Leishmaniasis in otorhinolaryngology: an emerging disease and its relationship with anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha drugs.

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical manifestations, management and outcomes of Leishmania lesions in the ear-nose-throat (ENT) region, and its relationship with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α blocking drugs. METHODS: Single-center retrospective observational study. Patients diagnosed with cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis in the otorhinolaryngologic area at a tertiary referral center over a period of 8 years. RESULTS: Three cases of Leishmania lesions in the ear and two in the nose were encountered at our institution. All patients were under treatment with TNF-α blocking drugs. Diagnosis was challenging, and it was important to have a clinical suspicion in order to use accurate detection techniques. All patients received systemic treatment and achieved a complete resolution of the lesions. CONCLUSIONS: With the increasing use of biologic treatments like TNF-α blockers, this type of infection will be increasingly frequent in endemic areas and also worldwide. It is important to include leishmaniasis in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory/infectious lesions in the ENT region.

Mastoid obliteration and canal wall reconstruction with posterior auricular artery (PAA) fascia-periosteum flap.

OBJECTIVE: Unstable cavities are defined as cavities with cerumen accumulation that need frequent cavity cleaning in the out-patient clinic, cavities that are intolerant to water due to risk of infection or that are subject to frequent infection and otorrhoea. The objective of this study is to address the problem of troublesome mastoid cavities, with the performance of secondary mastoid obliteration and canal wall reconstruction, using a novel posterior auricular artery (PAA) fascia-periosteum flap. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study was designed, only secondary obliterations were included. Unstable mastoid cavities were defined as Merchant grade 2 or 3 and were included for surgery. RESULTS: At 12 months of follow up, a complete external auditory canal (EAC) and a self-cleaning ear were achieved in all 23 patients. Completely dry ears were achieved in 21 patients (91.3%). An air-bone gap improvement of 5dB was achieved. CONCLUSION: Mastoid obliteration and EAC reconstruction are effective procedures to treat troublesome post canal wall down mastoid cavities. They improve quality of life and enable patients to overcome ear discharge. A standard EAC size enables the utilization of conventional hearing aids, it also reduces the need for constant mastoid cleaning and decreases healthcare expenses. The PAA flap seems to be an effective procedure to achieve all these features, as it is used to obliterate the mastoid and becomes a structural component of the neo-EAC.

Transcanal endoscopic type 3 tympanoplasty with mastoid preservation for advanced active chronic mucosal otitis media.

BACKGROUND: Chronic mucosal otitis media is a very common ear disease for which patients attend otolaryngology clinics. Most of these patients present with actively discharging ears. AIMS/OBJECTIVES: This study aims to observe the middle ear space pathology and obtain surgical outcomes as a treatment for patients with advanced chronic mucosal otitis media with a transcanal endoscopic ear surgery approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study was designed, and patients suffering from chronic mucosal otitis media in the active suppurative phase with an air-bone gap larger than 20 dB were included. RESULTS: 70 operated ears were included. Underlying macroscopic pathology within the middle ear space was observed: Middle ear granulomas at 58.6%; Tympanosclerosis 41.4%. Blockage of the tympanic isthmus was evaluated, obtaining a blockage rate of 81.4%. At 12 months of evaluation after surgery, a postoperative ABG < 20 dB was achieved in 85.7% of the operated ears. An overall closed tympanic membrane was obtained in 88.6% of the patients. CONCLUSION: This prospective cohort study shows the short-term efficacy of transcanal endoscopic type 3 tympanoplasty with mastoid preservation for managing advanced chronic mucosal otitis media. Clinical trials are required to give more evidence to the present matter.

Outcomes and survival of tracheostomised patients during the COVID-19 pandemic in a third level hospital.

PURPOSE: Analyse the evolution and outcomes of COVID-19 tracheostomised patients. Clarify if this cohort presents an increased risk of haemorrhagic complications and verify the correlation between some risk factors with increased mortality. METHODS: A retrospective single-centre observational study of a prospective cohort of all COVID-19 patients admitted to our centre between March and April 2020. A control group was obtained from a historical cohort of patients who required tracheostomy due to prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) before 2020. RESULTS: A total of 1768 patients were included: 67 tracheostomised non-COVID-19 patients (historic cohort), 1371 COVID-19 patients that did not require ICU admission, 266 non-tracheostomised COVID-19 patients and 64 tracheostomised COVID-19 patients. Comparing the obesity prevalence, 54.69% of the tracheostomised COVID-19 patients were obese and 10.53% of the non-tracheostomised COVID-19 patients (p < 0.001). The median of ICU admission days was lower (p < 0.001) in the non-tracheostomised cohort (12.5 days) compared with the COVID-19 tracheostomised cohort (34 days). The incidence of haemorrhagic complications was significantly higher in tracheostomised COVID-19 patients (20.31%) compared with tracheostomised non-COVID-19 patients (5.97%) and presented a higher percentage of obesity, hypertension, diabetes and smoking, significantly different from the historic cohort (p < 0.001). A Cox model showed that tracheostomy had no statistically significant effect on mortality in COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSION: Obesity and smoking may be risk factors for tracheostomy in COVID-19 patients, tracheostomised COVID-19 patients present a higher risk of bleeding complications than those admitted for other reasons and an elevated LDH and INR on ICU admission may be associated with increased mortality.

Laser vs drill for footplate fenestration during stapedotomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of hearing results.

OBJECTIVE: Stapes surgery is the gold standard surgical treatment nowadays for otosclerosis. Several controversies on the procedure have been reported; surgical techniques for most favorable outcomes are still on discussion. The objective of this study is to present an update of evidence-based medicine concerning the utilization of lasers and drilling for footplate fenestration during stapedotomy surgery. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Publications in English in the last 5 years were searched in the PubMed/MEDLINE database and were systematically reviewed. A total of three articles were included according to the inclusion criteria, obtaining a total of 1531 patients managed surgically for otosclerosis, using laser or drill for footplate fenestration. Data were systematically extracted and hearing results were compared in a meta-analysis. RESULTS: For the drill group, a total of 978 patients were retrieved and data were obtained as follows: mean age was 50 years old; the female proportion was 62%; mean preoperative air-bone gap (ABG) of 28 dB; mean postoperative ABG of 8 dB; mean ABG improvement of 20 dB; an ABG closure rate to < 10 dB of 74%. For the laser group, a total of 553 patients were retrieved, data were obtained as follows: mean age was 47 years old; the female proportion was 63%; preoperative ABG of 26 dB; postoperative ABG of 8 dB; mean ABG improvement of 18 dB; an ABG closure rate to < 10 dB of 72%. CONCLUSION: The results from this study reveal that in regard to postoperative hearing results, surgical outcomes are comparable, and there is no statistically significant difference between the utilization of drills and lasers as a surgical instrument for the fenestration of the stapes footplate during stapedotomy surgery.

Endoscopic type 3 tympanoplasty: Functional outcomes in chronic otitis media.

BACKGROUND: Type 3 tympanoplasty is the surgery of choice for middle ear reconstruction in cases where an integral stapes suprastructure and mobile footplate are present. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to obtain functional results after endoscopic type 3 tympanoplasty in chronic otitis media. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective study including 24 patients who underwent endoscopic type 3 tympanoplasty, using PORP for ossicular chain reconstruction (OCR) and cartilage graft for tympanic membrane reconstruction. Audiograms were made preoperatively, and 6 months after surgery. RESULTS: Dry, closed, self-cleaning ears were obtained in 91.7% of the cases. Mean preoperative air-bone gap (ABG) was 30.4dB, mean postoperative ABG was 16.7dB, dB gain of 13.6dB. ABG closure rate to 20dB or less of 79.2%, and to 10dB or less of 29.2%. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE: Endoscopic tympanoplasty and OCR is a valid option for surgeons who are comfortable with the use of endoscopes for middle ear surgery as it allows improved visualization of the prosthesis and graft placement during middle ear reconstruction.

Hearing results after type III tympanoplasty: incus transposition versus PORP. A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to compare hearing improvements in the air-bone gap (ABG) after type III tympanoplasties, comparing between incus transposition (IT) and partial ossicular replacement prosthesis (PORP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Publications in English were searched in PUBMED database and were systematically reviewed. A total of 14 articles were included, obtaining 1055 patients, 614 for the IT group and 441 for the PORP group. Preoperative ABG, postoperative ABG, dB gain and ABG closure rate were compared. RESULTS: IT group: preoperative ABG of 31.74 dB (SD 10.51); postoperative ABG of 18.97 dB (SD 10.6); dB gain of 12.76 dB (SD 14.97); and ABG closure rate of 64.48%. PORP group: preoperative ABG of 28.02 dB (SD 10.47); postoperative ABG of 16.27 dB (SD 10.45); dB gain of 11.75 (SD 15.02); and ABG closure rate of 71.32%. No significant statistical difference was found in dB mean gain between groups (p > .05), although a difference was found in the ABG closure rate between groups favouring PORP series (p < .05). CONCLUSION: An improvement in hearing results was observed within both groups after type III tympanoplasty. There is no difference in decibels gained between both ossiculoplasty materials, but a better closure rate (%) was observed in the PORP group.

Myringoplasties in children: our results.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Myringoplasty, one of the most frequent surgical techniques in otology, is the repair of tympanic membrane when the ear has only a perforation without any ossicular damage. The main objective of our work was to study the outcome of myringoplasty in patients less than 15 years of age. We also reviewed the existence of prognostic factors, such as Eustachian tube functionality, surgical technique and the hearing outcome after surgery. METHOD: We present a retrospective study (1994-2010) with a total of 81 children (under 15 years of age) who had undergone myringoplasty during that period of time. For these children, we analysed age, sex, technique, approach, type of graft, type of perforation, anaesthesia, hearing gain and perforation closure. We correlated these variables with the success of the surgery. RESULTS: The percentage of closure was 84% (n=68). The techniques used were underlay in 79.01% (n=64), overlay in 11.11% (n=9) and sandwich in 9.87% (n=8). The percentage of patients with hearing improvement was 88.40% (n=61). CONCLUSION: Myringoplasty is a surgical technique that offers good anatomical and functional results in children. We did not find prognostic factors in our study. We found postoperative improvement of hearing but it was not statistically significant.