Prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors in contaminated areas of the Santos-São Vicente Estuarine region and Bertioga, Brazil: 2006-2009.

In Brazil, cardiovascular diseases account for 33% of deaths and the prevalence of hypertension is of approximately 22%. The Santos and São Vicente Estuarine System is the most important example of environmental degradation by chemicals from industrial sources. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors in the population of this estuary in the period 2006-2009. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the aforementioned prevalence of hypertension in the evaluated areas, as well as risk factors for this disease in four contaminated areas located in the Estuary, and one area outside Estuary, the city of Bertioga. Associations between categorical variables were tested using Pearson's chi-square test incorporating Yates' correction, or Fisher's exact test. Single and multiple logistic regression models were applied to evaluate the risk factors for hypertension. The highest prevalence of hypertension was found in Continental São Vicente (28.4%). The risk factors for hypertension were the following: living in Center of Cubatão (OR: 1.3; IC95%: 1.0 - 1.6) and Continental São Vicente (OR: 1.4; IC95%: 1.1 - 1.8); illiterate (OR: 1.9; IC95%: 1.1 - 3.2); living in the area for more than 20 years (OR: 1.2; IC95%: 1.0 - 1.5); group of people aged 36-60 years (OR: 3.9; IC95%: 3.3 - 4.6) and who have had past occupational exposure (OR: 1.3; IC95%: 1.1 - 1.6). Results indicate that living in contaminated areas, especially for a longer time, is a risk factor for hypertension.

Prevalence of liver diseases as referred by people living in the Santos and São Vicente Estuary.

The Santos and São Vicente Estuary has suffered extensively over the years from irregular industrial deposits. The present study aimed to evaluate liver disease prevalence and potential associated risk factors in four of the Estuary's areas (Pilões and Água-Fria, Cubatão Center, Continental São Vicente, and Guarujá) and a reference area (Bertioga). This study consisted of a cross-sectional study design, in which a questionnaire was used to collect information in 820 households at each of the study areas. The proportion of total liver diseases, hepatitis, cirrhosis, and cancer (liver, biliary tract, and pancreas) per area were estimated. Pearson's chi-square test and two proportion differences test were applied in order to evaluate associations between disease occurrence and areas and to test differences between two proportions, respectively. Single and multiple logistic regression models were applied to assess associations between disease prevalence and the different study areas. Liver disease prevalence was 1.5 % among all inhabitants and 1.4 % among those without any type of exposure. Among those who reported the presence of liver disease, a higher percentage of the participants that reported hepatitis (27.7 %) or other liver disease (48.7 %) did not report occupational or alcohol exposures. Hepatitis (77.8 %) was the most reported disease, and a statistical association between living in Pilões and Água-Fria and the occurrence of hepatitis was observed (Pearson's χ (2): z = 18.1; p = 0.001). The consumption of locally-produced groceries (2.88; CI: 1.24-6.70) and water (5.88; CI: 2.24-15.45) were shown to be risk factors for the occurrence of liver disease. Thus, environmental exposure is still a public health problem present in the estuary region.

Water replacement and thermoregulatory responses during prolonged exercise.

The present study was designed to compare the thermoregulatory responses of 12 young adult males who were required to exercise wearing heavy clothing under three different conditions: 1) without water replacement (WW), 2) with water replacement (600 ml prior to exercise and 240 ml at the 15th, 30th and 45th minute of exercise) (W15), and 3) with water replacement (600 ml prior to exercise, 36 ml during the first minute of exercise and 36 ml at 3-min intervals throughout exercise) (W3). The mean heart rate (HR) (147 +/- 14.6 beats/min), mean rectal temperature (Mtre) (37.39 +/- 0.24 degrees C) and mean body temperature (MBT) (36.73 +/- 0.24 degrees C) under WW conditions were significantly higher than the values observed under W15 conditions (137 +/- 6.18 beats/min, 37.18 +/- 0.17 degrees C and 36.57 +/- 0.18 degrees C, respectively) and W3 conditions (138 +/- 10.1 beats/min, 37.18 +/- 0.21 degrees C and 36.51 +/- 0.24 degrees C, respectively). The temperature differences could be partially attributed to a direct effect of the cold water ingested. No significant differences were detected between conditions W15 and W3 for any of the variables studied.

Water replacement and thermoregulatory responses during prolonged exercise

The present study was designed to compare the thermoregulatory responses of 12 young adult males who were required to exercise wearing heavy clothing under three different conditions: 1) without water replacement (WW), 2) with water replacement (600 ml prior to exercise and 240 ml at the 15th, 30th and 45th minute of exercise) (W15), and 3) with water replacement (600 ml prior to exercise, 36 ml during the first minute of exercise and 36 ml at 3-min intervals throughout exercise) (W3). The mean heart rate (HR) (147 +/- 14.6 beats/min), mean rectal temperature (Mtre) (37.39 +/- 0.24 degrees C) and mean body temperature (MBT) (36.73 +/- 0.24 degrees C) under WW conditions were significantly higher than the values observed under W15 conditions (137 +/- 6.18 beats/min, 37.18 +/- 0.17 degrees C and 36.57 +/- 0.18 degrees C, respectively) and W3 conditions (138 +/- 10.1 beats/min, 37.18 +/- 0.21 degrees C and 36.51 +/- 0.24 degrees C, respectively). The temperature differences could be partially attributed to a direct effect of the cold water ingested. No significant differences were detected between conditions W15 and W3 for any of the variables studied