effect of remote ischemic per-conditioning in ischemia and reperfusion-induced renal injuiry. METHODS: Fifteen rats (Rattus norvegicus) were randomized into three groups (n = 5): Group Normality (GN), Control Ischemia and Reperfusion (GIR) and Group remote ischemic per-conditioning (GPER). With the exception of the GN group, all others underwent renal ischemia for 30 minutes. In group GPER we performed the ischemic remote per-conditioning, consisting of three cycles of ischemia and reperfusion applied every five minutes during the ischemic period, to the left hindlimb of the rats by means of a tourniquet. To quantify the lesions we measured serum levels of creatinine and urea, as well as analyzed renal histopathology. RESULTS: The GPER group presented with better levels of urea (83.74 ± 14.58%) and creatinine (0.72 ± 26.14%) when compared to GIR group, approaching the GN group. Histopathologically, the lower levels of medullary congestion and hydropic degeneration were found in group GPER. CONCLUSION: The remote ischemic per-conditioning had a significant protective effect on renal ischemia and reperfusion.

Prevalência de síndrome de Burnout em professores médicos de uma universidade pública em Belém do Pará / Prevalence of Burnout syndrom in physicians professors of a Brazilian Public University

Objetivo: analisar a prevalência da síndrome de Burnout nos professores médicos do 1º ao 4ºano da Universidade do Estado do Pará durante o ano de 2011. Método: trata-se de um estudoepidemiológico prospectivo, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado através de protocolosaplicados em 48 médicos docentes, respeitando as normas éticas da Resolução CNS 196/96,com autorização dos participantes do estudo, por meio do Termo de Consentimento Livre eEsclarecido. Além da análise quantitativa, os dados obtidos sofreram análise estatísticadescritiva. Resultados: a média total de idade dos participantes foi 50,55 anos e tempo médiode profissão de 25,96 anos. 50% dos professores médicos apresentaram a Síndrome de Burnout,dentre os quais 58,3% pertencem ao sexo feminino. A dimensão que demonstrou ter os níveismais altos entre os pesquisados foi a Despersonalização. Conclusão: por meio da análise dosdados obtidos, a prevalência da Síndrome de Burnout nos professores médicos do 1º ao 4º anoda Universidade do Estado do Pará, em 2011, foi bastante elevada, visto que 50% dospesquisados possui a Síndrome, quando o ideal seria a inexistência dela.

Objective: it aims at examining the prevalence of the Burnout syndrome in the medicalprofessors of the 1st to 4th grade from the ?Universidade do Estado do Pará? (UEPA) in the year2011. Method: this is an epidemiological, cross-sectional, quantitative and prospective study,conducted by self-administered protocols applied in 48 docent doctors, respecting the ethicalrules of the Resolution CNS 196/96, with the study participants? authorization, by the ConsentForm. In addition to the mentioned analyses, the data were descriptive statistical analyzed.Results: the overall average of the participants? age was 50.55 years old and the average of thelength of occupation was 25.96 years. 50% of the medical professors have the Syndrome ofBurnout, among which 58.3% were female. The dimension that had the highest levels amongthe participants was Depersonalization. Conclusions: by data analysis, the prevalence ofBurnout syndrome in medical professors from the 1st to 4th grade of the Universidade do Estadodo Pará, in 2011, was quite high, since 50% of participants have the syndrome, when the idealwould be the lack of it.

A intenção de doar órgãos é influenciada pelo conhecimento populacional sobre morte encefálica? / Is the intention to donate organs influenced by the public's understanding of brain death?

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência do conhecimento sobre morte encefálica relacionada à doação de órgãos dos pacientes do Centro de Saúde Escola do Marco, órgão vinculado à Universidade do Estado do Pará. MÉTODOS: Foram entrevistados 136 pacientes, com base em um protocolo de pesquisa, no qual foi analisado o conhecimento sobre morte encefálica e doação de órgãos, além de dados sociodemográficos. RESULTADOS: A maioria por pacientes era do gênero feminino e favorável à doação de órgãos, apresentando média de idade de 39 anos. Apenas 19,9% souberam informar o que era morte encefálica, 85,3% acreditavam que o médico pode se equivocar na firmação do estado de morte encefálica de um paciente e 18,4% confiavam no diagnóstico de morte encefálica. Observou-se relação estatisticamente significante (p<0,01) entre o grau de confiança no diagnóstico de morte encefálica e a pessoa aceitar doar seus órgãos após sua morte. CONCLUSÃO: A maioria da população estudada não compreendia o significado da morte encefálica e apresentava um baixo grau de confiança no diagnóstico de morte encefálica, sendo que esse perfil influência negativamente o desejo de doar órgãos.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of the understanding of brain death in relation to organ donation in patients from the Marco School Health Center, which is linked to the Universidade do Estado do Pará. METHODS: A total of 136 patients were interviewed based on a research protocol. The interview results were subsequently analyzed with regard to the understanding of brain death and organ donation in addition to the collection of sociodemographic data. RESULTS: The majority of patients were female and were in favor of organ donation, with a mean age of 39 years being observed. Only 19.9% of the patients understood the meaning of brain death, and 85.3% believed that physicians may be mistaken in confirming the status of brain death of a patient, while 18.4% trusted the diagnosis of brain death. A statistically significant (p < 0.01) correlation was observed between the degree of confidence in the diagnosis of brain death and the person's agreement to donate his/her organs after death. CONCLUSION: The majority of the population under study did not understand the meaning of brain death and had a low degree of confidence in the diagnosis of brain death. This lack of understanding and confidence negatively influences the desire to donate organs.

Avaliação do conhecimento da população sobre morte encefálica / Evaluation of the knowledge about brain death

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O número de transplantes de órgãos é limitado no Brasil e no mundo, devido ao escass onúmero de doadores. Isso ocorre, principalmente, pela recusa dos familiares na autorização para doação de órgãos do paciente em morte encefálica (ME). Essa recusa motivou o objetivo deste estudo em avaliar o conhecimento sobre ME dos pacientes e verificar sua influência na doação de órgãos. MÉTODO: Foram entrevistados 136 pacientes cadastrados no Centro de Saúde Escola do Marco (CSE-Marco), vinculado à Universidade do Estado do Pará, em Belém-PA, sobre ME e doação de órgãos, incluídos os dados sócio-demográficos desse centro. RESULTADOS: Noventa e três entrevistados eram do sexo feminino e 43 do sexo masculino; idade média de 39 anos. 84,6% são favoráveis à doação de órgãos e aceitariam que ela fosse feita após sua morte. 19,9% souberam informar o que é ME. 85,3% acreditam que o médico pode se equivocar na firmação do estado de ME de um paciente, enquanto, 18,4% confiam no diagnóstico clínico. Há uma relação estatisticamente significante (p < 0,01) entre o grau de confiança no diagnóstico de ME e a pessoa aceitar doar seus órgãos após sua morte. CONCLUSÃO: Oitenta por cento da população estudada não compreende o significado da ME, e acredita que o paciente tem condições de viver mesmo firmado o diagnóstico de ME. Existe um baixo grau de confiança no processo de diagnóstico de ME e na capacidade de verificar tal estado, o que influencia na diminuição de chances dos familiares autorizarem a doação de órgãos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The rate of transplantation is limited in Brazil and in the world due the lack of donors. This occurs mainly by the refusal of family in the consent for organ donation of patient's brain death (BD). The objective ofthis paper is to evaluate the knowledge of BD of the patients and to assess its influence on organ donation. METHOD: 136 patients of a Brazilian University Health Center were interviewed using a research protocol, which was analyzed about BD and organ donation knowledge, besides socio-demographic data. RESULTS: Ninety-three respondents were female and 43 male, the average age was 39 years. 84.6% are in favor of organ donation and would agree that it was made after their deaths. 19.9% knew what is BD. 85.3% believe that the doctor can make a mistake in the state of BD diagnosis of a patient, while 18.4% trust in the diagnosis. There is a statistically significance (p < 0.01) between the degree of confidence in the diagnosis of BD and the people accepting donate their organs after their death. CONCLUSION: Eighty percent of the studied population didn't understand the meaning of BD, and believes that the patient has conditions of living after the diagnosis of BD. There isa low degree of confidence in the process of diagnosis of BD and the ability to verify such state, which influences in the reductionof the chances of a family member to authorize organ donation.This occurs mainly by the refusal of familyin the consent for organ donation of the patient's BD.

Análise quantitativa de pós-graduandos em ciências de saúde no Brasil: perfil por estados / Analysis of the Brazilian post-graduates in health sciences: current situation per state

A universidade é o principal centro de produção científica dos artigos publicados de alta qualidade, pois nesta concentra-se um número muito mais expressivo de pós-graduandos que atuam como pólos produtores de novos conhecimentos e estimulam os graduandos a produzirem pesquisas de qualidade. O objetivo desse artigo foi analisar a distribuição dos mestres e doutores em Ciência da Saúde pelos diferentes Estados e regiões do Brasil. Foram utilizados os dados estatísticos da Plataforma Lattes, com base nos currículos lattes desta mesma base de dados. Houve uma maior concentração de mestres e doutores, em número absoluto, na região Sudeste (52,2% e 58% respectivamente). Contudo, quando comparada a distribuição em relação à população dos Estados, a região Sul teve maior quantidade de mestres (15,35 por cem mil habitantes) e a região Sudeste, a de doutores (11,79 por cem mil habitantes), sendo a região Norte a pior em todos os quesitos avaliados. Em relação aos Estados, São Paulo teve maior quantidade de mestres e doutores em ciências da saúde em números absolutos (37% e 26,3%, respectivamente). Já com relação aos números relativos, o Distrito Federal apresentou os melhores índices (30 mestres e 23,7 doutores por cem mil habitantes) e o Estado do Amapá apresentou os piores índices para todos os parâmetros avaliados. Há distribuição irregular dos mestres e doutores nas diferentes regiões do país e nos estados da federação, inclusive entre os Estados de uma mesma região.

The university is the main center of production of high quality scientific articles, since there are a great number of graduate students, who contribute with knowledge and stimulate the undergraduate students to produce high quality research. The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of masters and doctors in Health Science in different states of Brazil. We used data obtained from the Brazilian Lattes platform, an information system for research inBrazil. There was a highest absolute number of masters and doctors, in the Southeast (52.2% and 58% respectively). However, when compared to the population of the states, the South presented the highest number of masters (15.35 per hundred thousand inhabitants) and the Southeast had the highest number of doctors (11.79 per hundred thousand inhabitants). The Northern region presented the lowest percentage in all aspects of the evaluation. Regarding the States from Brazil, São Paulo had the highest absolute number of masters and doctors in health sciences (37% and 26.3% respectively). With respect to relative numbers, the Federal District showed the highest rate (30 masters and 23.7 doctors per thousand inhabitants) and the state of Amapa had the lowest rates in all the parameters evaluated. There is uneven distribution of masters and doctors in different regions of the country and even between the states of a same region.

Evaluation of the key words used in articles of the Acta Cirurgica Brasileira from 1997 to 2012.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the key words used in Acta Cirurgica Brasileira from 1997 to 2012. METHODS: All the key words of all articles published in regular issues between 1997 and 2012 were analyzed, ensuring that these key words were in the MeSH database (Medical Subjects Headings) and the most used subject headings and most wrong repeated key words were ranked. RESULTS: > 4230 key words used in 990 articles were analyzed. Only 579 key words (13.68%) were not in the MeSH database, considering that there was a statistically significant decrease over the years (p<0.001). The three most used key words were Rats, Dogs and Wound healing. Among the wrong ones, the key words were Adhesions, Experimental surgery and Anatomosis. CONCLUSION: There was a gradual improvement in the amount of key words used that belonged to the MeSH database, and there were 618 articles (62.42%) with all key words correct.

Evaluation of the key words used in articles of the Acta Cirurgica Brasileira from 1997 to 2012 / Avaliação dos descritores utilizados nos artigos da Acta Cirúrgica Brasileira de 1997 a 2012

PURPOSE: To evaluate the key words used in Acta Cirurgica Brasileira from 1997 to 2012. METHODS: All the key words of all articles published in regular issues between 1997 and 2012 were analyzed, ensuring that these key words were in the MeSH database (Medical Subjects Headings) and the most used subject headings and most wrong repeated key words were ranked. RESULTS: > 4230 key words used in 990 articles were analyzed. Only 579 key words (13.68%) were not in the MeSH database, considering that there was a statistically significant decrease over the years (p<0.001). The three most used key words were Rats, Dogs and Wound healing. Among the wrong ones, the key words were Adhesions, Experimental surgery and Anatomosis. CONCLUSION: There was a gradual improvement in the amount of key words used that belonged to the MeSH database, and there were 618 articles (62.42%) with all key words correct.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os descritores utilizados na Acta Cirúrgica Brasileira entre os anos de 1997 até 2012. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados os descritores de todos os artigos publicados em fascículos regulares entre os anos de 1997 a 2012, verificando se estes constavam no MeSH e foi feito um ranking dos descritores mais utilizados e dos termos equivocados mais repetidos. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 4230 descritores, presentes em 990 artigos. Apenas 579 (13,68%) dos descritores estavam fora da base do MeSH, sendo que houve uma diminuição estatisticamente significante com o passar dos anos (p<0.001). Os três descritores mais utilizados foram Rats, Dogs e Wound healing, já dentre as equivocadas foram os termos Adhesions, Experimental surgery e Anatomosis. CONCLUSÃO: Houve uma melhora progressiva na quantidade de termos utilizados que pertenciam a base do MeSH, havendo 618 artigos (62,42%) com todos os descritores corretos.

Is the intention to donate organs influenced by the public's understanding of brain death? / A intenção de doar órgãos é influenciada pelo conhecimento populacional sobre morte encefálica?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of the understanding of brain death in relation to organ donation in patients from the Marco School Health Center, which is linked to the Universidade do Estado do Pará. METHODS: A total of 136 patients were interviewed based on a research protocol. The interview results were subsequently analyzed with regard to the understanding of brain death and organ donation in addition to the collection of sociodemographic data. RESULTS: The majority of patients were female and were in favor of organ donation, with a mean age of 39 years being observed. Only 19.9% of the patients understood the meaning of brain death, and 85.3% believed that physicians may be mistaken in confirming the status of brain death of a patient, while 18.4% trusted the diagnosis of brain death. A statistically significant (p < 0.01) correlation was observed between the degree of confidence in the diagnosis of brain death and the person's agreement to donate his/her organs after death. CONCLUSION: The majority of the population under study did not understand the meaning of brain death and had a low degree of confidence in the diagnosis of brain death. This lack of understanding and confidence negatively influences the desire to donate organs.

Protective effect of remote ischemic per-conditioning in the ischemia and reperfusion-induce renal injury in rats.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the protective effect of remote ischemic per-conditioning in ischemia and reperfusion-induced renal injury. METHODS: Fifteen rats (Rattus norvegicus) were randomized into three groups (n = 5): Group Normality (GN), Control Ischemia and Reperfusion (GIR) and Group remote ischemic per-conditioning (GPER). With the exception of the GN group, all others underwent renal ischemia for 30 minutes. In group GPER we performed the ischemic remote per-conditioning, consisting of three cycles of ischemia and reperfusion applied every five minutes during the ischemic period, to the left hindlimb of the rats by means of a tourniquet. To quantify the lesions we measured serum levels of creatinine and urea, as well as analyzed renal histopathology. RESULTS: The GPER group presented with better levels of urea (83.74 ± 14.58%) and creatinine (0.72 ± 26.14%) when compared to GIR group, approaching the GN group. Histopathologically, the lower levels of medullary congestion and hydropic degeneration were found in group GPER. CONCLUSION: The remote ischemic per-conditioning had a significant protective effect on renal ischemia and reperfusion.

A distribuição dos pós-graduados em medicina no Brasil: realidade atual / The distribution of postgraduates in medicine in Brazil: current situation

Introdução: A universidade é o principal centro de produçãocientífica dos artigos publicados de alta qualidade,pois nesta concentra-se um número muito mais expressivode pós-graduandos que atuam como pólos produtoresde novos conhecimentos, além de estimularem os graduandoa produzirem pesquisas de alto grau de qualidade.Objetivo: Analisar a distribuição dos mestres e doutoresem medicina pelos diferentes estados e regiões do Brasil.Método: Foram utilizados os dados estatísticos da plataformalattes, com base nos currículos lattes desta mesmabase de dados. Resultados: Houve uma maior concentraçãode mestres e doutores em número absoluto na regiãoSudeste, contudo quando comparado a distribuição emrelação ao número de pós-graduandos em relação à populaçãodos estados, a região Sul teve maior quantidade demestres e a região Sudeste a de doutores, sendo a regiãoNorte a pior em todos os quesitos avaliados. Em relaçãoaos estados, São Paulo teve maior quantidade de mestrese doutores em medicina em número absoluto, contudoem relação a população o Distrito Federal apresentouos melhores índices, o estado do Amapá apresentou ospiores índices do país. Conclusão: Há uma distribuiçãoirregular dos mestres e doutores nas diferentes regiõesdo país e nos estados regionais, e até mesmo entre osestados de uma mesma região.

Background: The university is the main center of productionof scientific articles published of high quality,because on this focuses far more expressive of graduatestudents who serve as producers of new knowledge, wellas stimulate the undergraduate research to produce highquality papers Objective: Analyze the distribution of themedicine masters and Doctors by the diferentes statesand regions of the Brazil. Methods: Was used the dataof the plataforma lattes, that used the lattes curriculum.Results: There was a greater concentration of mastersand Doctors in absolute numbers in the Southeast, howeverwhen compared to distribution in relation to thenumber of graduate students in relation to the populationof states, the South had the highest number of mastersand the Southeast had the highest number of Doctors, theNorth being the worst in all of the variables evaluated.When was compare the states, São Paulo had the highestnumber of masters and Doctors of medicine in absolutenumbers, however, the Distrito Federal had the best resultsof masters and Doctors when it is compare by thepopulation, the state of Amapá had the worst rates of thecountry. Conclusions: There is an uneven distribution ofmasters and Doctors in different regions of the countryand the regional states, and even between states of thesame region.