Grandiose narcissism, unfounded beliefs, and behavioral reactions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

A theoretical perspective on grandiose narcissism suggests four forms of it (sanctity, admiration, heroism, rivalry) and states that these forms conduce to different ways of thinking and acting. Guided by this perspective, we examined in a multinational and multicultural study (61 countries; N = 15,039) how narcissism forms are linked to cognitions and behaviors prompted by the COVID-19 pandemic. As expected, differences in cognitions and behaviors across narcissism forms emerged. For example, higher narcissistic rivalry predicted lower likelihood of enactment of COVID-19 prevention behaviors, but higher narcissistic sanctity predicted higher likelihood of enactment of COVID-19 prevention behaviors. Further, whereas the heroism, admiration, and rivalry narcissism forms acted in a typically antisocial manner, with high narcissism predicting greater endorsement of unfounded health beliefs, the sanctity form acted in a prosocial manner, with higher narcissism being linked to lower endorsement of unfounded COVID-19 health beliefs. Thus, the findings (a) support the idea of four narcissism forms acting differently, and (b) show that these differences reflect a double-edged sword, sometimes linking to an anti-social orientation, and sometimes linking to a pro-social orientation.

The fear of COVID-19 scale: Its structure and measurement invariance across 48 countries.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been a source of fear around the world. We asked whether the measurement of this fear is trustworthy and comparable across countries. In particular, we explored the measurement invariance and cross-cultural replicability of the widely used Fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S), testing community samples from 48 countries (N = 14,558). The findings indicate that the FCV-19S has a somewhat problematic structure, yet the one-factor solution is replicable across cultural contexts and could be used in studies that compare people who vary on gender and educational level. The validity of the scale is supported by a consistent pattern of positive correlations with perceived stress and general anxiety. However, given the unclear structure of the FCV-19S, we recommend using latent factor scores, instead of raw scores, especially in cross-cultural comparisons. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Fear of COVID and trait anxiety: mediation of resilience in university students / Medo da COVID e ansiedade-traço: mediação da resiliência em estudantes universitários / Miedo al COVID y ansiedad: mediación de la resiliencia en estudiantes universitarios

The current research aimed to assess the effect of the trait anxiety on the fear of Covid-19 mediated by resilience. For that, we counted on a convenience sample of 261 university students from Brazil. Participants completed a survey composed of the Fear of Covid-19 Scale (FC-19S), the Brief Resilience Scale, the Trait Anxiety Inventory, and demographic questions. Results from a simple mediation with 5000 bootstrap simulations supported the hypothesis that resilience mediates the link between the trait anxiety and fear of Covid-19 (β = .14; 95% C.I. = .027, .254). It was observed that resilience mediated around 35% of the link between the trait anxiety and the fear of Covid-19. In sum, we concluded that resilience plays an important role in maintaining people's mental health, which is especially relevant in troubled times like the pandemic.

O objetivo principaldeste estudo foi verificar o poder explicativo da ansiedade-traço no medo da Covid-19 sendo mediado pela resiliência. Para tanto, contou-se com a participação de uma amostra por conveniência composta por 261 estudantes universitários brasileiros. Os participantes responderam a um questionário online (Google formulários) contendo a Escala de Medo da Covid-19 - (FC-19S), a Escala Breve de Resiliência, o Inventário de Ansiedade Traço e questões de caráter sociodemográficas. Por meio de uma análise de mediação simples e 5000 re-amostragens bootstrap, confirmou-se a hipótese do presente estudo, uma vez que houve efeito de mediação (efeito indireto) estatisticamente significativo (β=0,14; 95% C.I. = 0,027 - 0,254), onde a variável resiliência mediou aproximadamente 35% da relação entre ansiedade-traço e medo da Covid-19. Conclui-se que a resiliência tem um papel importante para manutenção da saúde mental das pessoas, sobretudo em períodos de crise como de uma pandemia.

El objetivo principal de este estudio fue verificar el poder explicativo del rasgo de ansiedad en el miedo Covid-19, mediado por la resiliencia. Para ello, participó una muestra de conveniencia de 261 estudiantes universitarios brasileños. Los participantes respondieron un cuestionario en línea (formularios de Google) que contiene Escala de miedo Covid-19 (FC-19S), Escala de resiliencia breve, Inventario de ansiedad de rasgos y preguntas sociodemográficas. Mediante un análisis de mediación simple y un remuestreo de 5000 bootstrap, se confirmó la hipótesis del presente estudio, ya que hubo un efecto de mediación estadísticamente significativo (efecto indirecto) (β = 0,14; IC 95% = 0,027 - 0.254), donde la variable resiliencia medió aproximadamente el 35% de la relación entre el rasgo de ansiedad y el miedo al Covid-19. Concluimos que la resiliencia juega un papel importante en el mantenimiento de la salud mental de las personas, especialmente durante períodos de crisis como una pandemia.

The Dark Side of Human Values: How Values are Related to Bright and Dark Personality Traits.

In the present research, we replicate and extend previous findings on the relations between human values and bright\dark traits of personality, using the functional theory of human values (Gouveia, 2013). Specifically, we assessed which dark traits are associated with human values and whether the dark traits explained variance in values beyond the bright traits (Big Five). While prior research has investigated the relations between the three sets of constructs mainly in Western countries, we tested whether the findings hold in Brazil (N = 819). Although values are defined as positive constructs, several value subfunctions were positively correlated with the dark traits (e.g., excitement values with narcissism), while other relations were negative. Controlling for participants' age and gender, hierarchical regressions further revealed that dark traits explain variance in values beyond bright traits, although overall bright traits were more strongly associated with values than dark traits. Together, our findings replicate previous research. Implications for our understanding of the Dark Triad and cross-cultural research are discussed.

Honor Scale in Romania: Psychometric Parameters and Associations to Human Values.

Honor is an important psychological construct that refers to one's worth in one's own eyes and in the eyes of others. A person's honor is dependent on implicit personal meaning, which leads the individual to behave in a way worthy of being valued and socially appreciated. In the present research, we aimed to provide psychometric evidence for the short version of the Honor Scale in the Romanian context. For that, one study was performed (N = 444). The four-dimensional structure of the measure was supported through Confirmatory Factor Analysis, and showed good reliability estimates. The measure also presented full factorial invariance across participants' gender, showing that these groups answer to the measure in a similar way and can be further compared in research. Finally, results indicated significant associations between the Honor Scale factors with human values and age. In sum, our findings suggest that the short version of the Honor Scale is psychometrically adequate to use in Romania.

Structure of Dark Triad Dirty Dozen Across Eight World Regions.

The Dark Triad (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, Machiavellianism) has garnered intense attention over the past 15 years. We examined the structure of these traits' measure-the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DTDD)-in a sample of 11,488 participants from three W.E.I.R.D. (i.e., North America, Oceania, Western Europe) and five non-W.E.I.R.D. (i.e., Asia, Middle East, non-Western Europe, South America, sub-Saharan Africa) world regions. The results confirmed the measurement invariance of the DTDD across participants' sex in all world regions, with men scoring higher than women on all traits (except for psychopathy in Asia, where the difference was not significant). We found evidence for metric (and partial scalar) measurement invariance within and between W.E.I.R.D. and non-W.E.I.R.D. world regions. The results generally support the structure of the DTDD.

Country-level correlates of the Dark Triad traits in 49 countries.

OBJECTIVES: The Dark Triad traits (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, Machiavellianism) capture individual differences in aversive personality to complement work on other taxonomies, such as the Big Five traits. However, the literature on the Dark Triad traits relies mostly on samples from English-speaking (i.e., Westernized) countries. We broadened the scope of this literature by sampling from a wider array of countries. METHOD: We drew on data from 49 countries (N = 11,723; 65.8% female; AgeMean  = 21.53) to examine how an extensive net of country-level variables in economic status (e.g., Human Development Index), social relations (e.g., gender equality), political orientations (e.g., democracy), and cultural values (e.g., embeddedness) relate to country-level rates of the Dark Triad traits, as well as variance in the magnitude of sex differences in them. RESULTS: Narcissism was especially sensitive to country-level variables. Countries with more embedded and hierarchical cultural systems were more narcissistic. Also, sex differences in narcissism were larger in more developed societies: Women were less likely to be narcissistic in developed (vs. less developed) countries. CONCLUSIONS: We discuss the results based on evolutionary and social role models of personality and sex differences. That higher country-level narcissism was more common in less developed countries, whereas sex differences in narcissism were larger in more developed countries, is more consistent with evolutionary than social role models.

Scale of Positive and Negative Affects (EAPN-10): Evidence of its Psychometric Adequacy / Escala de Afetos Positivos e Negativos (EAPN-10): Evidências de sua Adequação Psicométrica / Escala de Afectos Positivos y Negativos (EAPN-10): Evidencias de su Adecuación Psicométrica

Abstract This study aimed to gather psychometric evidence of the Scale of Positive and Negative Affects (EAPN-10) within the Brazilian context. Three studies were performed (N = 911). Study 1 considered 296 undergraduate students (MAge = 23.8; 59.1% females), who answered the EAPN-10 and a demographic questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor structure [positive affects (α = .82) and negative affects (α = .81)], explaining 59.7% of the total variance. Study 2 took into account the participation of 313 undergraduate students (MAge = 23.3; 57.2% females), who answered the same instruments. Confirmatory factor analysis corroborated the two-factor structure (e.g., CFI = .92), which was invariant across males and females (e.g., ΔCFI < .01), with alphas greater than .70. Finally, Study 3's participants were 302 university students (MAge = 23.1; 54.3% females), who answered the aforementioned instruments as well as measures of vitality, positivity, optimism, anxiety, depression and stress. Supporting their criterion validity, positive affects (α = .83) were positively correlated with well-being indicators, and negative affects (α = .80) were positively correlated with indicators of psychological discomfort. In conclusion, the EAPN-10 is a psychometrically adequate measure that can be employed to assess people's affects and their correlates within the Brazilian context.

Resumo Este estudo objetivou reunir evidências psicométricas da Escala de Afetos Positivos e Negativos (EAPN-10) no contexto brasileiro. Realizaram-se três estudos. O Estudo 1 considerou 296 estudantes universitários (MIdade = 23,8; 59,1% mulheres), os quais responderam a EAPN-10 e perguntas demográficas. A análise fatorial exploratória revelou uma estrutura bifatorial [afetos positivos (α = 0,82) e afetos negativos (α = 0,81)], explicando 59,7% da variância total. No Estudo 2 participaram 313 estudantes universitários (MIdade = 23,3; 57,2% mulheres), que responderam os instrumentos do estudo anterior. A análise fatorial confirmatória corroborou a estrutura bifatorial (e.g., CFI = 0,92), que se mostrou invariante entre homens e mulheres (e.g., ΔCFI < 0,01), tendo alfas superiores a 0,80. Por fim, o Estudo 3 reuniu 302 estudantes universitários (MIdade = 23,1; 54,3% mulheres), que responderam os instrumentos prévios e medidas de vitalidade, positividade, otimismo, ansiedade, depressão e estresse. Atestando evidências de sua validade de critério, os afetos positivos (α = 0,83) se correlacionaram positivamente com os indicadores de bem-estar, enquanto os negativos (α = 0,80) o fizeram com aqueles de mal-estar psicológico. Conclui-se que a EAPN-10 é psicometricamente adequada, podendo ser empregada para conhecer os afetos e seus correlatos no contexto brasileiro.

Resumen Este estudio ha tenido como objetivo reunir evidencias psicométricas de la Escala de Afectos Positivos y Negativos (EAPN-10) en el contexto brasileño. Se realizaron tres estudios. El Estudio 1 consideró 296 estudiantes universitarios (MEdad = 23.8, 59.1% mujeres), que contestaron a la EAPN-10 y preguntas demográficas. El análisis factorial exploratorio ha indicado una estructura bifactorial [afectos positivos (α = .82) y afectos negativos (α = .81)], explicando el 59.7% de la varianza total. En Estudio 2 reunió 313 estudiantes universitarios (MEdad = 23.3, 57.2% mujeres), que contestaron los instrumentos del estudio anterior. El análisis factorial confirmatorio ha corroborado la estructura bifatorial (CFI = .92), que se mostró invariante entre varones y mujeres (ΔCFI < .01), con alfas superiores a .70. Por último, el Estudio 3 contó con 302 estudiantes universitarios (MEdad = 23.1, 54.3% mujeres), que contestaron a los instrumentos previos y medidas de vitalidad, positividad, optimismo, ansiedad, depresión y estrés. Confirmando evidencias de validez de criterio, los afectos positivos (α = .83) se han correlacionado positivamente con los indicadores de bienestar, mientras que los negativos (α = .80) lo hicieron con aquellos de malestar psicológico. Concluyendo, la EAPN-10 se ha mostrado psicometricamente adecuada, pudiendo ser empleada para conocer los afectos y sus correlatos en el contexto brasileño.

Formação em Avaliação Psicológica: Situação, Desafios e Diretrizes / Training in Psychological Assessment: Situation, Challenges, and Guidelines / Formación en Evaluación Psicológica: Situación, Desafíos y Directrices

Este artigo teve como objetivo conhecer a formação em Avaliação Psicológica no Brasil, considerando pesquisas com estudantes, professores e profissionais, identificando desafios, avanços e diretrizes. A diversidade da área é o aspecto mais evidente, variando nomes de disciplinas, cargas horárias e conteúdos de um curso a outro, inclusive dentro de um mesmo Estado. Embora se suponha competência do psicólogo, seus conhecimentos e suas atitudes não diferem tanto daqueles dos estudantes, e muitos não conhecem dispositivos legais que regulamentam a prática da Avaliação Psicológica. São identificados entraves para a formação (por exemplo, natureza da área, dificuldade na relação professor-aluno), mas também propostas de diretrizes para formação nesta área. Concluiu-se que é necessário diferenciar níveis de formação ou, decidindo-se por uma generalista, focar em conteúdos mínimos, priorizando documentos que regulamentam a prática profissional....(AU)

This article aimed to know the training in Psychological Assessment in Brazil, considering studies with undergraduate students, teachers, and professionals, identifying challenges, advances and guidelines. The diversity of the area is the most evident aspect, varying names of disciplines, schedules and contents from one course to another, even within the same state. Although the competence of the psychologist is assumed, their knowledge and their attitudes do not differ so much from those of the students, and many do not know the laws that regulate the practice of Psychological Assessment. Some obstacles, but also some guidelines, to training (e.g., nature of the field, difficulty in the teacher-student relationship) have been identified. In conclusion, it is necessary to differentiate levels of training or, deciding for a generalist one, to focus on minimum contents, prioritizing documents that regulate the professional practice....(AU)

Este artículo tuvo como objetivo conocer la formación en Evaluación Psicológica en Brasil, considerando investigaciones con estudiantes, profesores y profesionales, identificando desafíos, avances y directrices. La diversidad del área es el aspecto más evidente, variando nombres de disciplinas, cargas horarias y contenidos de un curso a otro, incluso dentro de un mismo Estado. Aunque se suponga competencia del psicólogo, sus conocimientos y sus actitudes no difieren tanto de los de estudiantes, y muchos no conocen dispositivos legales que regulan la práctica de la Evaluación Psicológica. Se identifican obstáculos para la formación (e.g., naturaleza del área, dificultad en la relación profesor-alumno), pero también propuestas de directrices para formación en esta área. Se concluyó que es necesario diferenciar niveles de formación o, decidiendo por una generalista, enfocarse en contenidos mínimos, priorizando documentos que regulan la práctica profesional....(AU)

Cross-Cultural Differences and Similarities in Human Value Instantiation.

Previous research found that the within-country variability of human values (e.g., equality and helpfulness) clearly outweighs between-country variability. Across three countries (Brazil, India, and the United Kingdom), the present research tested in student samples whether between-nation differences reside more in the behaviors used to concretely instantiate (i.e., exemplify or understand) values than in their importance as abstract ideals. In Study 1 (N = 630), we found several meaningful between-country differences in the behaviors that were used to concretely instantiate values, alongside high within-country variability. In Study 2 (N = 677), we found that participants were able to match instantiations back to the values from which they were derived, even if the behavior instantiations were spontaneously produced only by participants from another country or were created by us. Together, these results support the hypothesis that people in different nations can differ in the behaviors that are seen as typical as instantiations of values, while holding similar ideas about the abstract meaning of the values and their importance.

Need for Affect and Attitudes Toward Drugs: The Mediating Role of Values.

Human values and affective traits were found to predict attitudes toward the use of different types of drugs (e.g., alcohol, marijuana, and other illegal drugs). In this study (N = 196, Mage = 23.09), we aimed to gain a more comprehensive understanding of those predictors of attitudes toward drug use in a mediated structural equation model, providing a better overview of a possible motivational path that drives to such a risky behavior. Specifically, we predicted and found that the relations between need for affect and attitudes toward drug use were mediated by excitement values. Also, results showed that excitement values and need for affect positively predicted attitudes toward the use of drugs, whereas normative values predicted it negatively. The pattern of results remained the same when we investigated attitudes toward alcohol, marijuana, or illegal drugs separately. Overall, the findings indicate that emotions operate via excitement and normative values to influence risk behavior.

Escala de necessidade de pertença: evidências de qualidade psicométrica / Need to belong scale: evidences of psychometric quality / Necesidad de pertenecer: evidencias de calidad psicométrica

A necessidade de pertença representa uma motivação do ser humano para estabelecer relacionamentos intensos e duradouros, sendo isso um importante aspecto para a manutenção do bem-estar e saúde mental destes. Considerando a relevância desse construto, busca-se validar a escala de Necessidade de Pertença (ENP) para o contexto brasileiro em três estudos (N = 642). O primeiro e segundo estudos objetivaram apresentar a estrutura fatorial da presente medida por meio de análise fatorial exploratória e confirmatória, os quais confirmaram a solução unifatorial esperada (CFI = 0,96) com a eliminação de três itens da versão original. Já o terceiro estudo buscou apresentar evidências de validade convergente da ENP, tendo confirmado a significativa associação desse construto com medidas de natureza similar (e.g., solidão emocional). Conclui-se que os objetivos foram alcançados e que a medida apresenta-se psicometricamente adequada para uso no Brasil. (AU)

The need to belong represents a motivation of the human being to establish intense and long-term relationships, and it is an important aspect for the maintenance of people's well-being and mental health. Considering the relevance of this construct, we sought to validate the Need to Belong Scale (NBS) for the Brazilian context in three studies (N = 642). The first and second studies aimed to present the factorial structure of this measure through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, which confirmed the expected single-factor solution (CFI = 0.96) with the elimination of three items from the original version. The third study sought to present evidence of convergent validity of the NBS, confirming the significant association of this construct with measures of a similar nature (e. g., emotional loneliness). In conclusion, this measure showed to be psychometrically adequate for use in Brazil. (AU)

La necesidad de pertenencia representa una motivación del ser humano para establecer relaciones intensas y duraderas, siendo esto, fundamental para mantener el bienestar y la salud mental de las personas. Considerando la pertinencia de este constructo, se busca validar la Escala de Necesidad de Pertenencia (ENP) para el contexto brasileño a través de tres estudios (N = 642). El primer y segundo estudio presentan la estructura factorial de esta medida a través de análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio, confirmando la estructura unifactorial esperada (CFI = 0,96), con la eliminación de tres ítems de la versión original. El tercer estudio trató de presentar evidencias de validez convergente de la ENP, confirmando la asociación significativa de este constructo con medidas de naturaleza similar (e.g. soledad emocional). Conclusión, los objetivos fueron alcanzados y la medida ha demostrado ser psicométricamente adecuada para su uso en Brasil. (AU)

The Dark Triad Traits from a Life History Perspective in Six Countries.

Work on the Dark Triad traits has benefited from the use of a life history framework but it has been limited to primarily Western samples and indirect assessments of life history strategies. Here, we examine how the Dark Triad traits (i.e., psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism) relate to two measures of individual differences in life history strategies. In Study 1 (N = 937), we replicated prior observed links between life history strategies, as measured by the Mini-K, and the Dark Triad traits using samples recruited from three countries. In Study 2 (N = 1032), we measured life history strategies using the Consideration of Future Consequences Scale and correlated it with the Dark Triad traits in samples recruited from three additional countries. While there was some variability across participants' sex and country, the results were generally consistent in that psychopathy and (to a lesser extent) Machiavellianism were related to faster life history strategies and narcissism was related to slower life history strategies. These results add cross-cultural data and the use of two measures of life history speed to understand the Dark Triad traits from a life history perspective.

Psychometric Properties of the Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale (URCS) for a Brazilian Sample.

The present research brings psychometric evidences for the Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale (URCS), aiming at verifying its adequacy for use in the Brazilian context. Participants were 468 university students with mean age of 21.2 years. They completed a survey composed by the URCS, the Basic Values Survey (BSV), and demographic questions. Through Exploratory (Eigenvalue = 6.61) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFI = .937, TLI = .923), the results showed that the same one-factor structure from the original version of the scale was found. These results were also invariant across gender and relationship status (∆SRMR < .03), and presented evidences of internal consistence (α = .94), temporal stability (ICC = .903, p < .001), and convergent validity (r male = .32, r female = .25, p < .001). In conclusion, this measure has shown to be psychometrically adequate for use in Brazil.

Percepção da “morte digna” por estudantes e médicos / Perception of “dignified death” for students and doctors / Percepciones de estudiantes y médicos sobre la “muerte digna”

A morte é a cessação definitiva da vida no corpo. Os avanços técnico-científicos da medicina conseguiram prolongá-la. O objetivo do presente estudo foi conhecer a percepção de estudantes e profissionais da medicina acerca da “morte digna”. Levantaram-se as diferenças entre os grupos e seus correlatos, valendo-se de variáveis demográficas. Participaram 398 respondentes, distribuídos equitativamente entre estudantes e médicos da cidade de Porto Velho, dos quais 57,8% eram do gênero masculino, com média etária de 34,5 anos. Os participantes responderam à chamada “escala de percepção de morte digna” (EPMD) e questões demográficas. Os resultados indicaram que os médicos preferiram morrer no hospital (74%) e os estudantes, em casa (74%); esses últimos tiveram maior média na EPMD (M = 5,6; DP = 0,6). Apesar das limitações, este estudo favorece a reflexão sobre práticas futuras, inerentes à concepção de morte digna por integrantes da saúde, auxiliando a relação médico-paciente.

Death is the definitive end of life in the body. The technological advances of medicine have made it possible to prolong the process of dying. This study aimed to discover the perception of medical students and medical professionals about a good death, and analyzed the differences between the groups and their correlates based on demographic variables. A total of 398 people, equally divided among medical students and doctors, participated in the study. Most of the participants were male (57.8%), with a mean age of 34.5. They responded to the GDPS (Good Death Perception Scale) and demographic questions. Results indicated that doctors preferred to die in a hospital (74%) and students at home (74%). The latter obtained a higher mean GDPS score (M = 5.6, SD = 0.6). Despite its limitations, this study allows the consideration of future practices inherent to the conception of a good death by health professionals, improving the doctor-patient relationship.

La muerte es la cesación definitiva de la vida en el cuerpo. Los avances técnico-científicos de la medicina lograron posponerla. El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer la percepción de estudiantes y profesionales de la medicina con respecto a la muerte digna. Se registraron las diferencias entre los grupos y sus correlatos con variables demográficas. Participaron 398 personas divididas equitativamente entre estudiantes y médicos de la ciudad de Porto Velho (RO). Del total, 57,8% eran de género masculino, con a edad promedio de 34,5 años. Estos respondieron la EPMD (Escala de Percepción de Muerte Digna) y preguntas demográficas. Los resultados indicaron que los médicos prefieren morir en el hospital (74%) y los estudiantes en sus casas (74%); éstos presentaron una media mayor en la EPMD (M = 5,6; DP = 0,6). A pesar de las limitaciones, este estudio propone pensar prácticas futuras inherentes a la concepción de muerte digna de parte de los profesionales de la salud, colaborando en la relación médico-paciente.

Valores, atitudes e uso de bebidas alcoólicas: proposta de um modelo hierárquico / Values, attitudes, and use of alcohol: a proposal for a hierarchical model / Valores, actitudes y uso de bebidas alcohólicas: propuesta de un modelo jerárquico

O presente artigo objetivou conhecer a base axiológica das atitudes frente o uso de álcool, testando o modelo hierárquico valores→atitudes→comportamento. Contou-se com a participação de 149 estudantes de duas IES da cidade de Parnaíba (PI), com idade média de 22,8 anos e maioria homens (57,4%) que responderam o Questionário dos Valores Básicos, a Escala de Atitudes Frente o Uso de Álcool e perguntas sobre dados demográficos. Os resultados indicam que valores de experimentação se correlacionam positivamente com atitudes favoráveis ao consumo de álcool, ao passo que valores normativos o fizeram negativamente. Confirmou-se, ainda, o papel mediador das atitudes. Esta pesquisa buscou dar suporte ao modelo hierárquico supracitado, favorecendo o entendimento do uso de bebidas alcóolicas e delineamento de políticas públicas para combater o padrão disfuncional de consumo.

This study aimed to understand the axiological basis of attitudes toward alcohol use by testing the hierarchical model of values→attitudes→behavior. One hundred and forty-nine undergraduates (most of whom were men; i.e., 57.4%) from Parnaíba, Brazil, participated in the study (mean age = 22.8 years). The participants answered the Basic Values Survey, Attitudes toward Use Alcohol Scale, and demographic questions. The results indicated that the excitement values positively correlated with favorable attitudes toward alcohol use, while normative values were negatively related. The mediating role of attitudes on this relation was also confirmed in the analyses. The current study supports the proposed hierarchical model, and thereby contributes to the understanding of alcohol use and has implication for designing public policies to combat the dysfunctional pattern of unhealthy consumption.

Este artículo tuvo como objetivo conocer las bases axiológicas de las actitudes frente al consumo de alcohol, evaluando el modelo jerárquico valores→actitudes→comportamiento. Contó con la participación de 149 estudiantes de dos IES de la ciudad de Parnaíba (PI) con una edad media de 22,8 años y la mayoría hombres ( 57,4% ) que respondieron el Cuestionario de los Valores Básicos, la Escala de Actitudes Frente al Uso de Alcohol y preguntas demográficas. Los resultados indicaron que los valores de experimentación se correlacionaron positivamente con las actitudes favorables al consumo de alcohol, mientras que los valores normativos lo hicieron negativamente. Se confirmó, también, el papel mediador de las actitudes. Concluyendo, esta investigación apoya el modelo jerárquico citado, favoreciendo la comprensión del uso de alcohol y el diseño de políticas públicas para combatir el patrón disfuncional de consumo.

Escala de Necessidade de Cognição (NCS-18): efeito de itens negativos em sua estrutura fatorial / Need for Cognition Scale (NCS-18): effect of negative items in its factorial structure

Este estudo objetivou testar a dimensionalidade da Escala de Necessidade de Cognição (NCS-18), controlando o efeito dos itens negativos. Participaram 215 estudantes universitários de João Pessoa (PB), com média de idade de 20 anos (DP = 3,79), os quais responderam a NCS-18 e questões demográficas. Testaram-se três modelos: M1 (modelo unifatorial convencional), M2 (modelo bifatorial, com itens positivos e negativos saturando em fatores separados) e M3 (modelo unifatorial, sendo controlado o efeito de itens negativos). Os resultados mostraram que os modelos M2 e M3 apresentaram melhores indicadores de ajuste quando comparados ao M1; porém, o M3 foi também superior ao M2. Concluiu-se, portanto, que a NCS-18 é mais bem representada por meio de uma estrutura unifatorial, especialmente quando é controlado o efeito de itens negativos.

This study aimed at testing the dimensionality of the Need for Cognition Scale (NCS-18), controlling the effect of negative items. Participants were 215 undergraduate students from João Pessoa (PB) with mean age of 20 years (SD = 3.79). They answered the NCS-18 and demographic questions. Three models were tested: M1 (conventional one-factor model), M2 (two-factor, with positive and negative items loading in separate factors), and M3 (one-factor model, controlling for the effect of negative items). Results showed that M2 and M3 models had better fit indexes compared to M1. Nevertheless, M3 also had better fit indexes than M2. In conclusion, evidence that the NCS-18 is more adequately represented by one-factor model was observed, especially when the effect of negative items is controlled.

Patterns of Value Change During the Life Span: Some Evidence From a Functional Approach to Values.

Little research has examined mean-level change in values across the life span. Using large cross-sectional data (N = 36,845) from the five geo-social regions in Brazil, this study examines how mean levels of basic values differ as a function of age (from age 12 to 65; M = 28) and whether age effects are moderated by gender. Results show that mean-level value change is substantial throughout the life course. We observed both linear and curvilinear patterns of change as well as differential patterns by gender. The observed value change is consistent with age-related life circumstances and psychosocial development. Age effects are also value dependent, supporting the notion that values have different functions for different developmental stages.

Medindo associação implícita com o freeIAT em Português: um exemplo com atitudes implícitas frente ao poliamor / Measuring implicit association with the freeIAT in Portuguese: an example with implicit attitudes toward polyamory

O Teste de Associação Implícita (TAI) tem se mostrado relevante na medição de diversos construtos psicológicos. Entretanto, são escassos os estudos que o consideram no Brasil. Este artigo objetivou introduzir um programa gratuito (FreeIAT) para sua realização, exemplificando com uma medida de atitudes frente ao poliamor. Participaram da pesquisa 50 estudantes universitários com idade média de 22 anos (62% mulheres), que responderam a uma escala de atitudes explícitas frente ao poliamor e ao TAI Monogamia-Poliamor. Os resultados mostraram correlação negativa entre a medida implícita (bloco de latência incongruente) e a explícita de atitudes frente ao poliamor, indicando que quanto maior a aceitação do poliamor, menor o tempo de associação entre os estímulos (palavras positivas e poliamor). Não se observou correlação entre o Escore D e as atitudes explícitas frente ao poliamor, sugerindo que pessoas favoráveis ao poliamor não necessariamente são contrárias à monogamia. Concluiu-se que o FreeIAT possui uma interface simplificada, atendendo às variações do TAI clássico e permitindo aplicação coletiva. Além disso, o fato de ser um programa com código aberto e gratuito tem o potencial de incentivar pesquisas com medidas implícitas em culturas lusófonas. (AU)

Even the Implicit Association Test (IAT) has been shown to be relevant in measuring various psychological constructs there are few studies considering it in Brazil. This paper aims to introduce a free program (FreeIAT) to perform IAT, illustrating it with a measure of attitudes toward polyamory. Participants were 50 undergraduate students with mean age of 22 years (62% women) who answered an explicit scale attitude toward polyamory and the Monogamy-Polyamory IAT. Results showed a negative correlation between implicit (latency of incongruent block) and explicit attitudes measures toward polyamory, indicating that the greater the acceptance of polyamory, the lesser time to association between the stimuli (positive words and polyamory). There was no correlation between the D Score and the explicit attitudes toward polyamory, suggesting that people in favor of polyamory are not necessarily opposed to monogamy. In conclusion, the FreeIAT shows a streamlined interface, following the variations of the classic IAT and allowing collective application. Moreover, the fact of being a free program with open source it has the potential to encourage research on implicit measures in Lusophone cultures. (AU)

Correlatos valorativos do preconceito religioso: um estudo em uma escola pública estadual / Value correlates of religious prejudice: a study in a public state school

O objetivo do presente estudo foi conhecer em que medida e direção os valores humanos se correlacionam com o preconceito religioso. Porém, previamente demandou-se construir e conhecer evidências de validade da Escala de Tolerância Religiosa (ETR). Participaram da pesquisa 200 estudantes do ensino médio de uma escola pública de João Pessoa (PB), com idade média de 17 anos (dp = 2,12), a maioria do sexo feminino (58%). Estes responderam a ETR, o Questionário dos Valores Básicos e perguntas demográficas. Os resultados indicaram correlação negativa entre as subfunções valorativas experimentação e suprapessoal com as pontuações do fator geral de preconceito religioso. Por outro lado, observou-se correlação positiva entre estas pontuações e a frequência com que os jovens participavam de atividades de sua igreja. Estes resultados foram discutidos levando em conta a concepção clássica do preconceito, destacando a importância da teoria funcionalista dos valores para explicá-lo. Finalmente, ressalta-se a importância do ensino religioso como uma alternativa para amenizar este tipo de preconceito.

This study aimed to understand the extent and direction of the human values are correlated with religious prejudice. However, previously demanded to elaborate and know evidence of validity of the Religious Tolerance Scale (RTS). Participated were 200 high school students in a public school in Joao Pessoa (PB), with a mean age of 17 years (sd = 2.12), mostly females (58%). They answered the RTS, the Basic Values Survey and demographic questions. Results indicated a negative correlation of the excitement and suprapersonal sub-functions with the scores on the general factor of religious prejudice. Moreover, there was a positive correlation of these scores with the frequency with young people participated in activities of their church. These findings were discussed based on the classical conception of prejudice, highlighting the importance of the functionalist theory of value to explain it. Finally, we stress the importance of religious education as an alternative to alleviate this type of prejudice.