RESUMEN
Accurate identification of bacterial strains in clinical samples is essential to provide an appropriate antibiotherapy to the patient and reduce the prescription of broad-spectrum antimicrobials, leading to antibiotic resistance. In this study, we utilized the combination of a multidimensional analytical technique, liquid chromatography-ion mobility-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-IM-MS/MS), and machine learning to accurately identify and distinguish 11 Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains in artificially contaminated urine samples. Machine learning was utilized on the LC-IM-MS/MS data of the inoculated urine samples to reveal lipid, metabolite, and peptide isomeric biomarkers for the identification of the bacteria strains. Tandem MS and LC separation proved effective in discriminating diagnostic isomers in the negative ion mode, while IM separation was more effective in resolving conformational biomarkers in the positive ion mode. Using hierarchical clustering, the strains are clustered accurately according to their group highlighting the uniqueness of the discriminating biomarkers to the class of each E. coli strain. These results show the great potential of using LC-IM-MS/MS and machine learning for targeted omics applications to diagnose infectious diseases in various environmental and clinical samples accurately.
RESUMEN
Terpenes play a vital role in plant defense; tomato plants produce a diverse range of terpenes within specialized glandular trichomes, influencing interactions with herbivores, predators, and pollinators. This study employed two distinct methods, namely leaf dip and maceration, to extract trichomes from tomato leaves. Terpene quantification was carried out using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The leaf dip method proved effective in selectively targeting trichome content, revealing unique extraction patterns compared to maceration. The GC-MS method demonstrated high linearity, accuracy, sensitivity, and low limits of detection and quantification. Application of the method to different tomato species (Solanum pennellii, Solanum pimpinellifolium, Solanum galapagense, Solanum habrochaites, and Solanum lycopersicum) identified significant variation in terpene content among these species, highlighting the potential of specific accessions for breeding programs. Notably, the terpene α-zingiberene, known for its repellency against whiteflies, was found in high quantities (211.90-9155.13 µg g-1) in Solanum habrochaites accession PI209978. These findings provide valuable insights into terpenoid diversity for plant defense mechanisms, guiding future research on developing pest-resistant tomato cultivars. Additionally, the study underscores the broader applications of terpenes in agriculture.
Asunto(s)
Solanum lycopersicum , Solanum , Terpenos/análisis , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Extractos VegetalesRESUMEN
Ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) is used to analyze complex samples and provide structural information on unknown compounds. As the complexity of samples increases, there is a need to improve the resolution of IMS-MS instruments to increase the rate of molecular identification. This work evaluated a cyclable and variable path length (and hence resolving power) multilevel Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations (SLIM) platform to achieve a higher resolving power than what was previously possible. This new multilevel SLIM platform has eight separation levels connected by ion escalators, yielding a total path length of â¼88 m (â¼11 m per level). Our new multilevel SLIM can also be operated in an "ion cycling" mode by utilizing a set of return ion escalators that transport ions from the eighth level back to the first, allowing even extendable path lengths (and higher IMS resolution). The platform has been improved to enhance ion transmission and IMS separation quality by reducing the spacing between SLIM boards. The board thickness was reduced to minimize the ions' escalator residence time. Compared to the previous generation, the new multilevel SLIM demonstrated better transmission for a set of phosphazene ions, especially for the low-mobility ions. For example, the transmission of m/z 2834 ions was improved by a factor of â¼3 in the new multilevel SLIM. The new multilevel SLIM achieved 49% better resolving powers for GRGDS1+ ions in 4 levels than our previous 4-level SLIM. The collision cross-section-based resolving power of the SLIM platform was tested using a pair of reverse sequence peptides (SDGRG1+, GRGDS1+). We achieved 1100 resolving power using 88 m of path length (i.e., 8 levels) and 1400 following an additional pass through the eight levels. Further evaluation of the multilevel SLIM demonstrated enhanced separation for positively and negatively charged brain total lipid extract samples. The new multilevel SLIM enables a tunable high resolving power for a wide range of ion mobilities and improved transmission for low-mobility ions.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the microstrain transmitted to peri-implant tissues of implant-assisted mandibular overdentures using two different low-profile attachment designs; OT- Equator attachment with and without bar attachment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A completely edentulous epoxy resin mandibular model was used, in which two parallel dental implants were inserted at the canine region bilaterally and one in the middle. Sixteen identical complete edentulous mandibular overdentures were fabricated following conventional, standardized techniques and were divided equally between two groups according to the design and placement of the OT-Equator. Group A implants were kept solitary with an OT-Equator attachment, while group B implants were kept splinted with a bar associated with two mini-OT-Equator attachments in between. Sixteen identical mandibular complete overdentures were constructed, to which attachments were picked up. The difference in stress distribution was measured using strain gauges and compared between the two studied groups. A vertical load of 100 N using the universal testing machine was applied unilaterally on the left mesial fossae of the mandibular first molar and bilaterally on the bar attached to the mandibular premolar molar region of the overdentures. Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS version 28. Normality was checked by using the Shapiro-Wilk test and normality plots. The Mann-Whitney U test was then used to analogize the groups. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference between groups A and B upon application of vertical unilateral and bilateral loadings of 100 N, with mean microstrain values of P 0.05. Group A (OT-Equator attachment) showed lower strain values than Group B (OT-Equator bar attachment) upon application of vertical, unilateral, and bilateral loadings of 100 N. CONCLUSIONS: Implant-assisted mandibular overdenture with a solitary attachment is associated with lower microstrain values around the implants after application of unilateral and bilateral vertical loadings of 100 N.
Asunto(s)
Implantes Dentales , Boca Edéntula , Humanos , Prótesis de Recubrimiento , Prótesis Dental de Soporte Implantado , Mandíbula , Retención de Dentadura , Análisis del Estrés Dental/métodosRESUMEN
Omics studies such as metabolomics, lipidomics, and proteomics have become important for understanding the mechanisms in living organisms. However, the compounds detected are structurally different and contain isomers, with each structure or isomer leading to a different result in terms of the role they play in the cell or tissue in the organism. Therefore, it is important to detect, characterize, and elucidate the structures of these compounds. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry have been utilized for decades in the structure elucidation of key compounds. While prediction models of parameters (such as retention time and fragmentation pattern) have also been developed for these separation techniques, they have some limitations. Moreover, ion mobility has become one of the most promising techniques to give a fingerprint to these compounds by determining their collision cross section (CCS) values, which reflect their shape and size. Obtaining accurate CCS enables its use as a filter for potential analyte structures. These CCS values can be measured experimentally using calibrant-independent and calibrant-dependent approaches. Identification of compounds based on experimental CCS values in untargeted analysis typically requires CCS references from standards, which are currently limited and, if available, would require a large amount of time for experimental measurements. Therefore, researchers use theoretical tools to predict CCS values for untargeted and targeted analysis. In this review, an overview of the different methods for the experimental and theoretical estimation of CCS values is given where theoretical prediction tools include computational and machine modeling type approaches. Moreover, the limitations of the current experimental and theoretical approaches and their potential mitigation methods were discussed.
Asunto(s)
Lipidómica , Metabolómica , Cromatografía Liquida , Isomerismo , Espectrometría de MasasRESUMEN
Determining bacterial identity at the strain level is critical for public health to enable proper medical treatments and reduce antibiotic resistance. Herein, we used liquid chromatography, ion mobility, and tandem MS (LC-IM-MS/MS) to distinguish Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains. Numerical multivariate statistics (principal component analysis, followed by linear discriminant analysis) showed the capability of this method to perform strain-level discrimination with prediction rates of 96.1% and 100% utilizing the negative and positive ion information, respectively. The tandem MS and LC separation proved effective in discriminating diagnostic lipid isomers in the negative mode, while IM separation was more effective in resolving lipid conformational biomarkers in the positive ion mode. Because of the clinical importance of early detection for rapid medical intervention, a faster technique, paper spray (PS)-IM-MS/MS, was used to discriminate the E. coli strains. The achieved prediction rates of the analysis of E. coli strains by PS-IM-MS/MS were 62.5% and 73.5% in the negative and positive ion modes, respectively. The strategy of numerical data fusion of negative and positive ion data increased the classification rates of PS-IM-MS/MS to 80.5%. Lipid isomers and conformers were detected, which served as strain-indicating biomarkers. The two complementary multidimensional techniques revealed biochemical differences between the E. coli strains confirming the results obtained from comparative genomic analysis. Moreover, the results suggest that PS-IM-MS/MS is a rapid, highly selective, and sensitive method for discriminating bacterial strains in environmental and food samples.
Asunto(s)
Escherichia coli , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodos , Cromatografía Liquida , Bacterias , LípidosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To highlight the current knowledge of the efficacy of dextrose as a prolotherapy agent in managing temporomandibular joint internal derangement (TMJ-ID). METHODS: A "Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome" (PICO) strategy was executed using an electronic search through PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane databases, and Google Scholar from their inception to August 2022. Only randomized clinical trials investigating the treatment of TMJ-ID with hypertonic dextrose prolotherapy (HDPT) were included. Two independent reviewers assessed the eligibility of the studies with subsequent data extraction. RESULTS: The systematic search identified 392 studies, and only 8 articles were considered eligible for selection, with a total of 286 patients; 72% were females, and 28% were males. The extracted data showed positive effects of dextrose on joint pain and maximum mouth opening (MMO) with high patient satisfaction. CONCLUSION: HDPT can be effective in relieving TMD symptoms as it reduces pain, improves joint dysfunction, and increases MMO up to 12 months.
RESUMEN
The microbial decomposition and utilization of lignocellulosic biomass present in the plant tissues are driven by a series of carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) acting in concert. As the non-catalytic domains widely found in the modular CAZymes, carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) are intimately associated with catalytic domains (CDs) that effect the diverse hydrolytic reactions. The CBMs function as auxiliary components for the recognition, adhesion, and depolymerization of the complex substrate mediated by the associated CDs. Therefore, CBMs are deemed as significant biotools available for enzyme engineering, especially to facilitate the enzymatic hydrolysis of dense and insoluble plant tissues to acquire more fermentable sugars. This review aims at presenting the taxonomies and biological properties of the CBMs currently curated in the CAZy database. The molecular mechanisms that CBMs use in assisting the enzymatic hydrolysis of plant polysaccharides and the regulatory factors of CBM-substrate interactions are outlined in detail. In addition, guidelines for the rational designs of CBM-fused CAZymes are proposed. Furthermore, the potential to harness CBMs for industrial applications, especially in enzymatic pretreatment of the recalcitrant lignocellulose, is evaluated. It is envisaged that the ideas outlined herein will aid in the engineering and production of novel CBM-fused enzymes to facilitate efficient degradation of lignocellulosic biomass to easily fermentable sugars for production of value-added products, including biofuels.
Asunto(s)
Lignina , Azúcares , Lignina/metabolismo , Biocombustibles , Hidrólisis , Biomasa , Carbohidratos/químicaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Pain and clicking are the primary complaints in patients suffering from temporomandibular joint disc displacement with reduction (DDwR), negatively affecting the patients' quality of life, making the treatment essential. This prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of botulinum toxin type-A (BTX-A) and low level laser therapy (LLLT) in comparison to anterior repositioning appliance (ARA) for the treatment of DDwR. METHODS: A total of 27 patients were randomly allocated to 3 groups; ARA (control group), BTX-A, and LLLT; with 9 patients each. All patients were evaluated before and 3 months after the treatment using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS: At 3 months follow-up, all groups showed a significant reduction in pain assessed by VAS (P = 0.007). Measured on MRI, there was a significant improvement in disc position and joint space index (JSI) in BTX-A group (P < 0.001, P = 0.011) and LLLT group (P = 0.002, P = 0.017) in comparison to the control group (P = 0.087, P = 0.066) respectively. As for time of recovery, a statistically significant difference was observed in BTX-A group (P < 0.001) and LLLT (P < 0.001) group in comparison to ARA group, which showed the most prolonged duration for reduction of DDwR symptoms. CONCLUSION: We concluded that BTX-A and LLLT could be considered effective alternative treatment modalities to ARA regarding reducing joint pain, clicking, and improving disc position in patients with symptomatic DDwR. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This prospective double-blinded RCT has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with identification number: NCT05194488, 18/1/2022.
Asunto(s)
Terapia por Luz de Baja Intensidad , Trastornos de la Articulación Temporomandibular , Humanos , Disco de la Articulación Temporomandibular/diagnóstico por imagen , Trastornos de la Articulación Temporomandibular/diagnóstico por imagen , Trastornos de la Articulación Temporomandibular/terapia , Dimensión del Dolor , DolorRESUMEN
Ruminococcus bromii is a keystone species in the human gut that has the rare ability to degrade dietary resistant starch (RS). This bacterium secretes a suite of starch-active proteins that work together within larger complexes called amylosomes that allow R. bromii to bind and degrade RS. Starch adherence system protein 20 (Sas20) is one of the more abundant proteins assembled within amylosomes, but little could be predicted about its molecular features based on amino acid sequence. Here, we performed a structure-function analysis of Sas20 and determined that it features two discrete starch-binding domains separated by a flexible linker. We show that Sas20 domain 1 contains an N-terminal ß-sandwich followed by a cluster of α-helices, and the nonreducing end of maltooligosaccharides can be captured between these structural features. Furthermore, the crystal structure of a close homolog of Sas20 domain 2 revealed a unique bilobed starch-binding groove that targets the helical α1,4-linked glycan chains found in amorphous regions of amylopectin and crystalline regions of amylose. Affinity PAGE and isothermal titration calorimetry demonstrated that both domains bind maltoheptaose and soluble starch with relatively high affinity (Kd ≤ 20 µM) but exhibit limited or no binding to cyclodextrins. Finally, small-angle X-ray scattering analysis of the individual and combined domains support that these structures are highly flexible, which may allow the protein to adopt conformations that enhance its starch-targeting efficiency. Taken together, we conclude that Sas20 binds distinct features within the starch granule, facilitating the ability of R. bromii to hydrolyze dietary RS.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Proteínas Portadoras , Ruminococcus , Amilopectina/metabolismo , Amilosa/metabolismo , Proteínas Portadoras/metabolismo , Carbohidratos de la Dieta , Humanos , Almidón/metabolismoRESUMEN
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is an incurable disease of unknown etiology. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is associated with high mortality. Excessive apoptosis of lung epithelial cells occurs in pulmonary fibrosis acute exacerbation. We recently identified corisin, a proapoptotic peptide that triggers acute exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we provide insights into the mechanism underlying the processing and release of corisin. Furthermore, we demonstrate that an anticorisin monoclonal antibody ameliorates lung fibrosis by significantly inhibiting acute exacerbation in the human transforming growth factorß1 model and acute lung injury in the bleomycin model. By investigating the impact of the anticorisin monoclonal antibody in a general model of acute lung injury, we further unravel the potential of corisin to impact such diseases. These results underscore the role of corisin in the pathogenesis of acute exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis and acute lung injury and provide a novel approach to treating this incurable disease.
Asunto(s)
Lesión Pulmonar Aguda , Fibrosis Pulmonar Idiopática , Microbiota , Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/patología , Anticuerpos Monoclonales , Bleomicina , Humanos , Fibrosis Pulmonar Idiopática/etiología , Pulmón/patología , Péptidos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
We report here the complete genome sequences of three Staphylococcus haemolyticus strains isolated from a mouse fibrotic lung tissue and exhibiting proapoptotic activity on human lung alveolar epithelial cells. The genomes were obtained from a combination of Illumina MiSeq and Oxford Nanopore MinION sequencing.
RESUMEN
Di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP) is a plasticizer used to impart flexibility or stability in a variety of products including polyvinyl chloride, cable coatings, artificial leather, and footwear. Previous studies have examined the impact of DiNP on gut integrity and the colonic immune microenvironment, but this study further expands the research by examining whether DiNP exposure alters the colonic microbiota and various immune markers. Previous studies have also revealed that environmental microbes degrade various phthalates, but no studies have examined whether anaerobic gut bacteria can degrade DiNP. Thus, this study tested the hypothesis that DiNP exposure alters the gut microbiota and immune-related factors, and that anaerobic bacteria in the gut can utilize DiNP as the sole carbon source. To test this hypothesis, adult female mice were orally dosed with corn oil or various doses of DiNP for 10-14 consecutive days. After the treatment period, mice were euthanized during diestrus. Colonic contents were collected for full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing to identify the bacteria in the colon contents. Sanger sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was used to identify bacteria that were able to grow in Bacteroides minimal media with DiNP as the sole carbon source. Colon tissues were collected for immunohistochemistry of immune(-related) factors. An environmentally relevant dose of DiNP (200 µg/kg) significantly increased a Lachnoclostridium taxon and decreased Blautia compared to the control. Collectively, minimal changes in the colonic microbiota were observed as indicated by non-significant beta-diversities between DiNP treatments and control. Furthermore, three strains of anaerobic bacteria derived from the colon were identified to use DiNP as the sole carbon source. Interestingly, DiNP exposure did not alter protein levels of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, claudin-1, and mucin-1 compared to the control. Collectively, these findings show that DiNP exposure alters the gut microbiota and that the gut contains DiNP-degrading microbes.
RESUMEN
Current methods typically used for metabolite screening and disease diagnosis often require extensive sample preparation, which increases analysis time and associated costs. While ambient ionization techniques enable the analysis of various samples in complex matrices with little or no sample preparation in a short time (typically within a minute), their reduced selectivity, even when coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometers, limits their application in certain fields. In this study, we have optimized the coupling of paper spray (PS) and leaf spray (LS) ambient ionization techniques with a commercially available ion mobility mass spectrometer (IM-MS) and demonstrated the separation of geometric and constitutional isomers. Ambient ionization techniques allow simultaneous introduction and ionization of samples, while background noise and matrix interference from paper and leaf substrates are filtered out by IM separation, resulting in high sensitivity and selectivity of the PS-IM-MS and LS-IM-MS workflows. In addition, we introduced a novel approach to perform single-field collision cross section (CCS) measurements, which resulted in CCS values that differ by 0.15% and 0.25% from traditional stepped-field and single-field methods, respectively. In addition, we used advanced computational tools to confidently identify analyte structures by comparing CCS values from experimental IM measurements and theoretical calculations. These results suggest that the coupling of ambient ionization methods with ion mobility techniques enables rapid, sensitive, and highly selective analysis that can be used in different fields, such as agrochemical screening and disease diagnostics.
RESUMEN
Apoptosis is a programmed cell death involved in embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis under physiological conditions. However, abnormalities in the process of apoptosis are implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. The human microbiota may release products that induce apoptosis of host cells. We recently identified a novel microbiome-derived peptide called corisin that worsens lung fibrosis by inducing apoptosis of lung epithelial cells. We hypothesized that corisin and a corisin-like peptide might also induce apoptosis of cells from different tissues. We cultured podocytes, renal tubular epithelial cells, keratinocytes, retinal and intestinal cells treated with corisin and evaluated apoptosis by flow cytometry and Western blotting. Although at different grades, flow cytometry analysis and Western blotting showed that corisin and a corisin-like peptide induced apoptosis of podocytes, keratinocytes, tubular epithelial cells, retinal, and intestinal cells. In addition, we found that corisin synergistically enhances the proapoptotic activity of transforming growth factor-ß1 on podocytes. In conclusion, these results suggest that corisin and corisin-like peptides may play a role in the pathogenesis of disease in different organs by promoting apoptosis of parenchymal cells.
Asunto(s)
Apoptosis , Microbiota , Especificidad de Órganos , Péptidos/farmacología , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Caspasa 3/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Células Epiteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Células Epiteliales/patología , Células HaCaT , Humanos , Queratinocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Queratinocitos/patología , Microbiota/efectos de los fármacos , Membranas Mitocondriales/efectos de los fármacos , Membranas Mitocondriales/metabolismo , Especificidad de Órganos/efectos de los fármacos , Podocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Podocitos/patología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Retina/patología , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta1/metabolismoRESUMEN
Bacteroides spp. of the human colonic microbiome degrade complex arabinoxylans from dietary fiber and release ferulic acid. Several studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of ferulic acid. Here, we hypothesized that ferulic acid or the ferulic acid-rich culture supernatant of Bacteroides intestinalis, cultured in the presence of complex arabinoxylans, enhances the immune response. Ferulic acid and the culture supernatant of bacteria cultured in the presence of insoluble arabinoxylans significantly decreased the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and increased the expression of interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor ß1 from activated dendritic cells compared to controls. The number of granulocytes in mesenteric lymph nodes, the number of spleen monocytes/granulocytes, and interleukin-2 and interleukin-12 plasma levels were significantly increased in mice treated with ferulic acid or the culture supernatant of bacteria cultured with insoluble arabinoxylans. Ferulic acid or the culture supernatant of bacteria cultured with insoluble arabinoxylans increased the expression of interleukin-12, interferon-α, and interferon-ß in intestinal epithelial cell lines. This study shows that ferulic acid or the ferulic acid-rich culture supernatant of the colonic bacterium Bacteroides intestinalis, cultured with insoluble arabinoxylans, exerts anti-inflammatory activity in dendritic cells under inflammatory conditions and enhances the Th1-type immune response under physiological conditions in mice.
RESUMEN
Some Bacteroidetes and other human colonic bacteria can degrade arabinoxylans, common polysaccharides found in dietary fiber. Previous work has identified gene clusters (polysaccharide-utilization loci, PULs) for degradation of simple arabinoxylans. However, the degradation of complex arabinoxylans (containing side chains such as ferulic acid, a phenolic compound) is poorly understood. Here, we identify a PUL that encodes multiple esterases for degradation of complex arabinoxylans in Bacteroides species. The PUL is specifically upregulated in the presence of complex arabinoxylans. We characterize some of the esterases biochemically and structurally, and show that they release ferulic acid from complex arabinoxylans. Growth of four different colonic Bacteroidetes members, including Bacteroides intestinalis, on complex arabinoxylans results in accumulation of ferulic acid, a compound known to have antioxidative and immunomodulatory properties.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Bacteroides/enzimología , Esterasas/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiología , Xilanos/metabolismo , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/aislamiento & purificación , Proteínas Bacterianas/ultraestructura , Bacteroides/genética , Colon/microbiología , Ácidos Cumáricos/metabolismo , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Fibras de la Dieta/metabolismo , Pruebas de Enzimas , Esterasas/genética , Esterasas/aislamiento & purificación , Esterasas/ultraestructura , Humanos , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiología , Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Familia de Multigenes/genética , Especificidad por Sustrato , Xilanos/químicaRESUMEN
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and fatal disease of unknown etiology; however, apoptosis of lung alveolar epithelial cells plays a role in disease progression. This intractable disease is associated with increased abundance of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus in the lungs, yet their roles in disease pathogenesis remain elusive. Here, we report that Staphylococcus nepalensis releases corisin, a peptide conserved in diverse staphylococci, to induce apoptosis of lung epithelial cells. The disease in mice exhibits acute exacerbation after intrapulmonary instillation of corisin or after lung infection with corisin-harboring S. nepalensis compared to untreated mice or mice infected with bacteria lacking corisin. Correspondingly, the lung corisin levels are significantly increased in human IPF patients with acute exacerbation compared to patients without disease exacerbation. Our results suggest that bacteria shedding corisin are involved in acute exacerbation of IPF, yielding insights to the molecular basis for the elevation of staphylococci in pulmonary fibrosis.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Reguladoras de la Apoptosis/inmunología , Proteínas Bacterianas/inmunología , Fibrosis Pulmonar Idiopática/inmunología , Péptidos/inmunología , Staphylococcus/inmunología , Anciano , Animales , Apoptosis/inmunología , Proteínas Reguladoras de la Apoptosis/análisis , Proteínas Reguladoras de la Apoptosis/metabolismo , Proteínas Bacterianas/análisis , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar/química , Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar/inmunología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Células Epiteliales/inmunología , Células Epiteliales/patología , Femenino , Voluntarios Sanos , Humanos , Fibrosis Pulmonar Idiopática/genética , Fibrosis Pulmonar Idiopática/microbiología , Fibrosis Pulmonar Idiopática/patología , Pulmón/inmunología , Pulmón/microbiología , Pulmón/patología , Macrófagos/inmunología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Péptidos/análisis , Péptidos/metabolismo , Staphylococcus/metabolismo , Staphylococcus/patogenicidad , Brote de los Síntomas , Linfocitos T Reguladores/inmunología , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta1/genética , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta1/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Renewable fuels have gained importance as the world moves toward diversifying its energy portfolio. A critical step in the biomass-to-bioenergy initiative is deconstruction of plant cell wall polysaccharides to their unit sugars for subsequent fermentation to fuels. To acquire carbon and energy for their metabolic processes, diverse microorganisms have evolved genes encoding enzymes that depolymerize polysaccharides to their carbon/energy-rich building blocks. The microbial enzymes mostly target the energy present in cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin, three major forms of energy storage in plants. In the effort to develop bioenergy as an alternative to fossil fuel, a common strategy is to harness microbial enzymes to hydrolyze cellulose to glucose for fermentation to fuels. However, the conversion of plant biomass to renewable fuels will require both cellulose and hemicellulose, the two largest components of the plant cell wall, as feedstock to improve economic feasibility. Here, we explore the enzymes and strategies evolved by two well-studied bacteria to depolymerize the hemicelluloses xylan/arabinoxylan and mannan. The sets of enzymes, in addition to their applications in biofuels and value-added chemical production, have utility in animal feed enzymes, a rapidly developing industry with potential to minimize adverse impacts of animal agriculture on the environment.
Asunto(s)
Biocombustibles/análisis , Firmicutes/metabolismo , Calor , Mananos/metabolismo , Xilanos/metabolismo , CaldicellulosiruptorRESUMEN
The pharmaceutical and clinical industries are imperative for the maintenance of global health and welfare and require accurate, reproducible, and high throughput analyses. Technological advancements, such as the development and implementation of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS), have allowed for improvements in these areas, however there is still room for development. One way in which current analyses may be improved is by the implementation of ion mobility technology. Ion mobility has the capability to produce much more comprehensive data sets, by providing separation of isomers, as well as improving throughput, with separations being performed as fast as 60 ms. Here we will discuss the potential for ion mobility to assist in the two specific areas of glycosylation monitoring of biological drugs, and vitamin D analysis, as representatives of ion mobility's potential in both the pharmaceutical and clinical industries, respectively, as well as the current hurdles of ion mobility adoption in both fields.