Comprehensive spectral identification of key intermediates to the final product of the chiral pool synthesis of radezolid.

Radezolid (RAD, 12), biaryl oxazolidinone, was synthesised with small modifications according to the methods described in the literature. The pharmacological activity is observed only for (S)-enantiomer, therefore its synthesis is oriented towards obtaining a single isomer of required purity and desired optical configuration. The intermediate products of RAD synthesis were characterised using 1H- and 13C-NMR, as well as the 2D correlation HSQC and HMBC (2, 5, 9, 10), furthermore studied using infrared radiation (FT-IR), Raman scattering (3, 5, 9), and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) (5, 12) spectroscopy. Each technique provides a unique and specific set of information. Hence, the full spectral characteristics of key intermediates obtained from the chiral pool synthesis to the finished product of RAD were summarised and compared. For a more accurate analysis, and due to the lack of reliable and reproducible reference standards for intermediate products, their vibrational analysis was supported by quantum chemical calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) utilising the B3LYP hybrid functional and the 6-311G(d,p) basis set. Good agreement was observed between the empirical and theoretical spectra. Graphical abstract Comprehensive spectral identification (ECD, NMR, FT-IR, Raman) of key intermediates of the chiral pool synthesis of radezolid.

Application of spectroscopic methods (FT-IR, Raman, ECD and NMR) in studies of identification and optical purity of radezolid.

In the presented study, N-{[(5S)-3-(2-fluoro-4'-{[(1H-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylmethyl)amino]methyl}biphenyl-4-yl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-5-yl]methyl}acetamide (radezolid) was synthesized and characterized using FT-IR, Raman, ECD and NMR. The aim of this work was to assess the possibility of applying classical spectral methods such as FT-IR, Raman, ECD and NMR spectroscopy for studies on the identification and optical purity of radezolid. The experimental interpretation of FT-IR and Raman spectra of radezolid was conducted in combination with theoretical studies. Density functional theory (DFT) with the B3LYP hybrid functional was used for obtaining radezolid spectra. Full identification was carried out by COSY, 1H {13C} HSQC and 1H {13C} HMBC experiments. The experimental NMR chemical shifts and spin-spin coupling constants were compared with theoretical calculations using the DFT method and B3LYP functional employing the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set and the solvent polarizable continuum model (PCM). The experimental ECD spectra of synthesized radezolid were compared with experimental spectra of the reference standard of radezolid. Theoretical calculations enabled us to conduct HOMO and LUMO analysis and molecular electrostatic potential maps were used to determine the active sites of microbiologically active form of radezolid enantiomer. The relationship between results of ab initio calculations and knowledge about chemical-biological properties of S-radezolid and other oxazolidinone derivatives are also discussed.

Enantioselective recognition of radezolid by cyclodextrin modified capillary electrokinetic chromatography and electronic circular dichroism.

A method for the enantioseparation of radezolid (RAD), an analogue of a truly new class of antibacterial agents, oxazolidinones, was developed based on capillary electrokinetic chromatography using a cyclodextrin as a chiral pseudophase (CD-cEKC). The mechanism of RAD separation, together with its precursor, were investigated to directly define the relationship between the oxazolidinone structure and the complexation process. During the development of the method, anionic single isomer cyclodextrins were tested. They were ranked in order from hydrophilic to hydrophobic as follows: heptakis-(2,3-dihydroxy-6-sulfo)-ß-cyclodextrin (HS-ß-CD), heptakis-(2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfo)-ß-cyclodextrin (HDAS-ß-CD) and heptakis-(2,3-dimethyl-6-sulfo)-ß-cyclodextrin (HDMS-ß-CD). Experiments were performed at pH values of 2.5, 6.6, 8.2 and 9.6. The cyclodextrins that had an acetyl or methyl group at the C2 and C3 positions, referred to as HDAS-ß-CD and HDMS-ß-CD, respectively, exhibited partial and baseline separation of enantiomers in a low pH buffer. However, higher temperatures were required for HDAS-ß-CD and acetonitrile addition was required for HDMS-ß-CD. During the experiments, different organic solvents, varying in their amphiprotic or aprotic nature, were tested. The best results for the separation of enantiomers using the CD-cEKC method were obtained with 40mM HDMS-ß-CD dissolved in a 50mM phosphate buffer (pH 2.5) with the addition of acetonitrile (65:35, v/v) at 27°C, reversed polarity and a voltage equal to 28kV. The apparent binding constants for each enantiomer to HDAS-ß-CD or HDMS-ß-CD were calculated. Finally, the stereochemistry of (S) and (R)-RAD and the behaviour of selected complex formations were established using electronic circular dichroism.

Chiral separation of tedizolid using charge single isomer derivatives of cyclodextrins by capillary electrokinetic chromatography.

A method to enantioseparate tedizolid (TED), the second analogue after linezolid (LIN) in a truly new class of antibacterial agents, the oxazolidinones, was developed based on capillary electrokinetic chromatography using cyclodextrin as chiral pseudophase (CD-cEKC). The single isomer R-tedizolid possesses one chiral centre at C5 of the oxazolidinone ring, which is associated with the antibacterial activity of the drug. Tedizolid enantiomers are non-charged and therefore require the use of charged cyclodextrins (CCDs) as carrier hosts to achieve a velocity difference during migration. During method development, hydrophilic anionic single-isomer and moderately hydrophobic and hydrophobic cyclodextrins were tested, including heptakis-(2,3-dihydroxy-6-sulfo)-ß-cyclodextrin (HS-ß-CD), heptakis-(2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfo)-ß-cyclodextrin (HDAS-ß-CD), oktakis-(2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfo)-γ-cyclodextrin (ODAS-γ-CD) and heptakis-(2,3-dimethyl-6-sulfo)-ß-cyclodextrin (HDMS-ß-CD). Only CDs that have acetyl groups at the C2 and C3 positions with seven (HDAS-ß-CD) or eight (ODAS-γ-CD) residues of glucopyranose units provided baseline separation of the tedizolid enantiomers with the addition of organic solvent. During the experiments, different organic solvents were tested, such as methanol, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, which varied in their abilities to donate or accept protons. The best enantiomer separation results were obtained using the CD-cEKC method with 37.5mM HDAS-ß-CD dissolved in 50mM formic buffer (pH 4.0) with the addition of acetonitrile (81.4:18.6, v/v) at 27ºC, normal polarity, and 12kV. Finally, the apparent binding constants for each enantiomer-HDAS-ß-CD pair were calculated. Moreover, in order to evaluate the behaviour of TED and LIN enantiomers relative to chiral selector, enantioselective interactions towards the precursors of TED and LIN isomers were also investigated.

5,6,7,8-Tetra-hydro-quinolin-8-one.

In the quinoline fused-ring system of the title compound, C(9)H(9)NO, the pyridine ring is planar to within 0.011 (3) Å, while the partially saturated cyclo-hexene ring adopts a sofa conformation with an asymmetry parameter ΔC(s)(C6) = 1.5 (4)°. There are no classical hydrogen bonds in the crystal structure. Mol-ecules form mol-ecular layers parallel to (100) with a distance between the layers of a/2 = 3.468 Å.