RESUMEN
Persistent androgen receptor (AR) signalling is the main driver of prostate cancer (PCa). Truncated isoforms of the AR called androgen receptor variants (AR-Vs) lacking the ligand binding domain often emerge during treatment resistance against AR pathway inhibitors such as Enzalutamide. This review discusses how AR-Vs drive a more aggressive form of PCa through the regulation of some of their target genes involved in oncogenic pathways, enabling disease progression. There is a pressing need for the development of a new generation of AR inhibitors which can repress the activity of both the full-length AR and AR-Vs, for which the knowledge of differentially expressed target genes will allow evaluation of inhibition efficacy. This review provides a detailed account of the most common variant, AR-V7, the AR-V7 regulated genes which have been experimentally validated, endeavours to understand their relevance in aggressive AR-V driven PCa and discusses the utility of the downstream protein products as potential drug targets for PCa treatment.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Ongoing discussions address how and when to introduce nursing concepts in nursing education. PURPOSE: To examine whether baccalaureate nursing programs use 4 nursing concepts in their program and course descriptions. METHODS: Researchers explored websites of 300 US bachelor of science in nursing (BSN) programs and assigned scores based on how many of 4 nursing concepts (context, holism, health, and caring) were represented in program and 3 course descriptions. RESULTS: Mean program and course scores were 2.51, 0.96, 1.17, and 1.18, respectively. Programs and courses included between 0 and 4 concepts in their descriptions. There was a significant difference in program scores between BSN programs in 4 US regions. The most frequently identified concept was "context" in program descriptions and "holism" in course descriptions. CONCLUSIONS: Discipline-specific concepts are missing in many baccalaureate programs and course descriptions, which raises questions about how and when nursing students are learning what nursing is.