Right Lower Sleeve Lobectomy: Detailed Technique and Perioperative Patient Management.

PURPOSE: This report reviews our experience with right lower sleeve lobectomy and describes our technique and approach to perioperative patient management. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 11 patients who underwent right lower sleeve lobectomy for lung cancer. Surgical techniques and perioperative management were also investigated. RESULTS: Bronchoplasty was performed using 4-0 absorbable monofilament sutures. The deepest portion was anastomosed using continuous sutures; interrupted sutures were used for the more superficial portions. The truncus intermedius and right middle lobe bronchus should be anastomosed in a natural position. Anastomosis patency was confirmed using intraoperative bronchoscopy. Separation of the right upper and middle lobes and pericardiotomy at the inferior edge of the superior pulmonary vein are useful for mobilizing the right middle lobe. Death during hospitalization and treatment-related death did not occur. One patient developed pneumonia, and another developed a bronchopleural fistula. CONCLUSION: We reported our technique of right lower sleeve lobectomy and our approach to perioperative patient management. Sharing knowledge is essential to completing this rare surgery.

[Factors and Mechanisms of Pleural Dissemination in Surgically Treated Cases of Lung Metastasis Originated from Pancreatic Cancer].

Pancreatic cancer with distant metastasis typically results in a poor prognosis, but patients with only pulmonary metastasis are reported to have a relatively good prognosis. In this study, we investigated the clinicopathological data and prognosis of 15 patients who underwent surgery for lung metastasis of pancreatic cancer at our hospital between April 2010 and December 2021. The median disease-free interval after pancreatic cancer treatment was 24.5 (9.6-71.8) months. Ten of the 15 patients underwent successful radical resection, while the remaining 5 had pleural dissemination and underwent non-radical resection. The median follow-up duration was 13.5 months, with the median survival time for radical resection and non-radical resection cases being 49.5 months and 31.2 months, respectively. This indicates significantly worse prognosis for non-radical resection cases( p=0.010). Furthermore, the median CA19-9 levels before lung resection were 22 U/ml for radical resection and 2,181 U/ml for non-radical resection cases, significantly higher in the latter (p=0.049). Immunostaining of resected specimens revealed that MMP-2 was positive in 11 of 15 cases, particularly in 4 of 5 cases with pleural dissemination. CA19-9 levels before lung resection may be a predictive factor for pleural dissemination, and MMP-2 may play a role in the mechanism of pleural dissemination.

Successful use of left ventricular support device (Impella 5.0) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for postoperative cardiac arrest after lung cancer surgery: a case report.

Postoperative hemodynamic support with an Impella 5.0 was effective in a man who underwent lung lobectomy for lung cancer and cardiogenic shock. A 75-year-old man presented to hospital with an abnormal chest shadow on radiography. After thorough examination, the patient was diagnosed with lung cancer, and left lower lobectomy was performed. On the 2nd postoperative day, the patient experienced cardiac arrest because of a sudden drop in saturation of percutaneous oxygen. After a third defibrillation, his heartbeat resumed, and he was intubated and placed on a ventilator. Coronary angiography revealed acute coronary syndrome and the patient fell into a state of shock, which required venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) support. Nevertheless, the circulatory dynamics are unstable, and Impella 5.0 was introduced. VA-ECMO and the Impella 5.0 were discontinued on the 6th and 8th postoperative days, respectively. The patient was eventually transferred to a nearby facility for further rehabilitation 109 days later.

Right upper lobectomy for lung cancer with a displaced right bronchus: Two case reports.

Case 1 describe a 73-year-old man with an abnormal opacity in the upper lobe of the right lung on chest computed tomography (CT), which was done during the postoperative follow-up for bile duct cancer. The chest CT scan showed a ground glass nodule (GGN) measuring 1.0 cm and another one measuring 0.6 cm of the right lung. Case 2 involved a 79-year-old woman with an abnormal opacity in the upper lobe of the right lung on a chest CT that was obtained after she fell down the stairs. The CT scan showed a solid mass measuring 3.0 cm in the right upper lung. Both the patients underwent bronchoscopy before surgery and showed bronchial branching abnormalities. The surgical procedures could be performed accurately since sufficient information had been acquired pre-operatively and they diagnosed lung cancer. Both the patients were able to undergo radical surgery for lung cancer and are currently doing well with no postoperative complications or recurrence of lung cancer.

Metachronous multiple pulmonary nodules 9 years after esophagectomy: a case report.

A 79-year-old man was referred to our hospital for further examination. He had undergone radical esophagectomy with right thoracotomy 9 years ago. Four cycles of chemotherapy (CDDP +5-FU) were also performed for him. Eight years after esophagectomy, two nodules were identified in the upper lobe of the right lung on chest computed tomography (CT). Owing to the possibility of new primary lung cancer, partial resection was performed. Histopathological examination revealed squamous cell carcinoma. One year and two months later, follow-up chest CT scan revealed a nodule shadow of 1.5 cm in the left apex and a nodule shadow of 0.9 cm below the S9 pleura. Hence, partial left lung resection was performed. Five months after left lung resection, a metastatic liver tumor was found on abdominal CT and left lobectomy of the liver was performed. One year after hepatectomy, the patient died due to peritoneal dissemination.

Salvage surgery for local recurrence after carbon ion radiotherapy for lung cancer: A case report.

BACKGROUND: The good local control rate of radiation therapy has been reported due to recent advances in irradiation technology. Carbon ion radiation therapy (CIRT) has been shown to be effective for early lung cancer. We report a case of performing salvage surgery on the local recurrence of lung cancer after CIRT. CASE PRESENTATION: A 79-year-old man was referred to our hospital for treatment of local recurrence of left lung cancer at fifty nine months after CIRT. We performed wedge resection for diagnostic purposes. It was diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma and was regarded as local recurrence. Subsequently, we performed left upper lobectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection. The patient had recurrent lesions at 4 months after surgery and died 10 months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery was safe even after CIRT. We considered that salvage surgery after CIRT may be one of the options of local control therapy for lung cancer.

Pulmonary Resection for Lung Cancer Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation for Severe Aortic Valve Stenosis: A Case Report.

An 82-year-old woman was referred to our hospital because of dyspnea on effort. Echocardiography revealed severe aortic valve stenosis (AS). Simultaneously, chest computed tomography (CT) revealed a 19-mm nodule in the lower lobe of the right lung, and bronchoscopic biopsy revealed adenocarcinoma. She underwent transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) for severe AS. Three weeks later, she underwent lower lobectomy of the right lung and mediastinal dissection for the lung cancer. Her postoperative course was good, and she was discharged 8 days postoperatively. In conclusion, we encountered a patient who successfully underwent pulmonary resection for lung cancer following TAVI for severe AS. We suggest that pulmonary resection following TAVI is an acceptable choice for lung cancer in patients with severe AS because of the lack of a need for cardiopulmonary bypass, the high safety and efficacy of two-stage therapy, and the short period between the two therapies.

Intensity of SLX predicts distance of tumor spread through alveolar spaces in stage I lung adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Tumor spread through alveolar spaces (STAS) is a recently described invasive pattern associated with the prognosis and recurrence of lung adenocarcinoma. This study was performed to determine whether the presence and distance of STAS can be predicted by the immunohistochemical intensity of SLX, a well-known cell adhesion protein. METHODS: In total, 245 patients with pathological stage I lung adenocarcinoma who underwent lobectomy with radical mediastinal lymph node dissection were identified from 1998 to 2012. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) was compared between patients stratified by STAS and the immunohistochemical intensity of SLX in the main tumor. Patients were divided into three groups based on the intensity of SLX staining: high (n = 108), moderate (n = 48), and low (n = 89). RESULTS: STAS was observed in 71 patients (29.0%). Patients with STAS had significantly poorer five-year RFS (67.1%) than those without STAS (84.8%). Although no relationship was observed between the existence of STAS and SLX intensity, the distance between STAS cells and the main tumor was significantly shorter in the moderate group (median 0.9 mm, range: 0.2-1.2 mm) than in the other two groups (median 1.2 mm, range: 0.4-5.0 mm). The five-year RFS rates in the high, moderate, and low groups were 80.0%, 96.0%, and 75.8%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that pathological stage, lymphatic/vascular invasion, and SLX intensity were independent predictors of recurrence. CONCLUSION: SLX staining cannot predict the presence of STAS; however, it can predict the distance between STAS and the main tumor in stage I lung adenocarcinoma.

Correction to: Positive correlation between sarcopenia and elevation of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in pathological stage IIIA (N2-positive) non-small cell lung cancer patients.

In the original publication of the article, the title was incorrectly published as "Positive correlation between sarcopenia and elevation of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in pathological stage.

Prognosis associated with synchronous or metachronous multiple primary malignancies in patients with completely resected non-small cell lung cancer.

PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of multiple primary malignancies (MPMs) on the prognosis of patients with completely resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: The subjects of this retrospective study were 521 patients who underwent complete curative pulmonary resection for NSCLC. Patients were divided into two groups: those with and those without MPMs. RESULTS: The 521 NSCLC patients included 184 patients (35.3%) with MPMs and 337 patients without MPMs. The overall 5-year survival rates for patients with vs those without MPMs were 66.1 and 75.6%, respectively (p = 0.0061). According to multivariate analysis, MPMs, age, gender, pathological stage, and interstitial pneumonia were independent predictors of prognosis. The 47 patients with synchronous MPMs and the 82 patients with metachronous MPMs found within the last 5 years had significantly poorer prognoses than patients without MPMs (p = 0.0048 and p = 0.0051, respectively). However, the prognoses of the 55 patients with metachronous MPMs that had been present for over 5 years did not differ from those of the patients without MPMs. CONCLUSIONS: NSCLC patients with synchronous MPMs or metachronous MPMs diagnosed within the last 5 years had poor prognoses. Decisions about the best therapeutic strategies require comprehensive consideration of the organ location, malignant potential, recurrence, and prognosis of the MPMs. In contrast, decisions about the best therapeutic strategies for NSCLC patients with metachronous MPMs present for over 5 years should be based solely on the NSCLC.

Thoracoscopic resection of mediastinal tumor in a patient with azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava.

A 68-year-old man was referred to our hospital because of mediastinal tumor on chest computed tomography (CT). Contrast-enhanced CT showed azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava (IVC). The retro-hepatic IVC was absent superior to the renal veins. The IVC continued into the dilated azygos vein, which joined the superior vena cava. The hepatic vein drained directly into the right atrium. The mediastinal tumor was close to the dilated azygos vein. Video-assisted thoracoscopic resection of the mediastinal tumor was performed, using four ports and CO2 insufflation. Histological examination of the resected specimen revealed a pericardial cyst without malignancy. After a favorable postoperative course, the patient was discharged 4 days after surgery. It is important to recognize this anomaly before thoracic surgery, because transection of the azygos vein can be fatal. Video-assisted thoracoscopic resection of mediastinal tumor close to the azygos vein using CO2 insufflation avoids injury to the azygos vein.

A case of ectopic ACTH syndrome due to DDAVP-sensitive but V1b receptor-negative bronchial typical carcinoid with lymphatic metastasis and plasma ProGRP elevation.

Ectopic ACTH syndrome (EAS) is a potentially fatal endocrine disease that results from a variety of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), such as small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and bronchial typical carcinoid. Typical carcinoid is usually slow growing, not associated with plasma progastrin releasing peptide (ProGRP) elevation. Here, we report a 47-year-old female smoker with progressive typical carcinoid and plasma ProGRP elevation. Several types of Cushingoid features were found on physical examination. In addition, laboratory examination showed elevated plasma ACTH and serum cortisol levels. These findings indicated ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome. Moreover, the serum cortisol level was not suppressed by overnight high-dose dexamethasone treatment, suggesting the presence of an extra-pituitary tumor. Contrast-enhanced brain MRI revealed no pituitary adenoma, which also supported the idea that EAS occurred in the present case. Strikingly, chest computed tomographic (CT) scan showed a single 18-mm peripheral nodule in the right middle lobe of the lung. Tumor marker analysis revealed an elevation in plasma ProGRP. These data suggested a possibility that SCLC secreted ACTH and caused EAS in this patient. Of note, the plasma ACTH level was increased (1.7 fold) in l-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) test, also suggesting the specific clinical feature in this case. After additional imaging examinations, we performed surgical resection with the suspicion of limited SCLC. As a result, pathological examination revealed a vasopressin receptor Ib (V1b) receptor-negative bronchial typical carcinoid with ACTH production and mediastinal lymphatic metastasis. In summary, we present a case of EAS caused by progressive bronchial typical carcinoid with plasma ProGRP elevation. We propose a novel subtype of lung typical carcinoid.

Positive correlation between sarcopenia and elevation of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in pathological stage IIIA (N2-positive) non-small cell lung cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE: Surgical indication in stage IIIA (N2) non-small cell lung cancer is still controversial. Hence, there is a need for the identification of predictors of the postoperative outcome in these patients. Although sarcopenia is expected to be a novel predictor of postoperative outcome in these patients, the underlying clinical features of sarcopenia have not been well investigated. Elevation of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio indicates cancer-associated inflammation and depression of anticancer immunity. We analyzed the influence of sarcopenia on postoperative prognosis, and investigated the relationship between sarcopenia and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients with stage IIIA (N2) non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated 69 patients with stage IIIA (N2) non-small cell lung cancer. We used the L3 muscle index as a clinical measurement of sarcopenia, and divided patients into the sarcopenic (n = 21) and the non-sarcopenic group (n = 48). We then investigated the effect of sarcopenia on postoperative prognosis, and evaluated the correlation between sarcopenia and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio. RESULTS: This study included 47 males and 22 females. Univariate analysis revealed that sarcopenia, performance status, and serum cytokeratin-19 fragment level were predictors of poor prognosis; multivariate analysis revealed that performance status and sarcopenia were independent predictors of poor prognosis. The presence of sarcopenia was significantly correlated with neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio elevation. CONCLUSIONS: Sarcopenia is a novel predictor of poor prognosis in patients with stage IIIA (N2) non-small cell lung cancer. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio elevation might be the reason for poor prognosis in sarcopenic patients.

Loss of Muscle Mass is a Novel Predictor of Postoperative Early Recurrence in N2-Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: We often experienced early recurrence in patients with completely resected N2-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Loss of muscle mass is a poor prognostic factor in patients with several stages of NSCLC. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between preoperative loss of muscle mass and postoperative early recurrence in patients with N2-positive NSCLC. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 47 male patients with completely resected pathological N2-positive NSCLC. Early recurrence was defined as that diagnosed within 1 year after the operation. We used the L3 muscle index (cross-sectional area of muscle at the L3 level, normalized for height) as a clinical measurement of loss of muscle mass (cutoff value, 52.4 cm2/m2). RESULTS: In all, 18 patients with early recurrence had significantly poorer outcomes compared with those without (P <0.01). In univariate analysis, loss of muscle mass (P = 0.023), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level >5.0 ng/mL (P = 0.002), and absence of postoperative chemotherapy (P = 0.042) were predictors of postoperative early recurrence. In multivariate analysis, loss of muscle mass (P = 0.004) and CEA level >5.0 ng/mL (P = 0.001) were independent predictors. CONCLUSIONS: Loss of muscle mass is an independent predictor of postoperative early recurrence in pathological N2-positive NSCLC patients.

Impact of multiple malignancies on surgical outcomes in patients with 1 cm or smaller non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Because most patients with small-sized non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are asymptomatic, their lesions are detected by cancer screenings or routine checkups for other diseases. Incidences of multiple malignancies have been reported to be 27% in patients with stage I-III NSCLC. Some patients have treatment histories for other malignancies, and their small-sized NSCLC was incidentally detected during follow-up. There is no established report regarding the influence of multiple malignancies on small-sized NSCLC prognosis. Therefore, we investigated the correlation between multiple malignancies and surgical outcomes in patients with small-sized NSCLC. METHODS: In total, 44 patients underwent definitive pulmonary resection for NSCLC of 1 cm or smaller between January 2003 and December 2012. Tumor size was measured by macroscopic findings of the resected specimens, and we then retrospectively investigated their clinical courses. RESULTS: One patient had hemoptysis symptoms, whereas 43 patients were asymptomatic; among them, NSCLC was detected by examinations for other diseases in 31 patients and by cancer screening in 12 patients. In total, 20 patients (45%) had multiple malignancies. The median follow-up period was 68 months. One patient had a recurrence from current NSCLC. No patients died of current NSCLC. The overall 5-year survival rate was 90% for all patients. Patients with multiple malignancies had significantly poorer prognoses compared with those without multiple malignancies (P = 0.016). However, patients with treatment intervals of more than 5 years had prognoses equivalent to those of patients without multiple malignancies (P = 0.829). Only the presence of multiple malignancies was a significantly poor prognostic factor in univariate and multivariate analyses. CONCLUSION: NSCLC of 1 cm or smaller showed good prognoses. The presence of multiple malignancies was a significantly poor prognostic factor, and short treatment intervals also correlated with poor prognosis.

Elevation of Serum Carcinoembryonic Antigen Concentration Caused by Everolimus-Induced Lung Injury: A Case Report.

A 66-year-old woman underwent right nephrectomy for treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Two years later, she underwent wedge resection of the right lung for treatment of metastatic RCC and primary adenocarcinoma of the lung. She began oral sorafenib for the remaining nodules of the left lung, which were suspected to be metastatic RCC. Two years later, the sorafenib was changed to everolimus because of slight enlargement of the left pulmonary nodules. The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) concentration then increased to 25.7 ng/mL, and chest computed tomography (CT) revealed ground-glass opacities (GGO) in the bilateral lungs. Everolimus-induced lung injury was suspected, and she discontinued the everolimus. Two months later, the serum CEA concentration decreased to almost within the reference range at 5.9 ng/mL, and the GGO disappeared on chest CT. In conclusion, we encountered a patient who developed an elevated serum CEA concentration caused by everolimus-induced lung injury.

Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts the prognosis of patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with surgery and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Markers of preoperative tumor immunity, such as platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), have been reported to be prognostic factors for patients with various cancers. However, the relationship between PLR and the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy as a multidisciplinary treatment is unknown. METHODS: We enrolled 327 NSCLC patients treated surgically with or without adjuvant chemotherapy (78 and 249 patients, respectively) at our hospital from 2008 to 2012. Patients had no preoperative hematological disease or infection. Preoperative PLR and clinicopathologic characteristics were recorded and their potential associations and prognostic values were assessed by Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox regression. The optimal cut-off value for high and low PLR was calculated from receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS: The five-year overall survival rates for patients with low and high PLR were 78% and 57% (P < 0.01) for all patients, and 69% and 37% (P < 0.01) for patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy, respectively. Similarly, the five-year disease-free survival rates for patients with low and high PLR were 66% and 62% (P = 0.03) for all patients, and 47% and 14% (P < 0.01) for patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy, respectively. Cox proportional hazard regression indicated that high PLR was an independent prognostic factor for both overall and disease-free survival in the adjuvant chemotherapy group. CONCLUSION: Elevated PLR predicts poor prognosis in surgically treated NSCLC patients, especially those who receive adjuvant chemotherapy.

Solitary splenic metastasis from lung adenocarcinoma: A case report.

Solitary splenic metastasis is extremely rare, with only 27 reported cases in the literature. An 81-year-old woman was referred to our hospital for treatment of pulmonary and splenic lesions. Chest computed tomography showed a small lung nodule in the right upper lobe, abdominal computed tomography showed an 8 cm splenic mass with abnormal accumulation, and positron emission tomography revealed a maximum standardized uptake value of 7.9. She had elevated serum cancer antigen 19-9 (1847 U/mL) and carcinoembryonic antigen concentrations (17.9 ng/mL). She underwent laparoscopic splenectomy. Pathological examination revealed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. We performed partial lung resection and diagnosed the small lung lesion as lung adenocarcinoma. Both lesions were positive for thyroid transcription factor 1. Thus, primary lung adenocarcinoma and solitary splenic metastasis were diagnosed. The patient was still alive without recurrence four years postoperatively. Herein, we report a rare case of lung adenocarcinoma with solitary splenic metastasis and review the literature.

Sarcopenia is a novel poor prognostic factor in male patients with pathological Stage I non-small cell lung cancer.

OBJECTIVES: Sarcopenia is the progressive loss of muscle mass and strength, and has a risk of adverse outcomes such as disability, poor quality of life and death. As prognosis depends not only on disease aggressiveness, but also on a patient's physical condition, sarcopenia can predict survival in patients with various cancer types. However, its effects on postoperative prognosis in patients with localized non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) have never been reported. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated 215 male patients with pathological Stage I NSCLC. L3 muscle index is defined as the cross-section area of muscle at the third lumbar vertebra level, normalized for height, and is a clinical measurement of sarcopenia. We then investigated the effect of preoperative sarcopenia on their postoperative prognosis. RESULTS: Our 215 subjects included 30 patients with sarcopenia. Sarcopenia was significantly associated with body mass index, nutritional condition, serum CYFRA 21-1 level and pathological stage, but not with preoperative respiratory function or performance status. Frequency of postoperative complications, length of postoperative hospital stay, thoracic drainage period or causes of death were not correlated with the presence of sarcopenia. The sarcopenia group had a significantly shorter median overall survival (32 months) than the no-sarcopenia group. CONCLUSION: Sarcopenia might not affect short-term outcomes in patients with early-stage lung cancer. Sarcopenia was a predictor of poor prognosis in male patients with Stage I NSCLC. As sarcopenic patients with NSCLC patients are at risk for significantly worse outcomes, their treatments require careful planning, even for those with Stage I disease.