[What do we need to work with community orientation in Primary Health Care? Twenty-five measures for management and teams]. / ¿Qué necesitamos para «hacer comunitaria¼? Veinticinco medidas prácticas para gerencias y equipos de atención primaria.

OBJECTIVE: Identify and clarify what practical organizational measures would promote the development of level 2 (community-oriented group health education) and level 3 (community action) community activities in Primary Health Care (PHC) from the perspective of medical professionals with training and experience in this area. METHOD: Exploratory, descriptive and cross-sectional study carried out using qualitative methodology using two techniques: 3 focus groups (24 participants) and 12 open questionnaires (12 participants). RESULTS: 25 measures are defined to promote the development of these activities that are the responsibility of management and Primary Care Teams (PCT). The most notable proposals are: enhance training in community health, incorporate community activity into the work agendas of professionals, political prioritization and support from management, ensure the job stability of the teams, strengthen the recognition of activities community, resize the patient population of professionals, strengthen multidisciplinary work, cohesion and an autonomous and flexible organization in the PCT, and have the support of the coordinations-directions of the PCT. CONCLUSIONS: Three proposals have been considered fundamental to promote the development of level 2 and level 3 community activities in PHC: 1) promote training in community health; 2) incorporate community activity into the work agendas of professionals; 3) political prioritization and support from management for the development of these two levels of work in PHC. Six other proposals have been recognized as being of special importance.

Assessment of an intervention for preventing pediatric overweight and obesity through the World Café technique: A qualitative study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the self-reported perspectives of participants involved in the Previene Cádiz intervention for preventing pediatric overweight and obesity. DESIGN AND METHODS: This qualitative study collected information through the World Café technique. A purposive sample of 40 participants was used, of which 14 were schoolchildren, 12 were teachers, and 14 were parent volunteers. The data were segmented, and concepts were created and grouped into dimensions and categories. RESULTS: The participants confirmed they had learned new information and behaviors about healthy habits. Parental awareness was considered a crucial and necessary element in changing family habits; therefore, increasing the motivation of family members was deemed a critical task in public health interventions conducted in school settings. DISCUSSION: Despite the suitability of qualitative methodology to evaluate the perceptions of the main players in an educational intervention, scientific literature is scarce. Obtaining information from the educational community about an intervention is not always easy, so the perspectives of teachers, students, and families about the Previene Cádiz intervention through the World Café approach is considered a relevant contribution. CONCLUSIONS: The participants considered the intervention positive in terms of learning and fostering increased knowledge, awareness, and healthy behaviors. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Future interventions should encourage the active participation of all social groups involved, integrating dynamic and collaborative training activities that are acceptable to all participants.

[Once upon a time there was a place where we learned to listen. The Other Front line_voices for social justice]. / Había una vez un lugar donde aprendimos a escuchar. The Other Front line_voces por la justicia social.

Government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic generated a new wave of social inequalities for communities around the world living in unjust circumstances . Lockdowns and health measures overlooked housing conditions, transitions to virtual schooling, ignoring homes and families without the technological infrastructure and skills to access education, as well as overlooking the availability of an economic remainder. informal employment. The experiences of various communities around the world, from racialized/ethnic communities, homeless, migrants, elderly to young populations, were not reflected in the knowledge that guided the Government's responses; in fact, their experiences were involuntarily silenced . As a result of all this, it was necessary to create alliances with communities that lived in vulnerable conditions and that bore the great burden of the pandemic, to ensure that their voices were included in Public Health policies and practices.

Las respuestas de los gobiernos a la pandemia de la COVID-19 generaron una nueva ola de desigualdades sociales para las comunidades de todo el mundo que vivían en circunstancias injustas . Los confinamientos y las medidas sanitarias pasaron por alto las condiciones de vivienda, las transiciones a la escolarización virtual, ignorando los hogares y las familias sin las infraestructuras tecnológicas y habilidades para acceder a la educación, así como la disponibilidad de un remanente económico pasó por alto el empleo informal. Las experiencias de varias comunidades en todo el mundo, desde comunidades racializadas/étnicas, personas sin hogar, migrantes, ancianos hasta poblaciones jóvenes, no se reflejaron en el conocimiento que orientó las respuestas del Gobierno; de hecho, sus experiencias fueron silenciadas involuntariamente . A consecuencia de todo ello, fue necesario generar alianzas con las comunidades que vivían en condiciones de vulnerabilidad y que soportaban la gran carga de la pandemia, para garantizar así que sus voces se incluyeran en las políticas y prácticas de Salud Pública.

[Community health. Innovating in the training of family and community medicine residents]. / Salud comunitaria. Innovando en la formación de residentes de medicina familiar y comunitaria.

OBJECTIVE: To know the opinions of the agents involved in the training of family and community medicine residents in order to improve the training process of the «Project to Support the Revitalization of Primary Care; Assets for Community Health¼ (PARAC) taking into account its adequacy, contextualization and the methodologies used. METHOD: Qualitative interpretative-explanatory study of phenomenological orientation, multilevel and multicenter, in which the opinion of the participants is analyzed. Between 2018 and 2020, 12 focus groups and 24 semi-structured interviews were carried out, with the participation of sixty-seven professionals from six health districts of Andalusia (Spain), who were involved in the PARAC training process. RESULTS: The participants consider it necessary to broaden training in community health for residents. To this end, they consider it necessary to make changes in the training plan of the specialty, giving more importance to primary health care than to hospital rotations. They value positively the methodologies used in the PARAC training process, which they consider «novel¼, and the choice of young teachers to serve as references. In order for their interventions in the territory to be carried out with quality and safety for the population, they ask that specific times and spaces be guaranteed for community health, as well as adequate supervision to help ensure the coherence and continuity of their interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Training in community health for family and community medicine residents requires a pedagogical, didactic and curricular effort that prepares them for work with the community, as well as the guarantee of organizational conditions that allow this work.

[Proposals for the community orientation of primary health care: to identify key agents for training]. / Propuestas para la orientación comunitaria de la atención primaria: identificar agentes clave para la formación.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the strengths available for the community orientation of primary health care (PHC) in the context of the evaluation of the piloting of a training program in Community Health for Resident Internal Specialists in Andalusia (Spain). METHOD: We will conduct a qualitative, phenomenologically-oriented, explanatory research in which the opinion of the participants is analyzed. Sixty-seven professionals from six PHC Districts of Andalusia which were part of the training program called Project to Support the Revitalization of Primary Care Assets for Community Health (PARAC) were interviewed. RESULTS: There is consensus in giving training a key weight in the community orientation of PHC. For this reason, those agents linked to training are identified as assets: general practice (GP) trainers, young professionals in training who bring updated perspectives and approaches to accredited PHC training centers, whose professionals must respond to the needs of their GP trainees, the multi-professional teaching units responsible for the GP trainees training and a medium and long-term health system thinking along with structures that coordinate and support the community work at the PHC centers. CONCLUSIONS: The community orientation of PHC is an objective that requires the participation of all levels of the health system. Knowing its assets and working with them can contribute to provide proposals to advance towards a community-oriented PHC system.

[Community participation: COVID-19 learning for new crises. SESPAS Report 2022]. / Participación comunitaria: aprendizajes de la COVID-19 para nuevas crisis. Informe SESPAS 2022.

Community participation has been put as secondary due to the management of the COVID-19 pandemic. This is despite the evidence of its importance in relation to equity and health promotion. Even so, there have been a number of experiences of community participation that can give us clues towards how to confront potential future emergencies focusing on health promotion and social determinants. The main aim of this article is reflecting critically on the role of community participation during the pandemic as well as extracting a number of ideas which could be useful and ensure a better management of a future crisis. They arise from evidence and experiences undertaken in Spain. In order to do so, it is key to build and maintain community networks whilst identifying common goals and the role that different community agents must play, adapting to different contexts and participatory assessments. Community action cannot be improvised: it demands time, resources and specific political willingness to make it sustainable and efficient.

Independent and Combined Association of Lifestyle Behaviours and Physical Fitness with Body Weight Status in Schoolchildren.

(1) Background: Lifestyle behaviours and physical fitness play a critical role in the development of childhood obesity. It has been demonstrated in this study that self-reported physical fitness is representative of a healthy lifestyle and thus is associated with a lower incidence of overweight/obesity. The objective of this study was to analyse the independent and combined association of lifestyles (physical activity, screen time, diet and hours of sleep) and self-reported physical fitness with body weight in schoolchildren. (2) Methods: This study performed a descriptive and cross-sectional analysis. The study sample consisted of 864 schoolchildren between 8−9 years old from 26 schools of the province of Cádiz. To measure lifestyles and self-reported physical fitness, questionnaires were administered to both schoolchildren and families. To obtain the body weight status, the children were measured by body mass index (BMI). To verify the influence of lifestyles and self-reported physical fitness on the body weight status of schoolchildren, a combined score of lifestyles and self-reported physical fitness was calculated. (3) Results: Schoolchildren who followed healthier lifestyles and presented good physical fitness had a better body weight status (p < 0.001). Schoolchildren who had less healthful lifestyles and bad physical fitness had a 10.34 times higher risk of being overweight or obese (p = 0.004). (4) Conclusions: It has been shown that there is an independent and combined association between lifestyles and physical fitness on the body weight of the schoolchildren. We have suggested strategies to get children to adopt healthy lifestyles and good physical fitness to maintain a healthy body weight and prevent obesity.

A Multimodal Intervention for Prevention of Overweight and Obesity in Schoolchildren. A Protocol Study "PREVIENE-CÁDIZ".

This paper describes the protocol for a study designed to address the high prevalence (40%) of childhood overweight and obesity in the province of Cádiz, Spain, as a reflection of what is happening worldwide. It is widely known that children who suffer from childhood obesity have a higher risk of developing chronic diseases in adulthood. This causes a decrease in the quality of life and an increase in health spending. In this context, it is necessary to intervene promoting healthy lifestyle habits from an early stage. The objective of this project will be to evaluate the effectiveness of a multimodal intervention (individual, school and family) called "PREVIENE-CÁDIZ" [CADIZ-PREVENT]. The intervention will be focused mainly on diet, physical activity, sedentary lifestyle and sleep, to prevent overweight and obesity in schoolchildren from 8 to 9 years old in the province of Cádiz. It will consist of a 10-session education program carried out in the classroom by the teachers. In addition, children will be assigned two workbooks, one to work on in class and the other at home with parents. A workshop aimed at parents will be included to help teach them how to obtain healthier lifestyle habits. The proposed study will involve a quasi-experimental design with a control group.

Childhood, families and the Internet: a qualitative approach on health assets.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the views of the Internet in childhood, identifying both health assets and risks. METHOD: A qualitative study was performed using 14 focus groups, eight of which comprised boys and girls, four of which comprised parents and two of which were mixed (children and parents) in primary schools in urban and rural settings in Andalusia (Spain). Teachers in these schools were also asked to complete an online questionnaire using LimeSurvey. This study involved 114 individuals: 64 pupils (33 girls and 31 boys), 28 parents (18 mothers and 10 fathers), and 22 teachers (14 women and 8 men). Analysis of manifest content and underlying meanings was carried out. QSR NVivo 9 software was used to facilitate analysis and make it systematic. RESULTS: Our findings show how the differences in the way parents and children understand health and wellbeing affect the way they discuss the Internet and health. The discussion of results looks at the implications of computer literacy for public health and wellbeing, particularly with regard to health assets. CONCLUSIONS: Parents and children understand the contribution of the Internet to health and wellbeing differently. Whilst parents emphasize the risks (unsafe environment, relationships and quality of information, social networks, physical problems and addiction), the children emphasize the assets offered by the Internet.

[How to adapt qualitative research to confinement contexts]. / Cómo adaptar una investigación cualitativa a contextos de confinamiento.

The confinement of the population, researchers, shows the need to adapt the qualitative methodology, techniques and tools, to the current context generated by COVID-19. The Internet and the social media allow the collection of textual data, sequences, images or narratives about a limited reality for access to it in person. We enter the era of e-research, nuancing and reorienting the observation, conversation, collection and analysis of information. Currently, we are working on techniques and models of good practice in this area. This note includes data collection tools used in qualitative research in health sciences, a selection of techniques for qualitative online research is made, and 10 rules for the design of an e-research of this type are provided.

[Who, how and what: community health and local administration]. / Quién, cómo y qué: salud comunitaria y administración local.

The thirteenth SESPAS (Spanish society of public health and health management) report is structured in three blocks Who, How and What about community health and local governance. In the who block the main agents working in community health are described: communities, health care system, and local government; and how their relations and implication in community health have evolved; which concepts are used; what is the current situation and which challenges they have. The How block contains methodological views, oriented towards implementation of community interventions, based upon participatory tools, development of networks and review of evidence and evaluations to build a National Strategy of Health Promotion of the Spanish Ministry of Health, welfare and consumers affairs including suitable deontologic principles. Finally, the what block refers to a wide range of experiences of community health at the local level as well as training in community health, urbanism, gender, neighborhoods, healthy universities. Additionally, besides regular papers, we show dialogs including debates to further develop community health. It contains 18 papers, without taking into account this introduction, authored by 40 men and 49 women.

[What we mean when we talk about "community health". SESPAS Report 2018]. / ¿De qué hablamos cuando hablamos de «salud comunitaria¼? Informe SESPAS 2018.

"Community health" is a widely used term in our context. Although interest in the concept has gradually increased over the past decade, we believe the term is still vague. Therefore, we think a better working definition is required. We conducted a review of the specialized literature on the topic. This was later contrasted with the professional backgrounds of the authors, as well as with the results of field work consisting of interviews with individuals with recognized experience and intellectual authority in the area. As a result, we intend to clarify some core terms to achieve a better working definition of community health; we describe the main theoretical influences on the formation of the term; we propose some levels of community action that could be developed through the primary health care and public health services; and finally, we identify some core aspects that should be taken into account in every action for improving community health.

[Assets: from maps to territory. SESPAS Report 2018]. / Activos: de los mapas al territorio. Informe SESPAS 2018.

In recent years, health asset maps have become increasingly important tools in the field of health promotion. They are being incorporated into the daily practice of many healthcare workers, in individualized care in consultations (through social prescription), and in groups or community development processes. It is necessary to reflect on how the asset maps are being produced, analyzing how the different stages of the process can be involved in their construction. The formats in which the data is obtained through the identification of health assets are presented, as well as the processes of production of the information, participative and evaluated processes, are crucial for the maps to be useful, for professionals as well as citizens and institutions.

[The importance of the process in evaluating the effectiveness of a childhood obesity campaign]. / Importancia del proceso en la evaluación de la efectividad de una intervención sobre obesidad infantil.

The prevention of childhood obesity is one of the greatest public health challenges of modern times. This has triggered the generation of a wealth of scientific evidence, culminating in a body of knowledge concerning the essential components of campaigns implemented in the school setting. In this regard, a growing trend towards the evaluation of research results in terms of effectiveness has become apparent, while the fieldwork itself very rarely comes under the spotlight. By considering the implementation process description of a multicomponent campaign designed to prevent childhood obesity in boys and girls in the 3rd year of primary education in Spain (9-10 years of age), the aim of this paper is to influence the elements of this process by considering important aspects pertaining to its implementation, such as its plausibility and feasibility in the particular context.

Understanding children: a qualitative study on health assets of the Internet in Spain.

OBJECTIVES: This research was designed to explore the opinions held by primary school pupils about the Internet as a source of assets for health and well-being. METHODS: A qualitative study was carried out based on 8 focus groups comprising 64 pupils from 8 primary schools in Spain. RESULTS: Our findings describe the Internet as a tool for learning, communication, fun and health care. In addition, they reveal how children understand influences on health and well-being in relation to their view of the Internet. The results are discussed in terms of the public-health implications of digital literacy, as well as its connection to well-being, especially in relation to health assets. CONCLUSIONS: The Internet is an important resource for children's health and well-being, which, through learning, communication, fun and health care, encourages them to make use of it. Digital and health literacy constitutes the foundation required for browsing the Internet in a positive way, as identified by the children interviewed in this study, and especially in relation to the health assets that the Internet can contain.

[Salutogenic model analysis in Spain: application in public health and implications for asset health model]. / Análisis del modelo salutogénico en España: aplicación en salud pública e implicaciones para el modelo de activos en salud.

This article seeks to provide an in depth review about one of the most revolutionary and influential methods used in understanding the variables and processes that explain human health. Based on a new vision in the analysis of the consequences of the Nazi Holocaust, a doctor-sociologist--Aaron Antonovsky--managed to influence medicine and behavioral science by facilitating the keys for the optimal development of public health today. Despite the fact that this theory began appearing in the 1970s in the 20th century, its real development and expansion have been seen in recent years. In fact, in Spain, there is little scientific literature that analyses the theoretic keys of the model in depth. This work seek to cover this gap; to achieve this objective, it first presents how the construct of salutogenesis arose, the social-cultural context that promoted it, as well as the importance public health acquires today. This is the aim of this work, which analyses the theoretical bases of the salutogenesis model, with specific emphasis on its background and precursors, as well as its inception, development and current expansion.

Are the health messages in schoolbooks based on scientific evidence? A descriptive study.

BACKGROUND: Most textbooks contains messages relating to health. This profuse information requires analysis with regards to the quality of such information. The objective was to identify the scientific evidence on which the health messages in textbooks are based. METHODS: The degree of evidence on which such messages are based was identified and the messages were subsequently classified into three categories: Messages with high, medium or low levels of evidence; Messages with an unknown level of evidence; and Messages with no known evidence. RESULTS: 844 messages were studied. Of this total, 61% were classified as messages with an unknown level of evidence. Less than 15% fell into the category where the level of evidence was known and less than 6% were classified as possessing high levels of evidence. More than 70% of the messages relating to "Balanced Diets and Malnutrition", "Food Hygiene", "Tobacco", "Sexual behaviour and AIDS" and "Rest and ergonomics" are based on an unknown level of evidence. "Oral health" registered the highest percentage of messages based on a high level of evidence (37.5%), followed by "Pregnancy and newly born infants" (35%). Of the total, 24.6% are not based on any known evidence. Two of the messages appeared to contravene known evidence. CONCLUSION: Many of the messages included in school textbooks are not based on scientific evidence. Standards must be established to facilitate the production of texts that include messages that are based on the best available evidence and which can improve children's health more effectively.