Anticancer activity of sinapic acid by inducing apoptosis in HT-29 human colon cancer cell line.

Colorectal cancer is the third most lethal and fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. Sinapic acid, a derivative of hydroxycinnamic acid, is a promising phytochemical exhibiting numerous pharmacological activities in various systems. It is a substantial chain-breaking antioxidant that operates as a radical scavenger. The aim of this research was to investigate the antiproliferative effect of sinapic acid on the HT-29 cell line besides the mechanisms underlying this activity. The effect of sinapic acid on the viability of HT-29 cell line was investigated using XTT assay. The levels of BCL-2, cleaved caspase 3, BAX, cleaved PARP, and 8-oxo-dG were measured using ELISA. Gamma-H2AX and cytochrome c expressions were assessed semiquantitatively using immunofluorescence staining. Sinapic acid at 200 µm and higher doses produced a significant antiproliferative effect on HT-29 cells. The IC50 value was found to be 317.5 µm for 24 h. Sinapic acid (317.5 µm) significantly elevated cleaved caspase 3, BAX, cleaved PARP, and 8-oxo-dG levels. The levels of gamma-H2AX foci are significantly higher, while the levels of cytochrome c are lower in sinapic acid-treated HT-29 cells. These results indicate that sinapic acid has antiproliferative, apoptotic, and genotoxic effects on colon cancer cells.

Analgesic Effects of Vilazodone, Indatraline, and Talsupram in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain.

Objectives: Drugs that inhibit the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine are widely used for treating depressive disorders and have emerged as effective drugs for neuropathic pain. They have no substantial anti-nociceptive effects but are considered, with gabapentin/pregabalin, first-line drugs for neuropathic pain. Materials and Methods: In this study, three different antidepressant agents were used in different doses to investigate their anti-hyperalgesic effects in rat models of neuropathic pain using hot plate and tail flick methods. They have different mechanisms of action; vilazodone hydrochloride is a selective serotonin inhibitor and a 5-HT1A partial agonist; talsupram hydrochloride is a selective noradrenaline inhibitor, and it has a high affinity for noradrenaline transporter (NET), whereas indatraline hydrochloride is a triple reuptake inhibitor that inhibits transporters for 5-HT (SERT), dopamine (DAT), and NET. Results: All the drugs used in the experiment were found to have an anti-hyperalgesic effect in both tests compared to the sham group. When anti-hyperalgesic effects of the three agents were compared to each other, it was found that talsupram hydrochloride was significantly more effective than the two other drugs in hot plate test. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the tail flick test. Indatraline hydrochloride was more effective than vilazodone hydrochloride at the same doses in the tail flick test. Conclusion: Our data suggest that three drugs are effective analgesics in rat models of neuropathic pain and inhibition of noradrenaline reuptake represents the cornerstone of analgesic mechanisms of effective antidepressants.