Clinico-epidemiological profiling of dengue patients in a non-endemic region of Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to characterise the clinical and epidemiological profiles of dengue patients and their outcomes during an ongoing outbreak in a non-endemic region of Bangladesh. METHODS: This prospective observational study analysed 805 confirmed dengue cases during August-December 2023. Data on demographic, clinical and laboratory profiles, as well as outcomes, were gathered using a structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 25. RESULTS: The mean age of dengue patients was 31.5 (±12.2) y, with the majority being males (81.2%). All 805 patients experienced fever, 792 (98.4%) had headaches, 698 (86.7%) had myalgia, 601 (74.7%) had persistent vomiting and 598 (74.3%) had abdominal pain. Bleeding was observed in 191 (23.7%) patients and neurological symptoms were seen in 209 (25.9%) patients. Most patients (n=781, 97%) exhibited non-severe symptoms, while 3% (n=24) had severe symptoms. Among the 24 severe cases, four (16.7%) patients were reported to have encephalitis and one (4.2%) patient had meningoencephalitis. Moreover, 365 patients (45.3%) had travelled to an endemic region who were predominantly males (n=327, 89.6%). Most dengue patients recovered well with rapid fluid replacement therapy (n=754, 93.7%). CONCLUSIONS: The 2023 dengue outbreak in a non-endemic area of Bangladesh primarily impacted males, young adults, with the majority presenting non-severe symptoms. Further studies are essential to validate and build upon these results.

An approach to integrated management of diabetes in tuberculosis patients: Availability and readiness of the health facilities of Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: Comorbidity of diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health concern in low- and middle-income countries including Bangladesh. An integrated approach is required for adequate management of diabetes mellitus and TB. The objective of the present study was to investigate the availability and readiness of the TB care centers of Bangladesh toward diabetic patients' management. METHODS: The present study was conducted based on existing data obtained from the Bangladesh Health Facility Survey (BHFS) 2017. Data collected from a total of 303 facilities providing TB services were retrieved. The outcome variables of the present study were availability and readiness of the TB health facilities for providing diabetes mellitus service. Readiness was measured for four domains: staff and guidelines, equipment, diagnostic facility and basic medicine. The independent variables were: facility level, management authority and location of the facility. Binary and multiple logistic regression models were constructed for both the outcome variables (availability and readiness) to find out their predictors. RESULTS: Services for diabetes mellitus were available in 68% of the TB facilities while high readiness was present in 36% of the facilities. For domain-specific readiness index, readiness for the domains of staff and guidelines, equipment, diagnostic facility and basic medicine was reported in 46%, 96%, 38% and 25% facilities respectively. In the logistic regression model, availability of diabetes mellitus services was better in primary level (aOR 2.62, 95% CI 1.78-4.77) and secondary level (aOR 3.26, 95% CI 1.82-9.05) facilities than community facilities. Similarly, readiness of diabetes mellitus care was also better in these facilities (aOR 2.55, 95% CI 1.05-4.71 for primary and aOR 2.75, 95% CI 1.80-4.32 for secondary facilities). Besides, private TB facilities had better availability (aOR 2.84, 95% CI 1.75-5.89) and readiness (aOR 2.52, 95% CI 1.32-4.29) for diabetes mellitus care. CONCLUSION: Availability and readiness for providing diabetes mellitus services in TB care providing facilities in Bangladesh is inadequate.

Prevalence and risk factors of scabies among children living in Madrasahs (Islamic religious boarding schools) of Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: To determine the prevalence and associated factors of scabies among the children living in the Madrasahs (Islamic religious educational institution) of Bangladesh was the objective of the study. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in eight selected Madrasahs from May to October 2023 among male and female children aged between 3 and 18 years. Children were screened for scabies according to criteria developed by the International Alliance for the Control of Scabies. RESULTS: It was found that overall prevalence of scabies among the children living in Madrasahs was almost 34% (mild 73.5%, moderate 24.9% and severe 1.6%). Prevalence of scabies among male was higher than female (39.4% vs 28.4%). Male gender (aOR 2.09, 95% CI 1.27 to 3.47, p=0.004) and age (aOR 0.95, 95% CI 0.91 to 0.99, p=0.017) were two significant predictors of scabies among children. Besides, living in Madrasahs having more boarders (aOR 1.37, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.69, p=0.025), shared bedding, clothes or toilet stuffs with other children (aOR 1.46, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.09, p=0.036) and history of pruritus in the close entourage (aOR 4.19, 95% CI 3.07 to 5.73, p<0.001) were associated with a higher chance of being infected by scabies. CONCLUSION: Almost one-third of the children living in the Islamic boarding schools in Bangladesh are suffering from scabies, more prevalence in male and younger children. Accommodation of higher number of boarders, sharing personal staffs and pruritus in close contacts increase the risk of scabies in these children.

Health-care-seeking behaviour in patients with hypertension: experience from a dedicated hypertension centre in Bangladesh.

Objective: The study aimed to assess health-seeking behaviour (HSB) and associated factors among hypertensive patients in Bangladesh.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Hypertension & Research Centre, Rangpur, Bangladesh, between January 2022 and June 2022. A total of 497 hypertensive adults were recruited consecutively. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was deployed by the research team for data collection. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to explore the predictors of HSB.Results: The mean age of the hypertensive patients was 52 ± 11 (SD) years. Most of them were aged between 51 and 60 years (33%), female (55%), came from rural areas (57%), and belonged to middle socioeconomic class (68%). One-fourth of the patients (27%) had chosen informal healthcare providers for their first consultation. Fear of stroke (244, 45%), headache (170, 36%), and neck pain (81, 17%) were the three most common compelling causes of their visit to the hypertension centre. Age (aOR 0.78, 95% CI 0.68 - 0.89), male sex (aOR: 1.79, 95% CI 1.05 - 3.10), living in semi-urban (aOR 4.68, 95% CI 1.45 - 15.10) and rural area (aOR 1.68, 95% CI 1.01 - 2.80), farmers as occupation (aOR: 3.24, 95%CI: 1.31 - 8.06) and belonging to lower social economic class (aOR 4.24, 95% CI 1.68 - 10.69) were predictors of visiting informal providers of hypertensive patient. One-fourth of the hypertensive patients received consultation from informal healthcare providers.Conclusions: Raising awareness among patients and proper referral to specialised hypertension centres could promulgate the patients towards appropriate behaviour.

Patient self-referral patterns in a developing country: characteristics, prevalence, and predictors.

BACKGROUND: Efficient healthcare delivery and access to specialized care rely heavily on a well-established healthcare sector referral system. However, the referral system faces significant challenges in developing nations like Bangladesh. This study aimed to assess self-referral prevalence among patients attending tertiary care hospitals in Bangladesh and identify the associated factors. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted at two tertiary care hospital, involving 822 patients visiting their outpatient or inpatient departments. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The patients' mode of referral (self-referral or institutional referral) was considered the outcome variable. RESULTS: Approximately 58% of the participants were unaware of the referral system. Of all, 59% (485 out of 822) of patients visiting tertiary care hospitals were self-referred, while 41% were referred by other healthcare facilities. The primary reasons for self-referral were inadequate treatment (28%), inadequate facilities (23%), critical cases (14%), and lack of expert physicians (8%). In contrast, institutional referrals were mainly attributed to inadequate facilities to treat the patient (53%), inadequate treatment (47%), difficult-to-treat cases (44%), and lack of expert physicians (31%) at the time of referral. The private facilities received a higher proportion of self-referred patients compared to government hospitals (68% vs. 56%, p < 0.001). Among patients attending the study sites through institutional referral, approximately 10% were referred from community clinics, 6% from union sub-centers, 25% from upazila health complexes, 22% from district hospitals, 22% from other tertiary care hospitals, and 42% from private clinics. Patients visiting the outpatient department (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.28-4.82, p < 0.001), residing in urban areas (aOR 1.29, 95% CI 1.04-1.64, p = 0.007), belonging to middle- and high-income families (aOR 1.34, 95% CI 1.03-1.62, p = 0.014, and aOR 1.98, 95% CI 1.54-2.46, p = 0.005, respectively), and living within 20 km of healthcare facilities (aOR 3.15, 95% CI 2.24-4.44, p-value < 0.001) exhibited a higher tendency for self-referral to tertiary care facilities. CONCLUSIONS: A considerable number of patients in Bangladesh, particularly those from affluent urban areas and proximity to healthcare facilities, tend to self-refer to tertiary care centers. Inadequacy of facilities in primary care centers significantly influences patients to opt for self-referral.

Predictors of poor neurodevelopmental outcomes in neonates with clinically observed seizures: A prospective observational study in a tertiary care hospital of Bangladesh.

Neonatal seizures can lead to long-term neurodevelopmental problems. This study aims to identify predictors of poor developmental outcomes in neonates with seizures to aid in early intervention and referral for follow-up and rehabilitation. This observational study was conducted in the Department of Neonatology and Institute of Paediatric Neurodisorder and Autism, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University. Among 75 study cases of neonatal seizure, 23 died, and 46 were followed-up at 6 and 9 months after discharge. EEGs were performed on every patient. A comprehensive neurological examination and developmental evaluation were performed using Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley III). Three-fourths of neonates were born at term (76.1 %), and over half were male (56.5 %). The majority were appropriate for gestational age (79.7 %) and had an average birth weight of 2607 ± 696 g (±SD). Over half of the neonates (52.2 %) had adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, with global developmental delay being the most common. Recurrent seizures, the number of anticonvulsants needed to control seizures, and abnormal Electroencephalograms were identified as independent predictors of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. The study highlights the need for early referral for follow-up and rehabilitation of neonates with seizures having abnormal electroencephalograms, recurrent seizures and requiring more anticonvulsants to control seizures.

The 2023 Dengue Outbreak in Bangladesh: Exploring the Epidemiology in Hospitalized Patients.

For the past two decades, Bangladesh has faced recurrent dengue outbreaks, with the most recent occurring in 2023. We investigated the socioeconomic, clinical, and laboratory aspects of patients diagnosed with dengue during this outbreak. This observational study was conducted from July to September 2023 at Dhaka Medical College Hospital and Chittagong Medical College Hospital, and included 450 confirmed cases of dengue. Sociodemographic information was collected via face-to-face interviews, clinical examinations, and laboratory testing, which was done within 24 hours of admission. Dengue severity was classified according to the 2009 WHO dengue guidelines. Notably, 17% of patients experienced severe dengue, and 89% of those with nonsevere cases exhibited at least one warning sign. Most patients were young adults (mean age, 33 years), with a nearly equal male-to-female ratio. Common clinical presentations included fever (95%), myalgia (62%), and headache (58%), whereas warning signs such as vomiting (54%) and abdominal pain (39%) were prevalent. Plasma leakage indicators, including ascites, pleural effusion, and edema, were found predominantly in severe cases. Laboratory findings revealed leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated hepatic enzymes (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) in nearly half the patients. An elevated hematocrit level was associated with severe dengue. We report that a substantial number of patients developed severe dengue during the epidemic in 2023, and provide detailed clinical-epidemiological profiles of the patients, offering valuable insight into management of dengue cases.

Real-life experience on the effectiveness of conjunctival flap and amniotic membrane graft in the treatment of refractory fungal corneal ulcer.

PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare the results of the conjunctival flap (CF) and cryopreserved amniotic membrane graft (AMG) in the management of fungal corneal ulcers either with complications or non-responsive to medical treatment. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective observational study. METHODS: Medical records of 30 patients with culture-positive fungal corneal ulcer treated with either CF or AMG (15 eyes in each group) in real world settings were retrieved for analysis. After the surgical procedure, patients were followed up on days 1, 7, 14, 21, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 to explore the outcomes of the operations along with complications. RESULTS: Infecting fungi were of genus Fusarium (n = 11), Aspergillus (n = 10), Mucor (n = 4) and Penicillium (n = 10). The most common indication was resistant ulcer with perforation. After the procedure, epithelization was completed in 11(73.33%) patients in the CF, and 13 patients in the (86.67%) AMG group. Visual acuity improvement was significantly better in the latter group (CF: 1 [6.67%] vs. AMG: 7 [46.67%], p = 0.023). Flap failure occurred in 4 patients (26.67%) from the CF and 2 (13.33%) from the AMG group. No significant differences were found between the two groups regarding success rate (p = 0.651), epithelialization time (p = 0.691), healing of corneal ulcer (p = 0.651), and postoperative stability (p = 0.651) of the flaps. CONCLUSIONS: CF and AMG are both effective for the management of refractory fungal corneal ulcers. However, AMG appears to improve visual acuity better than CF.

Violence against physicians working in public tertiary care hospital of Bangladesh: a facility-based cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Violence against physicians in the workplace is a prevalent global issue, and Bangladesh is no exception. Such violence significantly disrupts healthcare delivery and the attainment of universal health coverage. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the prevalence, nature and associated risk factors of workplace violence (WPV) against physicians in Bangladesh. METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at a public tertiary care hospital involving 441 physicians with a minimum tenure of 6 months. Data were gathered through a structured self-reported questionnaire, and statistical analyses were performed by using SPSS V.25. RESULTS: Out of the surveyed physicians, 67.3% (n=297) reported experiencing violence, categorised as 84.5% psychological, 13.5% physical and 2% sexual in nature. Predominant forms of psychological violence included bullying (48.8%) and threats (40.1%). The mean age of exposed physicians was 32.5±4.3 (SD) years. Those working in the emergency unit (45.8%), surgery and allied departments (54.2%), engaging in rotating shift work (70%), morning shifts (59.6%) and postgraduate trainees (68%) were frequently subjected to violence. Factors significantly associated with WPV included placement in surgery and allied departments (p<0.001), working rotating shifts (p<0.001), marital status (p=0.011) and being a male physician (p=0.010). Perpetrators were primarily identified as relatives of patients (66%). Working in rotating shifts (adjusted OR(AOR):2.6, 95% CI:1.2 to 5.4) and surgery and allied departments (AOR:5.7, 95% CI:3.4 to 9.8) emerged as significant risk factors of violence against physicians. CONCLUSION: A higher proportion of physicians at the early to mid-level stages of their careers, especially those in rotating shifts and surgery-related departments, reported incidence of WPV. Urgent intervention from policy-makers and healthcare entities is imperative to implement preventive measures. Strengthening security measures, establishing antiviolence policies and providing comprehensive training programmes are crucial steps towards ensuring a safer work environment for healthcare professionals.

Acute hypothermia in a patient with COVID-19: a case report and summary of the evidence.

Introduction and importance: SARS-COV-2 has many presenting signs including a number of typical and atypical symptoms. However, having the enormous capacity of mutation, the virus is changing its genetic pattern continuously, giving rise to newer and rarer manifestations. Here, the authors report a case of adult COVID-19 along with features of hypothermia which is relatively rare and has future implications in clinical perspective. Case presentation: The patient presented with hypothermia and indicative symptoms of COVID-19 during admission. Comorbidities were assessed, potential differentials were ruled out thorough appropriate clinical examination and investigations. Insulation with a blanket and room heater was used to stabilize the normal body temperature (98.6°F) in the hospital setting, during this period vitals (Blood pressure, Pulse rate and oxygen saturation) were assessed regularly. On the sixth day of hospital admission, he was discharged from the hospital with advice. Clinical discussion: COVID-19 virus can enter into brain through olfactory tract and may cause dysfunction in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus containing warm sensitive neurons directly or via cytokine-induced release of prostaglandin E2 from endothelial cells, which acts through a paracrine mechanism that may provoke hypothermia in our case. Conclusions: This case highlights a rare presentation of COVID-19 infection that has not been thoroughly explored. The authors believe the case report holds particular importance especially in dealing with COVID-19 cases in both clinical and home settings.

Effectiveness of emicizumab in preventing bleeding events in severe and moderate hemophilia A: A single-center experience in Bangladesh.

Emicizumab is a monoclonal antibody that bridges activated factor IX (FIX) and factor X (FX) to replace the function of missing activated factor VIII (FVIII) in hemophilia A patients irrespective of FVIII inhibitor status. This study assessed the effectiveness of emicizumab in preventing bleeding episodes in patients with hemophilia A. This observational study included patients with moderate to severe hemophilia A who were undergoing episodic FVIII replacement therapy. The primary endpoint was the difference in annualized bleeding rates (ABR) and the secondary endpoint was the difference in Hemophilia Joint Health Score (HJHS) before and after emicizumab prophylaxis. A total of 30 male hemophilia patients were included, the mean age was 16.7 (SD: ±8.1) years, and most of them had moderate hemophilia A [63.3%]. Before prophylaxis, the median ABR was 48 (interquartile range [IQR]: 35-60), and 93.3% of patients had ABR greater than eight, whereas after prophylaxis the median ABR decreased significantly (median [IQR]: 0 [0.0-0.4], p < 0.001), and 56.7% had zero bleeds. ABR was not significantly different in patient with and without FVIII inhibitors. The HJHS scores significantly improved after prophylaxis (10 vs. 2.5, p < 0.001). The bleeding events were reduced significantly (23 vs. 0.0, p < 0.001), and zero new target joints were reported after prophylaxis. Most of the patients [93.3%] did not face any serious adverse events after prophylaxis. Emicizumab prophylaxis was associated with a significantly lower rate of bleeding events among participants with hemophilia A, regardless of inhibitor status.

Optimizing survival in Russell's viper bite cases in low-resource setting: two case reports.

INTRODUCTION: Snakebite envenomation poses a significant health risk, particularly in low-resource settings where access to proper treatment is limited. CASE PRESENTATION: This study reports two cases of Russell's viper bites in rural Bangladesh, involving 48 and 35-year-old Bangladesh males, respectively, and highlights the difficulties in providing adequate medical care and in treating any complications that may arise. Both cases involved delayed access to healthcare, initial visit to traditional healers, and the development of severe complications such as coagulopathy, renal failure. After the intervention both cases survived which is scarce in low resource settings. CONCLUSION: The cases underscore the importance of early recognition, appropriate management, and improved healthcare infrastructure to optimize survival outcomes in snakebite cases in resource-limited settings. These cases will contribute valuable insights to the field of snakebite management and provide guidance for improving survival rates and outcomes among snakebite victims in Bangladesh.

Effect of probiotics supplementation on liver stiffness and steatosis in patients with NAFLD.

Background and Aim: To compare the effects of probiotics on liver stiffness and steatosis in obese and non-obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD),the pragmatic clinical trial included 50 obese body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 and 50 non-obese NAFLD BMI <25 kg/m2 age and sex-matched patients. Materials and Methods: Fibroscan with controlled attenuated parameter (CAP) was done at day 0 and at the end of 6 months. Probiotics supplementation was provided for both groups for 6 months along with lifestyle modifications. Results: At inclusion, both groups had comparable characteristics except BMI, metabolic syndrome and waist circumference (WC). Beneficial changes occurred in BMI (p=0.024), WC (p=0.045), ALT (p=0.024), total cholesterol (p=0.016), LDL (p=0.025) and triglyceride (p=0.021) of obese group, systolic blood pressure (p=0.003) and LDL level (p=0.018) in non-obese group. No significant change was observed in liver enzymes and glycemic profiles. Significant improvement in CAP was observed in both groups. But after adjusting for changes in BMI and WC, the change in CAP among non-obese participants were significantly higher compared to obese, mean change of 19.33±48.87 and 16.02±51.58 dB/m in non-obese and obese patients, respectively; p=0.044). Conclusion: Probiotics improve CAP/ steatosis in both obese and non-obese NAFLD patients and improvement was higher in non-obese, irrespective of BMI change.

Status of lipid control in Bangladeshi subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus on lipid-lowering drugs: a multicenter, facility-based, cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Achievement of lipid targets is crucial in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to mitigate the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Data on lipid-control status among patients with T2DM in Bangladesh are scarce. This study was conducted to determine the lipid-control status among patients with T2DM who were on lipid-lowering drugs in the country. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the diabetes outpatient departments of several tertiary hospitals in Bangladesh from January 2022 to December 2022. Adults of both sexes diagnosed with T2DM for at least one year and were on the lipid-lowering drug(s) for a minimum of 3 months were included in the study by consecutive sampling. Patients' data were collected by face-to-face interviews, and blood samples were collected for fasting lipid profile. The lipid target was set at < 200 mg/dL for total cholesterol (TC), < 150 mg/dL for triglyceride (TG), < 100 mg/dL for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), > 40 mg/dL for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and < 160 mg/dL for non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C). RESULT: Three thousand sixty patients (age 44.7 ± 13.3 years, female 57%) with T2DM were evaluated. Overall, almost 81% of the study subjects achieved the LDL-C target. Besides, TC, TG, HDL-C, and non-HDL-C targets were achieved by 40.8, 21.6, 66.3, and 44.1% of patients, respectively. However, all the lipid parameters were under control in only 8.8% of patients. Almost 77.6% of the patients with ischemic heart disease, 81.5% of patients with stroke, and 65% of patients with CKD had LDL levels < 70 mg/dL. Only 10.03% achieved the HbA1c target of < 7%. 7.4% of patients achieved both HbA1c < 7% and LDL < 100 mg/dL and 5% achieved both HbA1c < 7% and LDL < 70 mg/dL. Advanced age (aOR 0.97, 95% CI 0.96, 0.98, p < 0.001), longstanding T2DM (aOR 0.53, 95% CI 0.39, 0.72, p < 0.001), and non-statin therapy (aOR 0.25, 95% CI 0.16, 0.37, p < 0.001) were negatively associated with lipid control (LDL < 100 mg/dL) while using oral hypoglycemic drugs or insulin (aOR 2.01, 95% CI 1.45, 2.77, p < 0.001) and having cardiovascular comorbidity (aOR 3.92, 95% CI 3.00, 5.12, p < 0.001) were positively associated with lipid control. CONCLUSION: Though most patients with T2DM achieved their target LDL level, the prevalence of both glycemic and overall lipid control was low in our study despite lipid-lowering therapy.

The road towards protection of all against tetanus.

In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), tetanus continues to be a major public health concern. Although vaccination campaigns have been effective in lowering the incidence of tetanus worldwide, some areas continue to experience a considerable number of cases and fatalities. Adult tetanus is frequently underreported because there is insufficient systematic surveillance and reporting. A high proportion of tetanus patients die because of a lack of adequate critical care services, particularly ventilator support, with limited access to existing facilities due to high costs. Hence, the case fatality rate of adult tetanus remains high. Women and children are protected because of regular and booster immunization strategies implemented around the world. However, men are disproportionately affected by tetanus. Booster dosage based on the World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended schedule should be given to eligible children and adolescent boys. In addition, tetanus vaccination needs to be promoted among adults in vulnerable jobs. Functional strategies could help pave the way toward the protection of all against tetanus.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Bangla version of the Psoriasis Disability Index.

Background: The Psoriasis Disability Index (PDI) is used for the quality-of-life assessment of psoriasis patients. However, a locally adapted Bangla version of the PDI (B-PDI) instrument is currently lacking in Bangladesh. To translate the instrument, adapt, and validate it among psoriatic patients of the country was the objective of the study. Methods: Translation, adaptation, and back-to-back translation to Bangla were made from the original English PDI. The final Bangla instrument was applied among 83 psoriasis patients twice at 10 days intervals. The psychometric property of the instrument was evaluated. Item-level content-validity index (CVI) was used to check the content validity of the instrument. Convergent validity was tested by comparing the B-PDI with the validated Bangla version of Short Form 36(SF-36) and the Psoriasis Area Disability Index (PASI) score. Necessary testing was used to assess internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Result: The B-PDI was well-accepted by the patients. It showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.76) and very high test-retest reliability (Pearson r = 0.92, p < 0.001). The scale demonstrated excellent content validity (Content Valid Index [CVI] = 1). The instrument had satisfactory convergent validity with four components of SF-36. Pearson correlation coefficient for physical, emotional, social, and pain domains of SF-36 was 0.663, 0.644, 0.808, and 0.862, respectively, and for PASI score was 0.812. Factor exploration using Principal Component Analysis revealed four factors reflecting working disabilities, social, and hygienic disabilities, lifestyle difficulties, and leisure-associated disabilities. Conclusion: This study supports the reliability and validity of the B-PDI instrument for measuring health-related quality-of-life for Bangla-speaking psoriasis patients.

Comparison of fasting and random lipid profiles among subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an outpatient-based cross-sectional study in Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: Despite the wide acceptability of fasting lipid profiles in practice, emerging evidence suggests that random lipid profiles might be a convenient alternative for lipid measurement. The objective of the present study was to compare the fasting and random lipid profile among subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: The present cross-sectional study included 1543 subjects with T2DM visiting several endocrinology outpatient clinics throughout Bangladesh from January to December 2021. The fasting lipid profile was measured in the morning following 8-10 h of overnight fasting, and the random lipid profile was measured at any time of the day, irrespective of the last meal. The values of fasting and random lipids were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Spearman rank correlation coefficients. RESULTS: In this study, a good level of correlation was observed between fasting and random lipid levels [r = 0.793, p < 0.001 for triglyceride (TG); r = 0.873, p < 0.001 for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C); r = 0.609, p < 0.001 for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C); and r = 0.780, p < 0.001 for total cholesterol (TC)]. In addition, TG and TC levels increased by 14% and 0.51%, respectively, in the random state compared to the fasting state (p- <0.05), while LDL-C levels decreased by 0.71% (p-value 0.42). No change was noticed in the HDL-C level. The difference between fasting and random lipid profiles was similar irrespective of patients' age, sex, BMI, glucose-lowering drug(s), and lipid-lowering therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Random lipid profile correlates significantly with fasting lipid profile with little difference. Hence, it might be a reliable alternative for fasting lipid profile in patients with T2DM.

Sexual dysfunction in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A single-centre cross-sectional study from Bangladesh.

Objective: Sexual dysfunction among women with diabetes is a common but neglected health issue worldwide. The objective of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of sexual dysfunction and its associated factors among women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Subjects and methods: This cross-sectional comparative study comprises 150 women with diabetes and 100 healthy women without diabetes who visited the endocrinology outpatient department of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH). The data were collected from July to December 2019. Sexual dysfunction was assessed by the 19-item Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Informed consent was obtained before participation. Collected data were analysed by SPSS 26. Results: More women with diabetes than control subjects reported sexual dysfunction (79% vs. 72%; p = 0.864). The global FSFI score was lower among the diabetes patients than among the healthy controls (20.8 ± 7.2 vs. 23.7 ± 4.8; p < 0.001). Patients with T2DM scored significantly lower in the domains of desire (p = 0.04), lubrication (p = 0.01), orgasm (p = 0.01), and satisfaction (p < 0.001), but not the domain of arousal (p = 0.09). A prolonged duration of diabetes was the primary contributor to orgasm problems (adjusted odds ratio, aOR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.7) and painful intercourse (aOR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1- 1.5). Conclusion: Sexual problems are frequent in women with diabetes. Inclusion of sexual health in comprehensive diabetes management is crucial to address this problem as well as to improve the quality of life of female diabetes patients.

Epidemiological Investigation of the 2019 Dengue Outbreak in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Introduction: Bangladesh experienced its largest dengue epidemic in 2019. Our objective was to investigate the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of the hospital-admitted dengue patients during this epidemic. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 369 adult dengue patients admitted to two tertiary care hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from June to September 2019. The disease severity was determined according to the WHO's 2009 classification. Results: The average age of the patients was 33.3 (SD 14) years with a predominance of men. Almost 10% developed severe dengue (plasma leakage 67%, clinical bleeding 25%, and organ involvement 25%). Fever, headache, retro-orbital pain, diarrhea, and warning signs such as abdominal pain, clinical fluid accumulation, and persistent vomiting were the most common clinical presentations. Thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, elevated HCT levels, and ALT/AST were common laboratory findings. Conclusions: Severe dengue was mostly attributable to plasma leakage with warning signs, especially abdominal pain, clinical fluid accumulation, persistent vomiting, and altered hematological parameters which might assist in the early prediction of severe dengue.