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Lupus nephritis (LN), a leading cause of death in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) patients, presents significant diagnostic and prognostic challenges. Although renal pathology offers critical insights regarding the diagnosis, classification, and therapy for LN, its clinical utility is constrained by the invasive nature and limited reproducibility of renal biopsies. Moreover, the continuous monitoring of renal pathological changes through repeated biopsies is impractical. Consequently, there is a growing interest in exploring urine as a non-invasive, easily accessible, and dynamic "liquid biopsy" alternative to guide clinical management. This paper examines novel urinary biomarkers from a renal pathology perspective, encompassing cellular components, cytokines, adhesion molecules, auto-antibodies, soluble leukocyte markers, light chain fragments, proteins, small-molecule peptides, metabolomics, urinary exosomes, and ribonucleic acids. We also discuss the application of combined models comprising multiple biomarkers in assessing lupus activity. These innovative biomarkers and models offer insights into LN disease activity, acute and chronic renal indices, fibrosis, thrombotic microangiopathy, podocyte injury, and other pathological changes, potentially improving the diagnosis, management, and prognosis of LN. These urinary biomarkers or combined models may serve as viable alternatives to traditional renal pathology, potentially revolutionizing the method for future LN diagnosis and observation.
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Lipids are components of cytomembranes that are involved in various biochemical processes. High-altitude hypoxic environments not only affect the body's energy metabolism, but these environments can also cause abnormal lipid metabolism involved in the hypoxia-induced cognitive impairment. Thus, comprehensive lipidomic profiling of the brain tissue is an essential step toward understanding the mechanism of cognitive impairment induced by hypoxic exposure. In the present study, mice showed reduced new-object recognition and spatial memory when exposed to hypobaric hypoxia for 1 day. Histomorphological staining revealed significant morphological and structural damage to the hippocampal tissue, along with prolonged exposure to hypobaric hypoxia. Dynamic lipidomics of the mouse hippocampus showed a significant shift in both the type and distribution of phospholipids, as verified by spatial lipid mapping. Collectively, a diverse and dynamic lipid composition in mice hippocampus was uncovered, which deepens our understanding of biochemical changes during sustained hypoxic exposure and could provide new insights into the cognitive decline induced by high-altitude hypoxia exposure.
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Hipocampo , Hipoxia , Lipidómica , Animales , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/patología , Ratones , Lipidómica/métodos , Hipoxia/metabolismo , Masculino , Espectrometría de Masas , Lípidos/análisis , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Metabolismo de los LípidosRESUMEN
Luminescent chiral Tb-MOF microcrystals with the Tb2(COO)4 subunit indicated strong green mechano-luminescence under compression. Furthermore, piezofluorochromic behavior in the diamond anvil cell was observed, with the intensity tendency of decreasing-increasing-decreasing and a shortened lifetime upon compression, due to the reversible stretchable Tb-Tb interactions. The Tb-Tb distance upon compression was refined through in situ high-pressure X-ray absorption spectra, which was consistent with the tendency of the piezofluorochromic intensity. In situ high-pressure UV-vis absorption spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and powder X-ray diffraction demonstrated the full recovery of Tb-MOF after over 10 GPa compressions due to the semiflexible ligand. This work not only provided an ultrastable Tb-MOF but also illustrated the relationship of the piezofluorochromic behavior with the detailed structural transformation for the first time.
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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to elucidate brain areas mediated by oral anti-parkinsonian medicine that consistently show abnormal resting-state activation in PD and to reveal their functional connectivity profiles using meta-analytic approaches. METHODS: Searches of the PubMed, Web of Science databases identified 78 neuroimaging studies including PD OFF state (PD-OFF) versus (vs.) PD ON state (PD-ON) or PD-ON versus healthy controls (HCs) or PD-OFF versus HCs data. Coordinate-based meta-analysis and functional meta-analytic connectivity modeling (MACM) were performed using the activation likelihood estimation algorithm. RESULTS: Brain activation in PD-OFF vs. PD-ON was significantly changed in the right putamen and left inferior parietal lobule (IPL). Contrast analysis indicated that PD-OFF vs. HCs had more consistent activation in the right paracentral lobule, right middle frontal gyrus, right thalamus, left superior parietal lobule and right putamen, whereas PD-ON vs. HCs elicited more consistent activation in the bilateral middle temporal gyrus, left occipital gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus and right caudate. MACM revealed coactivation of the right putamen in the direct contrast of PD-OFF vs. PD-ON. Subtraction analysis of significant coactivation clusters for PD-OFF vs. PD-ON with the medium of HCs showed effects in the sensorimotor, top-down control, and visual networks. By overlapping the MACM maps of the two analytical strategies, we demonstrated that the coactivated brain region focused on the right putamen. CONCLUSIONS: The convergence of local brain regions and co-activation neural networks are involved the putamen, suggesting its potential as a specific imaging biomarker to monitor treatment efficacy. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/], identifier [CRD CRD42022304150].
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Enfermedad de Parkinson , Putamen , Humanos , Putamen/diagnóstico por imagen , Putamen/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Parkinson/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedad de Parkinson/fisiopatología , Enfermedad de Parkinson/tratamiento farmacológico , Dopamina/metabolismo , Neuroimagen/métodos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Descanso , Mapeo Encefálico/métodosRESUMEN
The most prevalent and devastating form of organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is lupus nephritis (LN). LN is characterized by glomerular injury, inflammation, cell proliferation, and necrosis, leading to podocyte injury and tubular epithelial cell damage. Assays for urine biomarkers have demonstrated significant promise in the early detection of LN, evaluation of disease activity, and tracking of reaction to therapy. This is because they are non-invasive, allow for frequent monitoring and easy self-collection, transport and storage. Podocyte injury is believed to be a essential factor in LN. The extent and type of podocyte injury could be connected to the severity of proteinuria, making podocyte-derived cellular debris and injury-related urinary proteins potential markers for the diagnosis and monitoring of LN. This article focuses on studies examining urinary biomarkers associated with podocyte injury in LN, offering fresh perspectives on the application of biomarkers in the early detection and management of LN.
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The partial substitution of A-site in perovskites is a major strategy to enhance the catalytic oxidation activity. This study explores the use of silver (Ag) to partially replace the lanthanum (La) ion at the A-site in LaCoO3 perovskite, investigating the role of Ag in the ABO3 perovskite structure, elucidating the nitric oxide (NO) oxidation mechanism over La1-xAgxCoO3 (x = 0.1-0.5) perovskites. La0.7Ag0.3CoO3 with an Ag-doping amount of 0.3, exhibited the highest NO oxidation activity of 88.5% at 275 °C. Characterization results indicated that Ag substitution enhanced the perovskite, maintaining its original phase structure, existing in the form of a mixture of Ag0 and Ag+ in the La1-xAgxCoO3 (x = 0.1-0.5) perovskites. Notably, Ag substitution improved the specific surface area, reduction performance, Co3+, and surface adsorption oxygen content. Additionally, the study investigated the relationship between magnetism and NO oxidation from a magnetism perspective. Ag-doping strengthened the magnetism of La-Ag perovskite, resulting in stronger adsorption of paramagnetic NO. This study elucidated the NO oxidation mechanism over La-Ag perovskite, considering structural and magnetic properties, providing valuable insights for the subsequent development and industrial application of high oxidation ability perovskite catalysts.
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Compuestos de Calcio , Lantano , Óxido Nítrico , Óxidos , Titanio , Lantano/química , Propiedades de Superficie , Fenómenos MagnéticosRESUMEN
Although the NiS exhibits the most widely adjustable metal-to-insulator (MIT) properties among the chalcogenides, the mechanisms, with respect to the regulations in their critical temperatures (TMIT), are yet unclear. Herein, we demonstrate the overlooked role associated with the structurally tetragonal distortion in elevating the TMIT of NiS; this is in distinct contrast to the previously expected hybridization and bandwidth regulations that usually reduces TMIT. Compared to the perspective of structure distortions, the orbital hybridization and band regulation of NiS are â¼19 times more effective adjustment in TMIT. As a result, the respective abruptions in both the electrical and thermal resistive switches across the TMIT of NiS can be better preserved in the low-temperature range (<273 K), shedding light on their optimum usage at cryogenic temperatures.
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OBJECTIVE: Glucosylceramidase (GBA) variants and onset age significantly affect clinical phenotype and progression in Parkinson's disease (PD). The current study compared clinical characteristics at baseline and cognitive and motor progression over time among patients having GBA-related PD (GBA-PD), early-onset idiopathic PD (early-iPD), and late-onset idiopathic PD (late-iPD). METHODS: We recruited 88 GBA-PD, 167 early-iPD, and 488 late-iPD patients in this study. A subset of 50 GBA-PD, 81 early-iPD, and 223 late-iPD patients was followed up at least once, with a 3.0-year mean follow-up time. Linear mixed-effects models helped evaluate the rate of change in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores. RESULTS: At baseline, the GBA-PD group showed more severe motor deficits and non-motor symptoms (NMSs) than the early-iPD group and more NMSs than the late-iPD group. Moreover, the GBA-PD group had more significant cognitive and motor progression, particularly bradykinesia and axial impairment, than the early-iPD and late-iPD groups at follow-up. However, the early-onset GBA-PD (early-GBA-PD) group was similar to the late-onset GBA-PD (late-GBA-PD) group in baseline clinical features and cognitive and motor progression. CONCLUSION: GBA-PD patients exhibited faster cognitive and motor deterioration than early-iPD and late-iPD patients. Thus, subtype classification based on genetic characteristics rather than age at onset could enhance the prediction of PD disease progression.
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Disfunción Cognitiva , Enfermedad de Parkinson , Humanos , Edad de Inicio , Glucosilceramidasa/genética , Mutación/genética , Enfermedad de Parkinson/diagnóstico , Enfermedad de Parkinson/genética , Enfermedad de Parkinson/psicologíaRESUMEN
Growing evidence supports that depression in Parkinson's disease (PD) depends on disruptions in specific neural networks rather than regional dysfunction. According to the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data, the study attempted to decipher the alterations in the topological properties of brain networks in de novo depression in PD (DPD). The study also explored the neural network basis for depressive symptoms in PD. We recruited 20 DPD, 37 non-depressed PD and 41 healthy controls (HC). The Graph theory and network-based statistical methods helped analyse the topological properties of brain functional networks and anomalous subnetworks across these groups. The relationship between altered properties and depression severity was also investigated. DPD revealed significantly reduced nodal efficiency in the left superior temporal gyrus. Additionally, DPD decreased five hubs, primarily located in the temporal-occipital cortex, and increased seven hubs, mainly distributed in the limbic cortico-basal ganglia circuit. The betweenness centrality of the left Medio Ventral Occipital Cortex was positively associated with depressive scores in DPD. In contrast to HC, DPD had a multi-connected subnetwork with significantly lower connectivity, primarily distributed in the visual, somatomotor, dorsal attention and default networks. Regional topological disruptions in the temporal-occipital region are critical in the DPD neurological mechanism. It might suggest a potential network biomarker among newly diagnosed DPD patients.
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Conectoma , Enfermedad de Parkinson , Humanos , Enfermedad de Parkinson/diagnóstico por imagen , Depresión/diagnóstico por imagen , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Ganglios Basales , Imagen por Resonancia MagnéticaRESUMEN
Artemisinin is the most practical medication for the treatment of malaria, but is only very minimally synthesized in Artemisia annua, significantly less than the market needs. In this study, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was used to investigate its effects on trichomes, artemisinin accumulation, and biosynthetic gene expression in A. anuua. The results showed that exogenous IAA could contribute to the growth and development of A. annua and increase the density of trichomes. Analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) indicated that artemisinin and dihydroartemisinic acid (DHAA) contents were increased by 1.9-fold (1.1 mg/g) and 2.1-fold (0.51 mg/g) after IAA treatment in comparison with control lines (CK), respectively. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR results showed that AaADS, AaCYP71AV1, AaALDH1, and AaDBR2, four critical enzyme genes for the biosynthesis of artemisinin, had relatively high transcription levels in leaves of A. annua treated with IAA. In summary, this study indicated that exogenous IAA treatment was a feasible strategy to enhance artemisinin production, which paves the way for further metabolic engineering of artemisinin biosynthesis.
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Artemisia annua , Artemisininas , Artemisia annua/metabolismo , Tricomas/genética , Tricomas/metabolismo , Cromatografía Liquida , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Artemisininas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Objective: The thalamus is an integrative hub of motor circuits in Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aimed to investigate the alterations of structure and functional connectivity (FC) of the thalamic subregions in the tremor-dominant (TD) subtype and the postural instability and gait difficulty (PIGD) subtype in PD. Methods: A total of 59 drug-naïve patients (24 TD and 35 PIGD) and 37 healthy controls were recruited. The volumes of the thalamus and the thalamic subregions were calculated using FreeSurfer. Functional connectivity (FC) analysis of the resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) was conducted on the thalamic subregions. Finally, the altered structure and FC were used for correlation analysis with clinical motor scores and for further motor subtypes differentiation. Results: The volumes of the left posterior parietal thalamus (PPtha) in TD patients were significantly lower than those of PIGD patients. Compared with PIGD patients, TD patients exhibited higher FC between the thalamic subregions, the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG), the right dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus (SFGdl), the left middle occipital gyrus (MOG), and the right superior temporal gyrus (STG). Compared with HCs, TD patients showed higher FC between the thalamic subregions and the right SFGdl, as well as the left MOG. Compared with HCs, PIGD patients showed lower FC between the thalamic subregions and the left MTG. In addition, the altered FC was closely related to clinical symptoms and performed high-discriminative power in differentiating the motor subtypes. Conclusion: Increased FC between the thalamic subregions and the sensory cortices in TD patients may indicate a better compensatory capacity for impairment of sensory information integration than that in PIGD patients. The altered FC between the thalamus and the MTG was a potential biomarker for the distinction of the PD motor subtypes.
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Heavy metals, the main harmful substances in the sludge, are easily enriched, have adverse effects on the treatment and disposal of the sludge. In this study, two conditioners (modified corn-core powder, MCCP, and sludge-based biochar, SBB) were separately added and jointly added into municipal sludge to enhance sludge dewaterability. Meanwhile, diverse organics, such as extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), were released under pretreatment. The different organics had different effects on each heavy metal fraction and changed the toxicity and bioavailability of the treated sludge. The exchangeable fraction (F4) and carbonate fraction (F5) of heavy metal were nontoxic and nonbioavailable. When MCCP/SBB was used to pretreat the sludge, the ratio of metal-F4 and -F5 decreased, indicating that MCCP/SBB reduced the biological availability and ecological toxicity of the heavy metals in the sludge. These results were consistent with the calculation of the modified potential ecological risk index (MRI). To understand the detailed function of organics in the sludge network, the relationship between EPS, the secondary structure of the protein, and heavy metals was analyzed. The analyses revealed that the increasing proportion of ß-sheet in soluble EPS (S-EPS) generated more active sites in the sludge system, which enhanced the chelate or complex function among organics and heavy metals, thus reducing the migration risks.
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Matriz Extracelular de Sustancias Poliméricas , Metales Pesados , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos , Aguas del Alcantarillado/química , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/métodos , Agua/química , Zea maysRESUMEN
Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Bremek (B. cusia) is an essential traditional Chinese herb that is commonly used to treat colds, fever, and influenza. Indole alkaloids, such as indigo and indirubin, are the primary active constituents of B. cusia. The indole-producing reaction is crucial for regulating the flow of indole alkaloids metabolites along the pathways and coordinating primary and secondary product biosynthesis in plants. The tryptophan synthase alpha-subunit (TSA) can catalyse a process that produces indole, which is free to enter secondary metabolite pathways; however, the underlying potential mechanism of regulating indigo alkaloids synthesis remains unknown. Here, a BcTSA was cloned from the transcriptome of B. cusia. The BcTSA has a significant degree of similarity with other plant TSAs according to bioinformatics and phylogenetic analyses. Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) research showed that BcTSA was dramatically enhanced in response to treatment with methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA), and abscisic acid (ABA), and was predominantly expressed in the stems as opposed to the leaves and rhizomes. Subcellular localization revealed that BcTSA is localized in chloroplasts, which is compatible with the fact that the conversion of indole-3-glycerol phosphate (IGP) to indole occurs in chloroplasts. The complementation assay results showed that BcTSA was functional, demonstrating that it was capable of catalyzing the conversion of IGP to indole. BcTSA was shown to stimulate the manufacture of indigo alkaloids including isatin, indigo, and indirubin when the gene was overexpressed in the hairy roots of Isatis indigotica. In conclusion, our research provides novel perspectives that might be applied to manipulating the indole alkaloid composition of B. cusia.
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High-energy resolution core-level spectroscopies, including a group of different techniques to obtain element-specific information of the electronic structure around an absorption site, have become powerful tools for studying the chemical state, local geometric structure, and the nature of chemical bonding. High-resolution x-ray absorption and x-ray emission spectroscopies are well-established experimental techniques but have always been limited by the number of emitted photons and the limited acceptance of solid angles, as well as requiring high energy stability and repeatability for the whole experimental setup. A full-cylindrical x-ray spectrometer based on flexible HAPG (highly annealed pyrolitic graphite) mosaic crystals is an effective solution for the above issues. However, large-area HAPG remains expensive and is often not easy to access. Here, we present an alternative approach by using segmented single crystals (Si and Ge) with different orientations instead of the HAPG as a dispersive element. The proposed method drastically improved the energy resolution up to 0.2-2 eV in the range of 2-10 keV. High-pressure x-ray emission and resonant x-ray emission spectra are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the instrument. The new design is particularly suitable for high-resolution spectroscopy applications at fourth-generation synchrotron radiation sources or free-electron lasers.
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BACKGROUND: Substantia nigra (SN) free water has been suggested as a good surrogate marker in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, its usefulness for diagnosing prodromal PD (pPD) and monitoring disease progression warrants further validation. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to investigate SN free water values across prodromal and clinical stages of PD. METHODS: Four groups were enrolled in this study: 48 healthy controls (HC), 43 pPD patients, 50 de novo PD (dnPD) patients, and 49 medicated PD (mPD) patients. Based on diffusion tensor images, free water maps were calculated, and SN free water values were extracted from the anterior SN (ASN) and posterior SN (PSN). The SN free water values were compared among the four groups, and associations between free water and clinical symptoms were explored. The distinguishing power of PSN free water was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Follow-up was performed for 14 pPD patients. RESULTS: PSN free water in the pPD group was significantly higher than that in the HC group and significantly lower than that in the dnPD group. Surprisingly, the mPD group showed decreased PSN free water compared to the dnPD group. There was a positive correlation between motor symptoms and PSN free water in the pPD and dnPD groups. Longitudinal analysis showed a significant increase in PSN free water in pPD patients over time. CONCLUSIONS: The PSN free water increased from prodromal to early clinical stages, but the trend might be reversed in late disease stages. This biphasic trend should be considered when applying this marker in future studies. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Enfermedad de Parkinson , Síntomas Prodrómicos , Sustancia Negra , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Imagen de Difusión Tensora , Monitoreo Fisiológico/métodos , Enfermedad de Parkinson/diagnóstico por imagen , Sustancia Negra/diagnóstico por imagen , AguaRESUMEN
A new series of compounds, ANi5Bi5.6+δ (where A = K, Rb, and Cs) are discovered with a quasi-one-dimensional (Q1D) [Ni5Bi5.6+δ]- double-walled column and a coaxial inner one-dimensional Bi atomic chain. The columns are linked to each other by intercolumn Bi-Bi bonds and separated by an A+ cation. Typical metallic behaviors with strong correlation of itinerant electrons and the Sommerfeld coefficient enhanced with the increasing cationic radius were experimentally observed and supported by first-principles calculations. Compared to AMn6Bi5 (where A = K, Rb, and Cs), the enhanced intercolumn distances and the substitution of Ni for Mn give rise to strong diamagnetic susceptibilities in ANi5Bi5.6+δ. First-principles calculations reveal possible uncharged Ni atoms with even number of electrons in ANi5Bi5.6+δ, which may explain the emergence of diamagnetism. ANi5Bi5.6+δ, as Q1D diamagnetic metals with strong electron correlation, provide a unique platform to understand exotic magnetism and explore novel quantum effects.
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Objective: Variants in the glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene are the most common and significant risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the impact of GBA variants on PD disease progression in the Chinese population remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the significance of GBA status on motor and cognitive impairment in a longitudinal cohort of Chinese patients with PD. Methods: The entire GBA gene was screened by long-range polymerase chain reaction (LR-PCR) and next generation sequencing (NGS). A total of 43 GBA-related PD (GBA-PD) and 246 non-GBA-mutated PD (NM-PD) patients with complete clinical data at baseline and at least one follow-up were recruited for this study. The associations of GBA genotype with rate of motor and cognitive decline, as measured by Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), were assessed by linear mixed-effect models. Results: The estimated (standard error, SE) UPDRS motor [2.25 (0.38) points/year] and MoCA [-0.53 (0.11) points/year] progression rates in the GBA-PD group were significantly faster than those in the NM-PD group [1.35 (0.19); -0.29 (0.04) points/year; respectively]. In addition, the GBA-PD group showed significantly faster estimated (SE) bradykinesia [1.04 (0.18) points/year], axial impairment [0.38 (0.07) points/year], and visuospatial/executive [-0.15 (0.03) points/year] progression rates than the NM-PD group [0.62 (0.10); 0.17 (0.04); -0.07 (0.01) points/year; respectively]. Conclusion: GBA-PD is associated with faster motor and cognitive decline, specifically greater disability in terms of bradykinesia, axial impairment, and visuospatial/executive function. Better understanding of GBA-PD progression may help predict prognosis and improve clinical trial design.
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BACKGROUND AIMS: SLC25A47 was initially identified as a mitochondrial HCC-downregulated carrier protein, but its physiological functions and transport substrates are unknown. We aimed to investigate the physiological role of SLC25A47 in hepatic metabolism. APPROACH RESULTS: In the treatment of hepatocytes with metformin, we found that metformin can transcriptionally activate the expression of Slc25a47 , which is required for AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) phosphorylation. Slc25a47 -deficient mice had increased hepatic lipid content, triglycerides, and cholesterol levels, and we found that Slc25a47 deficiency suppressed AMPKα phosphorylation and led to an increased accumulation of nuclear SREBPs, with elevated fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthetic activities. Conversely, when Slc25a47 was overexpressed in mouse liver, AMPKα was activated and resulted in the inhibition of lipogenesis. Moreover, using a diethylnitrosamine-induced mouse HCC model, we found that the deletion of Slc25a47 promoted HCC tumorigenesis and development through the activated mammalian target of rapamycin cascade. Employing homology modeling of SLC25A47 and virtual screening of the human metabolome database, we demonstrated that NAD + was an endogenous substrate for SLC25A47, and the activity of NAD + -dependent sirtuin 3 declined in Slc25a47 -deficient mice, followed by inactivation of AMPKα. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reveal that SLC25A47, a hepatocyte-specific mitochondrial NAD + transporter, is one of the pharmacological targets of metformin and regulates lipid homeostasis through AMPKα, and may serve as a potential drug target for treating NAFLD and HCC.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Metformina , Animales , Humanos , Ratones , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/metabolismo , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , NAD/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Metformina/farmacología , Carcinogénesis/metabolismo , Transformación Celular Neoplásica/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Colesterol/metabolismo , Mamíferos/metabolismoRESUMEN
Cardamine violifolia is a Se hyperaccumulator found in Enshi, China. In this study, spatial metallomics was applied to visualize the distribution and speciation of Se in a single seed of C. violifolia. It was found that Se reached 1729.89 ± 28.14 mg/kg and the main Se species were SeCys and SeMet in bulk seeds. Further in situ study on a single seed found that the methylated Se species located mostly in the episperm. This is the first visualized evidence of the in situ distribution of methylated Se species in the seeds of C. violifolia. In all, spatial metallomics finds a preferable accumulation of methylated Se species in the seed coat, which deepens the understanding of the tolerance of Se by C. violifolia. The protocol applied in this study may also be used for the understanding of the tolerance of heavy metals/metalloids in other hyperaccumulators.