RESUMEN
The focus of this research is to understand the sports gambling intentions of Gen Z (those born between 1997 and 2012) that can potentially lead to problematic gambling behavior. Rooted in the theory of planned behavior, the study delves into the roles of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control in shaping these intentions. A cross-sectional study of 513 Gen Z's in the United States was conducted. The partial least square structural equation modeling was used to analyze the relationship and compare the differences between males and females with multigroup analysis. The results indicate that attitude and perceived behavior control have a significant impact on this intention, while subjective norms do not exert substantial influence. Notably, gender differences are observed, with males showing a stronger association with perceived behavior control and females with attitude. The model effectively accounts for significant variations in sports gambling intention, highlighting a higher inclination among females as compared to males. This study provides a new perspective for analyzing disparities in sports gambling intention between genders and delves into the underlying motivations that can potentially contribute to the development of problematic gambling disorders. Given the significant societal impact and the adverse effects that gambling disorders have on those affected, it is imperative to conduct research aimed at understanding the reasons behind Gen Z's engagement in gambling. The findings can then be harnessed to inform the development of preventive programs aimed at curbing problematic gambling behaviors.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: There is level II evidence that volunteers prefer the single subcutaneous injection in the midline of the proximal phalanx with lidocaine and epinephrine (SIMPLE) finger block over the classic two dorsal injection block technique. The purpose of this study was to possibly further decrease the pain of digital block injection by examining the effect of the duration of injection on the pain felt by volunteers receiving the SIMPLE block at two different injection rates. METHODS: Forty healthy blinded volunteers were injected 2 mL of lidocaine 1 % and epinephrine 1/100,000 in the digital palmar crease of both long fingers, one at a time. Two different rates of injection were used: 8 and 60 s. Pain scores were measured using a visual analogue scale and the volunteers were asked which of injection techniques they preferred. RESULTS: The visual analogue scale results revealed less pain with the slow injection (p < 0.001). Thirty three out of 40 volunteers preferred the slow injection rate. No difference could be attributed to sex of participants or to the first hand injected. CONCLUSION: Blinded volunteers preferred digital blocks injected over 60 s to the more rapid 8 s. Decreasing the pain of injection only takes a minute of our valuable time for finger blocks.