The impact of the Woven EndoBridge device on the treatment of anterior circulation wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms: a single-center experience.

OBJECTIVE: The paucity of literature comparing Woven EndoBridge (WEB) embolization to microsurgical clipping for anterior circulation wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms (WNBAs) underscores the need for further investigation into the optimal management of this patient subpopulation. The objective of this study was to compare the rate of endovascular and microsurgical treatment of WNBAs before and after the introduction of the WEB device. In addition, the authors performed a comparison of demographics, aneurysm characteristics, and treatment outcomes in patients before and after the introduction of the WEB device. METHODS: This study was a retrospective review of the usage rate of different treatment modalities for WNBAs before and after the WEB device was approved by the US FDA on September 27, 2018. RESULTS: The study cohort comprised 235 patients with anterior circulation WNBAs treated at the authors' institution, including 127 aneurysms treated pre-WEB and 108 treated post-WEB. Generally, the rate of endovascular treatment of anterior circulation WNBAs was significantly higher post-WEB (86.1% vs 46.5%, p < 0.001), while the rate of clipping was significantly lower (13.9% vs 53.5%, p < 0.001). During follow-up, the rate of adequate aneurysm occlusion (Raymond-Roy occlusion classification [RROC] grades 1 and 2) was nonsignificantly higher in the post-WEB cohort (83.9% vs 78.5%, p = 0.34), while the rate of RROC grade 3 was nonsignificantly higher in the pre-WEB cohort (21.5% vs 16.1%, p = 0.34). Additionally, and although nonsignificant, the rates of recurrence (pre-WEB 25.3% vs post-WEB 14.9%, p = 0.12) and retreatment (pre-WEB 22.8% vs post-WEB 14.9%, p = 0.22) were higher in the pre-WEB cohort. Recurrence was assessed before retreatment. CONCLUSIONS: After the introduction of the WEB device, the rate of endovascular treatment of WNBAs increased while the rate of microsurgical clipping decreased. It is essential for neurointerventionalists to become familiar with the indications, advantages, and shortcomings of all these different techniques to be able to match the right patient with the right technique to produce the best outcome.

Extended Length of Stay After Mechanical Thrombectomy for Stroke: A Single-Center Analysis of 703 Patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is crucial for improving functional outcomes for acute ischemic stroke. Length of stay (LOS) is a reimbursement metric implemented to incentivize value-based care. Our study aims to identify predictors of LOS in patients undergoing MT at a high-volume center in the United States. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of patients who underwent MT at a single institution from 2017 to 2023. Patients who experienced mortality during their course of hospital stay were excluded from this study. Extended LOS (eLOS) was defined as the upper quartile (≥75th) of the median duration of hospital stay. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed, with P values < .05 denoting statistical significance. RESULTS: Seven hundred three patients met criteria for inclusion. The median age of the cohort was 72 years (IQR: 61-82), and 57.2% was female. The median LOS was 6, IQR: 4-10. A total of 28.9% of the cohort (n = 203) patients experienced eLOS. The multivariate regression model identified age (odds ratio [OR]: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.97-0.99), diabetes mellitus (OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.15-2.44), and hemorrhagic transformation of stroke (OR: 2.89, 95% CI: 0.39-0.90) as predictors of eLOS, whereas antiplatelet use before admission (OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.34-0.89) and higher baseline modified Rankin Scale before stroke were associated with lower odds (OR: 0.59 [0.39-0.90]; P < .05) of eLOS. CONCLUSION: By identifying predictors of eLOS, we provide a foundation for targeted interventions aimed at optimizing post-thrombectomy care pathways and improving patient outcomes. The implications of our study extend beyond clinical practice, offering insights into healthcare resource utilization, reimbursement strategies, and value-based care initiatives.

The Era of Radial-Specific Catheters: A Multicenter Comparison of the Armadillo and RIST Catheters in Transradial Procedures.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: As the radial approach is gaining popularity in neurointervention, new radial-specific catheters are being manufactured while taking into consideration the smaller size of the radial artery, different trajectories of angles into the great vessels from the arm, and subsequent force vectors. We compared outcomes of transradial procedures performed using the Armadillo catheter (Q'Apel Medical Inc.) and the RIST radial guide catheter (Medtronic). METHODS: This is a retrospective multicenter study comparing outcomes of transradial neuroendovascular procedures using the Armadillo and RIST catheters at 2 institutions between 2021 and 2024. RESULTS: The study comprised 206 patients, 96 of whom underwent procedures using the Armadillo and 110 using the RIST. Age and sex were comparable across cohorts. In most procedures, 1 target vessel was catheterized (Armadillo: 94.8% vs 89.1%, P = .29) with no significant difference between cohorts. The use of an intermediate catheter was minimal in both cohorts (Armadillo 5.2% vs RIST: 2.7%, P = .36), and the median number of major vessel catheterization did not significantly differ between cohorts (Armadillo: 1 [1-4] vs RIST: 1 [0-6], P = .21). Failure to catheterize the target vessel was encountered in 1 case in each cohort (Armadillo: 1.0% vs RIST: 0.9%, P = .18), and the rate did not significantly differ between cohorts. Similarly, the rate of conversion to femoral access was comparable between cohorts (Armadillo: 2.1% vs RIST: 1.8%, P = .55). There was no significant difference in access site complications (Armadillo: 1% vs RIST: 2.8%, P = .55) or neurological complications (Armadillo: 3.1% vs RIST: 5.5%, P = .42) between cohorts. CONCLUSION: No significant difference in successful catheterization of target vessels, procedure duration, triaxial system use, complication rates, or the need for transfemoral cross-over was observed between both catheters. Both devices offer high and comparable rates of technical success and low morbidity rates.

Multicenter early United States feasibility study and periprocedural safety of LVIS EVO for the treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms.

BACKGROUND: Stent development has focused recently on low-profile, self-expandable stents compatible with 0.0165 inch microcatheters. The LVIS EVO is the second-generation version of the Low-Profile Visualized Intraluminal Support (LVIS) with improved visibility and resheathability. The LVIS EVO underwent a limited premarket release (PMR) in December 2023. This study aims to report the early safety and feasibility experience with the LVIS EVO stent for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms in the United States (US). METHODS: This was a multicenter, retrospective, observational study evaluating patients who underwent treatment of an intracranial aneurysm with an LVIS EVO stent after the limited PMR. All physicians who had placed an LVIS EVO stent were asked to input their cases after institutional review board approval was obtained. The data were then sent to a single center for analysis. Any patient aged 18 years or older who underwent treatment of an intracranial aneurysm with a LVIS EVO stent in the US was included from the initial PMR in December 2023 until April 2024. Patient age (or ≤90 years old), sex, preoperative modified Rankin Scale (mRS), aneurysm location, aneurysm measurements, and information about preoperative antiplatelet management were all collected. Data on periprocedural complications, 30-day mortality, discharge mRS, and length of stay were also collected. RESULTS: Some 53 patients with 55 aneurysms underwent treatment with the LVIS EVO stent at 15 institutions. All aneurysms were unruptured. The most common location was the anterior communicating artery (35%) followed by the middle cerebral artery bifurcation (31%). All patients were on dual antiplatelet therapy. The average aneurysm size was 5.2 mm with a neck size of 3.7 mm. The smallest distal parent vessel size was 1.2 mm and 36% of stents were deployed in distal parent vessels <2 mm. All (100%) cases had successful deployment and the stent was repositioned in 10% of cases. A single stent was utilized in 91% of cases. Coils were placed in 48 cases (87.2%) and a microcatheter was jailed in 98% of those cases. Immediate Raymond Roy (RR) Class I occlusion was obtained in 33%, Class II in 22%, Class IIIa in 37%, and Class IIIb in 8% of cases. There were no delayed thromboembolic or hemorrhagic complications. CONCLUSIONS: The LVIS EVO is a braided, self-expanding, retrievable stent with enhanced visibility and smaller cell size. The drawn filled tube (DFT) technology results in improved visibility of the stent, allowing for more controlled stent positioning and visualization of vessel wall apposition. All cases in our series had complete neck coverage and good wall apposition. There were no thromboembolic or hemorrhagic complications.

The effect of institutional case volume on post-operative outcomes after endarterectomy and stenting for symptomatic carotid stenosis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of yearly institutional case volume for carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and stenting (CAS) among symptomatic carotid stenosis patients on the rates of postoperative stroke and inpatient mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with prior stroke ("symptomatic") undergoing CEA or CAS during an inpatient stay were identified from the National Inpatient Sample for years 2012-2015. The primary variable was volume of CEA or CAS performed annually by each institution. The primary outcome was a composite variable for in-hospital death or postoperative stroke. RESULTS: A total of 5,628 patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis underwent CEA, while 245 underwent CAS. In the symptomatic CEA population, 519 (9.2 %) patients experienced postoperative stroke or mortality, and were more likely to be treated at centers with a lower yearly institutional volume (median 10 [IQR 5-15] versus 10 [7-20] cases, p < 0.001). In the symptomatic CAS population, 32 (13.1 %) patients experienced stroke or mortality, and these patients were also more likely to undergo treatment at hospitals with a lower yearly institutional volume (median 5 [IQR 5-7] versus 5 [5-10] cases, p = 0.044). Thresholds for yearly institutional volume found differences in adverse outcome between 0-9, 10-29, and ≥30 cases/year (11.7 % vs 8.4 % vs 6.0 %, p < 0.001) for CEA, and differences in postoperative stroke between 0-9 and ≥10 cases/year for CAS (11.0 % vs 1.4 %, p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: Hospitals performing higher volumes of CEA or CAS have fewer postoperative strokes. The threshold reported herein is ≥30 CEA procedures or ≥10 CAS procedures annually for appreciably improved outcomes.

Comparison between endovascular and surgical treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: a single-center cohort and systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: With recent advancements in minimally invasive techniques, endovascular embolization has gained popularity as a first-line treatment option for spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (sDAVFs). The authors present their institution's case series of sDAVFs treated endovascularly and surgically, and they performed a systemic review to assess the outcomes of both modalities of treatment. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective observational study of 24 consecutive patients with sDAVFs treated between 2013 and 2023. The primary outcome was the rate of occlusion, which was compared between the surgically and endovascularly treated sDAVFs. They also conducted a systemic review of all the literature comparing outcomes of endovascular and surgical treatment of sDAVFs. RESULTS: A total of 24 patients with 24 sDAVFs were studied. The mean patient age was 63.8 ± 15.5 years, and the majority of patients were male (n = 19, 79.2%). Of the 24 patients, 8 (33.3%) received endovascular treatment, 15 (62.5%) received surgical treatment, and 1 (4.2%) patient received both. Complete occlusion at first follow-up was higher in the surgical cohort but did not achieve statistical significance (66.7% vs 25%, p = 0.52). Recurrence was higher in the endovascular cohort (37.5% vs 13.3%, p = 0.3), while the rate of postprocedural complications was higher in the surgical cohort (13.3% vs 0%, p = 0.52); however, neither of these differences was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular embolization in the management of sDAVFs is an alternative treatment to surgery, whose long-term efficacy is still under investigation. These findings suggest overall comparable outcomes between endovascular and open surgical treatment of sDAVFs. Future studies are needed to determine the role of endovascular embolization in the overall management of sDAVFs.

Comparison of the transarterial, transvenous, and superior ophthalmic vein approaches in the treatment of indirect carotid-cavernous fistulas.

OBJECTIVE: Indirect carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are abnormal arteriovenous shunting lesions with a highly variable clinical presentation that depends on the drainage pattern. Based on venous drainage, treatment can be either transarterial (TA) or transvenous (TV). The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of indirect CCF embolization via the TA, TV, and direct superior ophthalmic vein (SOV) approaches. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of 74 patients admitted to their institution from 2010 to 2023 with the diagnosis of 77 indirect CCFs as confirmed on digital subtraction angiography. RESULTS: A total of 74 patients with 77 indirect CCFs were included in this study. Embolization was performed via the TA approach in 4 cases, the TV approach in 50 cases, and the SOV in 23 cases. At the end of the procedure, complete occlusion was achieved in 76 (98.7%) cases. The rate of complete occlusion at the end of the procedure and at last radiological follow-up was significantly higher in the SOV and TV cohorts than in the TA cohort. The rate of recurrence was highest in the TA cohort (25% for TA vs 5.3% for TV vs 0% for SOV, p = 0.68). CONCLUSIONS: The rate of immediate complete occlusion was higher in the TV and SOV cohorts than in the TA cohort while the rate of complete occlusion at final follow-up was highest in the SOV cohort. The SOV approach was significantly associated with higher rates of postoperative complications. Indirect CCFs require careful examination of the fistulous point and the venous drainage to provide the most effective patient-tailored approach.

General Versus Nongeneral Anesthesia for Carotid Endarterectomy: A Prospective Multicenter Registry-Based Study on 25 000 Patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is a well-established treatment option for carotid stenosis. The choice between general anesthesia (GA) and nongeneral anesthesia (non-GA) during CEA remains a subject of debate, with concerns regarding perioperative complications, particularly myocardial infarctions. This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes associated with GA vs non-GA CEA using a large, nationwide database. METHODS: The National Surgical Quality Improvement Project database was queried for patients undergoing CEA between 2013 and 2020. Primary outcome measures including surgical outcomes and 30-day postoperative complications were compared between the 2 anesthesia methods, after 2:1 propensity score matching. RESULTS: After propensity score matching, a total of 25 356 patients (16 904 in the GA and 8452 in the non-GA group) were included. Non-GA compared with GA CEA was associated with significantly shorter operative times (101.9, 95% CI: 100.5-103.3 vs 115.8 95% CI: 114.4-117.2 minutes, P < .001), reduced length of hospital stays (2.3, 95% CI: 2.15-2.4 vs 2.5, 95% CI: 2.4-2.6 days, P < .001), and lower rates of 30-day postoperative complications, including myocardial infarctions (0.8% vs 1.2%, P = .003), unplanned intubations (0.8% vs 1.1%, P = .016), pneumonia (0.5% vs 1%, P < .001), and urinary tract infections (0.4% vs 0.7%, P = .003). These outcomes were notably more pronounced in the younger (≤70 years) and high morbidity (American Society of Anesthesiologists 3-5) cohorts. CONCLUSION: In this nationwide registry-based study, non-GA CEA was associated with better short-term outcomes in terms of perioperative complications, compared with GA CEA. The findings suggest that non-GA CEA may be a safer alternative, especially in younger patients and those with more comorbidities.

Predictors of occlusion, long-term outcomes, and safety in a cohort of 674 aneurysms treated with the Pipeline embolization device.

OBJECTIVE: By providing a more physiological approach to the treatment of intracranial aneurysms, the Pipeline embolization device (PED) has revolutionized the endovascular treatment of aneurysms. Although there are many flow diverters on the market, the authors report their experience with the PED, the first flow diverter to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration. They aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of PED flow diversion for the treatment of a wide range of aneurysms, as well as to look at factors affecting occlusion. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of a prospectively maintained database of patients treated with the PED between January 2011 and December 2019. Charts were reviewed for patient, aneurysm, and procedure characteristics. The primary outcomes of interest were complication rates, occlusion outcomes (O'Kelly-Marotta grading scale), and functional outcomes (modified Rankin Scale [mRS]). Secondary outcomes included predictors of incomplete occlusion at 6 and 24 months of follow-up. RESULTS: The study cohort included 581 patients with 674 aneurysms. Most aneurysms (90.5%) were in the anterior circulation and had a saccular morphology (85.6%). Additionally, 638 aneurysms (94.7%) were unruptured, whereas 36 (5.3%) were acutely ruptured. The largest mean aneurysm diameter was 8.3 ± 6.1 mm. Complications occurred at a rate of 5.5% (n = 32). The complete occlusion rate was 89.3% at 24 months' follow-up, and 94.8% of patients had a favorable neurological outcome (mRS score 0-2) at the last follow-up. On multivariate analysis, predictors of incomplete aneurysm occlusion at 6 months were hypertension (OR 1.7, p = 0.03), previous aneurysm treatment (OR 2.4, p = 0.001), and increasing aneurysm neck diameter (OR 1.2, p = 0.02), whereas a saccular morphology was protective (OR 0.5, p = 0.05). Predictors of incomplete occlusion at 24 months were increasing aneurysm neck diameter (OR 1.2, p = 0.01) and previous aneurysm treatment (OR 2.3, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The study findings are corroborated by those of previous studies and trials. The complete occlusion rate was 89.3% at 24 months' follow-up, with 94.8% of patients having favorable functional outcomes (mRS score 0-2). Aneurysm treatment before PED deployment and an increasing aneurysm neck diameter increase the risk of incomplete occlusion at 6 and 24 months.

Causes and Predictors of 30-Day Readmission in Patients With Stroke Undergoing Mechanical Thrombectomy: A Large Single-Center Experience.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The 30-day readmission rate has emerged as a metric of quality care and is associated with increased health care expenditure. We aim to identify the rate and causes of 30-day readmission after mechanical thrombectomy and provide the risk factors of readmission to highlight high-risk patients who may require closer care. METHODS: This is a retrospective study from a prospectively maintained database of 703 patients presenting for mechanical thrombectomy between 2017 and 2023. All patients who presented with a stroke and underwent a mechanical thrombectomy were included in this study. Patients who were deceased on discharge were excluded from this study. RESULTS: Our study comprised 703 patients, mostly female (n = 402, 57.2%) with a mean age of 70.2 years ±15.4. The most common causes of readmission were cerebrovascular events (stroke [n = 21, 36.2%], intracranial hemorrhage [n = 9, 15.5%], and transient ischemic attack [n = 1, 1.7%]).Other causes of readmission included cardiovascular events (cardiac arrest [n = 4, 6.9%] and bradycardia [n = 1, 1.7%]), infection (wound infection postcraniectomy [n = 3, 5.2%], and pneumonia [n = 1, 1.7%]). On multivariate analysis, independent predictors of 30-day readmission were history of smoking (odds ratio [OR]: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.1-4.2) P = .01), distal embolization (OR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.1-8.7, P = .03), decompressive hemicraniectomy (OR: 9.3, 95% CI: 3.2-27.6, P < .01), and intracranial stent placement (OR: 4.6, 95% CI: 2.4-8.7) P < .01). CONCLUSION: In our study, the rate of 30-day readmission was 8.3%, and the most common cause of readmission was recurrent strokes. We identified a history of smoking, distal embolization, decompressive hemicraniectomy, and intracranial stenting as independent predictors of 30-day readmission in patients with stroke undergoing mechanical thrombectomy.

Resuming Anticoagulants in Patients With Intracranial Hemorrhage: A Meta-Analysis and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is one of the most disabling cerebrovascular events. Several studies have discussed oral anticoagulant (OAC)-related ICH; however, the optimal timing of resuming OAC in patients with ICH is still a dilemma. In this literature review/meta-analysis, we will summarize, discuss, and provide the results of studies pertaining to OAC resumption in patients with ICH. METHODS: Using PubMed, Ovid Medline, and Web science, a systemic literature review was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement on December 20, 2022. Inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis were all studies reporting mean, median, and standard deviation for the duration of anticoagulants resumption after ICH. Thirteen studies met the above criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. RESULTS: Of the 271 articles found in the literature, pooled analysis was performed in 13 studies that included timing of OAC resumption after ICH. The pooled mean duration to OAC resumption after the index ICH was 31 days (95% CI: 13.7-48.3). There was significant variation among the mean duration to OAC resumption reported by the studies as observed in the heterogeneity test ( P -value ≈0). CONCLUSION: Based on our meta-analysis, the average time of resuming OAC in patients with ICH is around 30 days. Several factors including the type of intracranial hemorrhage, the type of OAC, and the indication for OACs should be taken into consideration for future studies to try and identify the best time to resume OAC in patients with ICH.

First United States multicenter experience with the new-generation FRED X surface-modified flow diversion stent: feasibility, safety, and short-term efficacy.

OBJECTIVE: Flow diversion created a paradigm shift in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. The new flow redirection endoluminal device with X technology (FRED X) is the latest update of the recent Food and Drug Administration-approved FRED. The FRED X is engineered to reduce material thrombogenicity and enhance vessel healing. In this study, the authors aimed to evaluate the feasibility and early safety and efficacy of the new FRED X. METHODS: The authors retrospectively collected and analyzed data from patients who had undergone flow diversion with the new FRED X at four tertiary cerebrovascular centers in the United States from February 2022 through July 2022. RESULTS: Forty-four patients with 45 aneurysms treated using 46 devices comprised the overall study cohort and were divided into two groups: 39 patients with unruptured aneurysms and 5 patients with ruptured aneurysms. The mean patient age was 57.7 ± 9.1 years, and most patients were female (84%). Ninety-one percent of the aneurysms were saccular, with the majority (93%) located in the anterior circulation, specifically the posterior communicating (27%) and carotid ophthalmic (27%) territories. The mean maximum aneurysm diameter was 5.6 ± 4.6 mm, and 20% of the lesions had been previously treated. The mean procedure time was 61.6 minutes, with a mean cumulative fluoroscopy time of 24.6 minutes. Additionally, 7% of the lesions received adjunct treatment. Stent placement was successful in 100% of cases, achieving good wall apposition and complete neck coverage. Further, immediate aneurysm contrast stasis > 90% was observed in 61% of cases. Symptomatic postoperative complications occurred in 3 patients in the unruptured cohort and 1 patient in the ruptured cohort. All patients in the study were discharged on dual antiplatelet regimens with a modified Rankin Scale score of 0. At 6 months after treatment, 89% of cases had adequate occlusion, with < 6% of cases having asymptomatic in-stent stenosis. All patients had excellent functional outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: FRED X for the treatment of an intracranial aneurysm is technically feasible alone or in conjunction with intrasaccular embolization. In addition, the study results showed very promising early safety and efficacy. Follow-up studies should establish the long-term safety and efficacy profiles of this new stent.

Comparison of PED/PED Flex and PED Shield in the treatment of unruptured intracerebral aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE: The object of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety profile of the Pipeline embolization device (PED)/Pipeline Flex embolization device (PED Flex) with that of the Pipeline Flex embolization device with Shield Technology (PED Shield). After introducing the first-generation PED and the second-generation PED Flex with its updated delivery system, the PED Shield was launched with a synthetic layer of phosphorylcholine surface modification to reduce thrombogenicity. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of unruptured aneurysms treated with PED/PED Flex versus PED Shield between 2017 and 2022 at the authors' institution. Patients with ruptured aneurysms, adjunctive treatment, failed flow diverter deployment, and prior treatment of the target aneurysm were excluded. Baseline characteristics were collected for all patients, including age, sex, past medical history (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus), smoking status, aneurysm location, and aneurysm dimensions (neck, width, height) and morphology (saccular, nonsaccular). The primary outcome was procedural and periprocedural complication rates. RESULTS: The study cohort comprised 200 patients with 200 aneurysms, including 150 aneurysms treated with the PED/PED Flex and 50 treated with the PED Shield. With respect to intraprocedural and periprocedural complications, length of stay, length of follow-up, and functional outcome at discharge, there was no significant difference between the two cohorts. At the midterm follow-up, the rate of in-stent stenosis (PED/PED Flex: 14.2% vs PED Shield: 14.6%, p = 0.927), aneurysm occlusion (complete occlusion: 79.5% vs 80.5%, respectively; neck remnant: 4.7% vs 12.2%; dome remnant: 15.7% vs 7.3%; p = 0.119), and the need for retreatment (5.3% vs 0%, p = 0.097) were comparable between the two cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that, as compared to first- and second-generation PED and PED Flex, the third-generation PED Shield offers similar rates of complications, aneurysm occlusion, and in-stent stenosis at the midterm follow-up.

Women in neurosurgery: a cross-sectional demographic study of female neurosurgery residents in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: Over the past several decades, the number of women applying to medical school has increased significantly. However, parallel recruitment and retention of women in the field of neurosurgery continues to lag. The aim of this study was to identify the ratio and trend of female neurosurgery residents to the total number of residents during the past 7 years across all US neurosurgery residency programs. METHODS: The authors conducted a cross-sectional demographic study investigating the ratio of female neurosurgery residents to the total number of neurosurgery residents across US neurosurgical programs from 2016 to 2022. Using the Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database, all neurosurgical residency programs in the US were collected. Data were further divided into postgraduate years 1-7 to dissect the data collection per residency year. One hundred fourteen programs were included in the study. RESULTS: The number of female neurosurgery residents was 71 (29.8%) in 2022, 58 (25.2%) in 2021, 65 (27.9%) in 2020, 62 (27.3%) in 2019, 46 (21.4%) in 2018, 33 (15.2%) in 2017, and 34 (15.9%) in 2016. The trend line showed a significant increase using the Mann-Kendall test (p = 0.035). The total number of international medical graduate (IMG) female neurosurgery residents was 3 (4.2%) in 2022, 4 (6.9%) in 2021, 3 (4.6%) in 2020, 1 (1.6%) in 2019, 1 (2.2%) in 2018, 1 (3%) in 2017, and 2 (5.9%) in 2016. CONCLUSIONS: The number of women matching into neurosurgery residency programs is modestly increasing, especially for IMG women. Future steps toward fewer gender disparities should focus on career advancement and leadership diversification in organized and academic neurosurgery.

The Enterprise stent still useful after all these years.

BACKGROUND: The Enterprise stent (Codman Neuro, Massachusetts, USA) received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in 2007 for stent-assisted coiling (SAC). Since its introduction, newer stents and devices for aneurysm treatment have been developed resulting in a shift in the utilization of this stent from SAC to other off-label indications. OBJECTIVE: To describe our experience with the Enterprise stent being used for SAC and other off-label indications. METHODS: This is a multi-center retrospective review of the use of the Enterprise stent between 2018 and 2023. All patients in which the Enterprise stent was successfully deployed were included in the study. RESULTS: Our study cohort comprised of 194 patients, mostly females (n = 112, 57.7%), with a mean age of 63.2 years ± 14.3. The Enterprise stent was used for SAC in only 24 (12.4%) patients and was used for rescue stenting in stroke in 101 patients (52.1%), treatment of intracranial stenosis in 53 patients (27.3%), treatment of in-stent stenosis in 1 patient (0.5%), and for treatment of dissections in 15 patients (7.7%). From 2018 to 2023, the use of Enterprise stents for SAC significantly decreased (p < 0.0001) while the use of Enterprise stents for non-SAC purposes was insignificantly variable (p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our study shows that the Enterprise stent remains a reliable tool in neuroendovascular procedures, even if its original intended use has been supplanted by other devices.

Transradial versus transfemoral access routes for diagnostic cerebral angiography: a large single-center comparative cost-analysis study.

OBJECTIVE: Recently, the transradial (TR) approach has become a common alternative because of its safety profile and increased patient satisfaction compared with the transfemoral (TF) route. Both routes are associated with their respective associated costs, and differences typically emerge on the basis of patient anatomy, operator expertise, and occurrence of complications. The authors' objective was to compare the overall costs of diagnostic cerebral angiography via both routes and to shed light on the individual equipment costs of each route. METHODS: This retrospective single-center study of 926 elective diagnostic angiograms was performed between December 2019 and March 2022. RESULTS: The study comprised of 314 and 612 angiograms performed through the TF and TR routes, respectively. A significantly greater proportion of female patients were included in the TF cohort (79.3% vs 67.8%, p < 0.001), and most other demographic characteristics and baseline modified Rankin Scale scores were comparable between cohorts. The overall cost of patients utilizing the TR route was comparable to that of the TF route (mean ± SD $12,591.80 ± $19,128.00 vs $12,789.50 ± 18,424.00, p = 0.88). However, the median cost of catheters was significantly higher in TR group ($55.20 vs $12.40, p = 0.03), while the median costs of closure devices ($87.00 vs $20.20 p < 0.001) and sheaths ($44.60 ± 11.3 vs $41.10 ± 3.10, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in the TF group. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the authors' study showed that the TR approach can be a less expensive option for patients undergoing diagnostic cerebral angiography, especially if complications occur. Future studies may corroborate these findings and potentially lead to the adoption of TR as a low-cost, efficient, gold-standard technique for cerebral angiography.

Post-operative weight loss in venous sinus stenting patients: A multi-center review, systematic review, and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) can result in headaches, pulsatile tinnitus, papilledema, and other neurological symptoms. Weight loss can alleviate some symptoms of IIH. This study aims to investigate the effect of venous sinus stenting on post-operative weight and body mass index (BMI) changes among IIH patients. The secondary objective is to investigate the relationship between post-operative weight changes and papilledema resolution. METHODS: Patients with papilledema undergoing venous sinus stenting for IIH were retrospectively reviewed from two comprehensive North American cerebrovascular centers. Patient demographics, surgical course, post-operative outcomes, and weight were analyzed. A systematic review and meta-analysis of post-operative weight in stented IIH patients was conducted. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients with a diagnosis of IIH and papilledema who underwent venous sinus stenting were identified across two institutions. Patients had a mean pre-operative weight of 103.2 kg, which decreased to 101.5 kg at 3-month follow up (p = 0.0757). Patients at 6-month follow-up saw a weight decrease to 97.4 kg (p = 0.0066). Patients who saw papilledema resolution saw a mean greater decrease in weight (-4.5%) at 6-month follow up than those whose papilledema did not resolve (-1.7%), although this was insignificant (p = 0.1091). A total of 41 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Patients had an average of 1.1 increase in BMI at 3-month follow up. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that venous sinus stenting leads to modest weight reduction in IIH patients, and those with resolved papilledema experience slightly greater weight loss. Further research is necessary to determine the clinical significance of these findings.

The Rate and Predictors of 30-Day Readmission in Patients Treated for Unruptured Cerebral Aneurysms: A Large Single-Center Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Numerous studies of various populations and diseases have shown that unplanned 30-day readmission rates are positively correlated with increased morbidity and all-cause mortality. In this study, we aim to provide the rate and predictors of 30-day readmission in patients undergoing treatment for unruptured intracranial aneurysms. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of 525 patients presenting for aneurysm treatment between 2017 and 2022. All patients who were admitted and underwent a successful treatment of their unruptured intracerebral aneurysms were included in the study. The primary outcome was the rate and predictors of 30-day readmission. RESULTS: The rate of 30-day readmission was 6.3%, and the mean duration to readmission was 7.8 days ± 6.9. On univariate analysis, factors associated with 30-day readmission were antiplatelet use on admission (odds ratio [OR]: 0.4, P = .009), peri-procedural rupture (OR: 15.8, P = .007), surgical treatment of aneurysms (OR: 2.2, P = .035), disposition to rehabilitation (OR: 9.5, P < .001), and increasing length of stay (OR: 1.1, P = .0008). On multivariate analysis, antiplatelet use on admission was inversely correlated with readmission (OR: 0.4, P = .045), whereas peri-procedural rupture (OR: 9.5, P = .04) and discharge to rehabilitation (OR: 4.5, P = .029) were independent predictors of 30-day readmission. CONCLUSION: In our study, risk factors for 30-day readmission were aneurysm rupture during the hospital stay and disposition to rehabilitation, whereas the use of antiplatelet on admission was inversely correlated with 30-day readmission. Although aneurysm rupture is a nonmodifiable risk factor, more studies are encouraged to focus on the correlation of antiplatelet use and rehabilitation disposition with 30-day readmission rates.

Transverse Sinus Stenting for the Treatment of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension With a Pressure Gradient of 70 mm Hg: A Technical Note and Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE: Venous sinus stenosis is believed to play a role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Venous stenting has emerged as a promising treatment option for patients with IIH because of venous sinus stenosis refractory to medical management or unsuitable for shunt placement. In this technical note, we present a case of IIH with the highest recorded pressure gradient to date. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: This technical note presents the successful use of intracranial venous stenting in a patient with IIH because of severe venous sinus stenosis, leading to significant improvement in vision and reduction in intracranial pressure. A meticulous review of the literature revealed that our patient exhibited the highest recorded pressure gradient (70 mm Hg). This remarkable finding underscores the potential effectiveness of venous stenting as a viable treatment approach. The procedure involved the placement of a Zilver stent (Cook Medical) and balloon angioplasty after stenting of the right transverse sinus stenosis, resulting in a substantial decrease in pressure gradient. Following the procedure, another venous manometry showed no more gradient with a uniform pressure in the whole venous system at 18 mm Hg. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this case presents the highest pressure gradient reported in the literature and contributes to the growing evidence supporting venous stenting in patients with IIH and venous sinus stenosis.

Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization for Subdural Hematoma: An Institutional Cohort and Propensity Score-Matched Comparison with Conventional Management.

BACKGROUND: The treatment of non-acute subdural hematoma (NASDH) is challenging due to its high recurrence rates and comorbidities of mostly elderly patients. Middle meningeal artery embolization (MMAE) recently emerged as an alternative to surgery in the treatment of NASDH. OBJECTIVE: To describe a single center's experience of MMAE with Onyx for NASDH and compare it to a surgically treated historical cohort. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients undergoing MMAE for NASDH from 2019 to 2021. MMAE was performed with ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (Onyx). Comparisons were made with a historical cohort from 2010 to 2018 who underwent surgical evacuation only, before and after propensity score matching. Outcomes were assessed clinically and radiographically. RESULTS: We included 44 consecutive patients (55 MMAEs) who underwent MMAE, with a median follow-up of 63.5 days. Twenty-four NASDHs underwent upfront embolization, 17 adjunctive, and 14 for recurrence after prior surgical evacuation, with no significant differences in hematoma and mRS reduction between them. Two patients died during hospitalization and 2 during follow-up, unrelated to the procedure. Mean SDH thickness decreased by 48.3% ± 38.1% (P < 0.001) on last follow-up, which did not correlate with the amount of Onyx injected. Six (13.6%) patients required surgical rescue after embolization. There were no procedure-related complications. The mean modified Rankin Scale (mRS) on admission was 2.8 ± 1.5, which decreased significantly to 1 [1,4] at the last follow-up (P = 0.033). The MMAE (41 hematomas; upfront and adjunctive embolization) and Surgical Evacuation-only (461 hematomas) cohorts were balanced with propensity score mathing. Matching was successful for 41 MMAE and 41 surgical-only hematoma pairs, and only hypertension remained significantly different between the two groups, but there was no significant difference in any outcome. CONCLUSION: MMAE for NASDH seems safe and effective in appropriately selected patients, non-inferior to surgery, and may become a minimally-invasive alternative. Given our encouraging results, large-scale clinical randomized trials are warranted.