Urinary incontinence after COVID-19 vaccination: a case study in an 8-year-old boy.

There have been many studies on the adverse effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines but the urinary incontinence after COVID-19 vaccination is rare. Here, we report an 8-year-old boy presented to outpatient department, Thai Binh University of Medicine Hospital, Thai Binh, Vietnam with complaints of urinary incontinence for the past 2 weeks, following the first dose of the messenger RNA vaccine. He had no other abnormalities in clinical and laboratory exams. This clinical situation suggested vaccine side effects. No specific treatment was administered upon diagnosis without toilet and bladder training. Subsequent monitoring revealed a gradual reduction in symptoms over 2 months, with complete recovery achieved at the 14th week from the onset of symptoms, without necessitating any medical intervention. This case highlights the need for thorough evaluation and assessment of potential adverse effects following vaccination, including uncommon presentations.

Evidence for transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at religious mass gatherings: A systematic review.

Background: Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at major mass gatherings (MGs) has been observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: In this systematic review done according to the PRISMA guidelines, PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for relevant studies to describe the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in relation to major religious MGs including the Grand Magal of Touba (GMT), Hajj, Umrah, Kumbh Mela, Arbaeen and Lourdes pilgrimage during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Ten articles met the inclusion criteria and were included.No cases of SARS-CoV-2 were detected at 2020 and 2021 GMT or at the 2020 Hajj. In a small study, 7 % of tested individuals were positive after the 2022 GMT. SARS-CoV-2 prevalence during the 2021-2022 Hajj and Umrah seasons varied from 0 to 15 % in different studies. At the 2021 Kumbh Mela, 0.4 million COVID-19 cases were diagnosed among returning pilgrims across India and 1 % tested positive during a one-day survey conducted on participants. During the 2021 Arbaeen pilgrimage, 3 % pilgrims were tested positive. No relevant data were found in relation to SARS-CoV-2 transmission at the 2021 Arbaeen and Lourdes pilgrimages. Conclusion: The transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus during religious MG events depends on many factors such as: the number and density of pilgrims, the intensity of circulation of the virus in the hosting country and in countries sending international participants at the time of the event, the transmissibility of virus variants at the time of the event, the various preventive measures adopted, and the immune status of the pilgrims.

High Prevalence of Colistin-Resistant Encoding Genes Carriage among Patients and Healthy Residents in Vietnam.

Background and Objectives: We aimed to investigate the carriage of colistin-resistant genes among both patients with a history of antibiotic exposure and apparently healthy adults with no recent healthcare contact. Materials and Methods: Stool swabs were collected from healthy people, and specimens were collected at the infection foci from the patients. Eleven primer/probe sets were used to perform the Multiplex Real-Time PCR assay with the QuantiNova Multiplex Probe PCR kit for screening the carriage of colistin-resistant genes (mcr-1 to mcr-10) and 16S rRNA gene as internal control. Results: In total, 86 patients and 96 healthy residents were included. Twenty two patients (25.9%) were positive with at least one colistin-resistance encoding gene. The mcr-1 gene was the most frequent (16.5%), followed by mcr-9, mcr-6, and mcr-4 genes, where the prevalence was 11.8%, 10.6%, and 9.4%, respectively. No patient was positive with mcr-3, mcr-7, and mcr-8 genes. Eight patients (9.4%) were positive with multiple colistin-encoding genes. Twenty-three healthy people (24.0%) were positive with at least one colistin-resistance encoding gene, and the mcr-10 gene was the most frequent (27.0%), followed by the mcr-1, mcr-8, and mcr-9 genes, where the prevalence was 24.3%, 21.6%, and 13.5%, respectively. No person was positive with the mcr-2 and mcr-5 genes. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the urgent need for enhanced surveillance, infection control measures, and stewardship interventions to mitigate the spread of colistin resistance in Vietnam.

High Prevalence of Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus haemolyticus Among Vaccinated Children with Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Vietnam.

Among 467 children under five hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia, the prevalence of Haemophilus influenzae or Haemophilus haemolyticus was 60.8%, all cases were non-typable H. influenzae (NTHi) or H. haemolyticus. NTHi/H. haemolyticus PCR detection was associated with about twice the risk for severe disease. The results highlight the need for increased awareness and research efforts to investigate the role of NTHi/H. haemolyticus in severe CAP among children.

Viral and bacterial microorganisms in Vietnamese children with severe and non-severe pneumonia.

To investigate potential respiratory pathogens in children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and risk factors for severe disease. This prospective study was conducted among 467 children at the Thai Binh Paediatric Hospital, Vietnam between 1 July 2020 and 30 June 2021. Clinical data and laboratory results were collected. Twenty-four respiratory microorganisms were tested from nasopharyngeal swabs using real-time PCR. Logistical regression was used to estimate a factor's adjusted odd ratios of the severity of disease. Mean age of patients = 15.4 ± 13.3 months, 63.0% were male. Over 97% of patients had a positive PCR result. 87% of patients were positive for multiple (up to eight) microorganisms. Rhinovirus (46%), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (24%), enterovirus (17%), and parainfluenza viruses-3 (13%) were the most frequent viruses. H. influenzae (61%), S. pneumoniae (45%) and M. catarrhalis (30%) were the most common bacteria. 128 (27%) cases were classified as severe pneumonia. Presence of smokers at home (aOR 2.11, 95% CI 1.27-3.52, P value = 0.004), CRP level ≥ 50 mg/dL (aOR 6.11, 95% CI 3.86-9.68, P value < 0.0001), RSV (aOR 1.78, 95% CI 1.07-2.96, P value = 0.03) and H. influenzae (aOR 1.66, 95% CI 1.03-2.67, P value = 0.04) PCR detection associated with a higher risk of severe pneumonia; ,. Causative agents of pneumonia in children are complex. Children positive with RSV and H. influenzae need to be closely monitored to prevent severe pneumonia.

Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of Kawasaki Disease and COVID-19-Related Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children.

Geographical and racial factors constitute important distinctions between Kawasaki disease (KD) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), but no study has been conducted in Vietnam. Forty-one children with KD from January 2018 to July 2020 and 42 with KD/MIS-C from August 2020 to December 2022 were included in this study. Of the patients, 52.3% were aged between 12 and 35 months. Only two were aged over 5 years, and both were belong to the KD/MIS-C group. A 59.5% of the patients were male. Apart from fever, all symptoms tended to be more frequent in patients with KD/MIS-C. The prevalence of diffuse skin rash, hand and foot edema or erythema and gastrointestinal signs was significantly higher in patients hospitalized with KD/MIS-C. There was no significant difference in laboratory findings between the two groups. Coronary artery dilation was more frequently observed in patients with KD/MIS-C compared to those with KD (40.5% vs. 14.6%, P = 0.009).

The Effectiveness of Lifestyle Changes in Glycemic Control among Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

Background and Objectives: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy and affects approximately 10% of pregnant women worldwide. Understanding the impact of lifestyle changes on glycemic control in GDM is important for improving maternal and fetal outcomes and reducing the risk of diabetes in both the mother and child. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness as well as the factors affecting glycemic control by lifestyle changes in pregnant women with GDM. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at three hospitals in the Thai Binh Province from June 2021 to May 2022. All pregnant women at 24-28 weeks of gestation, aged 18 years or older, were enrolled. GDM was diagnosed according to the guidelines of the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups. Lifestyle changes including diet and physical exercise were carried out for two weeks. The main outcome measured was successful glycemic control according to the 2018 ADA Recommendations for the Management and Treatment of GDM. Results: 1035 women were included and 20.2% diagnosed with GDM. After two weeks of lifestyle change intervention, 82.6% of the pregnant women with GDM had successful glycemic control. Pregnant women aged under 35 years had a 3.2 times higher rate of gestational glycemic control than those older than 35 (aOR = 3.22, p-value = 0.004). Women with a pre-pregnancy BMI of less than 25 had a higher rate of gestational glycemic control than those with a BMI of over 25 (aOR = 10.84, p-value < 0.001). Compared to women who had all three diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes, those with two diagnostic criteria and one criterion were 3.8 times and 3 times more likely to have successful blood sugar control (aOR = 3.78, p-value = 0.01 and aOR = 3.03, p-value = 0.03, respectively). Conclusion: Lifestyle changes can be an effective measure for achieving glycemic control in women with GDM. Healthcare providers should consider individualized treatment plans based on the specific needs of each patient.

Effect of Plasma Exchange Treatment in Patients with Hypertriglyceridemia-Induced Acute Pancreatitis.

Background and Objectives: To describe the clinical and biological characteristics of patients with hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis (HTG-AP) and to evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) in the management of HTG-AP. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 81 HTG-AP patients (30 treated with TPE and 51 treated conventionally). The main outcome was a decrease in serum triglyceride levels (<11.3 mmol/L) within 48 h of hospitalization. Results: The mean age of participants was 45.3 ± 8.7 years, and 82.7% were male. Abdominal pain was the most frequent clinical sign (100%), followed by dyspepsia (87.7%), nausea or vomiting (72.8%), and a bloated stomach (61.7%). The HTG-AP patients treated with TPE had significantly lower calcemia and creatinemia levels but higher triglyceride levels than those who received conservative treatment. They also had more severe diseases than those treated conservatively. All patients in the TPE group were admitted to the ICU, whereas the ICU admission rate in the non-TPE group was 5.9%. The TPE patients were more likely to experience a rapid decrease in triglyceride levels within 48 h of treatment than those treated conventionally (73.3% vs. 49.0%, p = 0.03, respectively). The decrease in triglyceride levels did not depend on the age, gender, or comorbidities of the HTG-AP patients or the severity of disease. However, TPE and early treatment in the first 12 h of disease onset were effective in rapidly reducing serum triglyceride levels (adjusted OR = 3.00, p = 0.04 and aOR = 7.98, p = 0.02, respectively). Conclusions: This report demonstrates the effectiveness of early TPE in reducing triglyceride levels among HTG-AP patients. More randomized clinical trials studies with a large sample size and post-discharge follow-up are needed to confirm the effectiveness of TPE methods in managing HTG-AP.

Aetiology of Acute Undifferentiated Fever Among Children Under the Age of Five in Vietnam: A Prospective Study.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the aetiology of acute undifferentiated fever (AUF) among children under the age of five in Vietnam. METHODS: This prospective study was conducted in the Thai Binh paediatric hospital, between July 2020 and July 2021 among children with AUF at admission. Real-time PCR testing 18 microbial pathogens were done on blood samples. RESULTS: 286 children were included, with median age of 16 months. 64.7% were male. 53.9% were positive for at least one pathogen by PCR. Enterovirus, human herpesvirus 6, adenovirus, and varicella zoster virus PCR were positive for 31.1, 12.6, 1.4, and 1.0% patients, respectively. Other pathogens tested negative by PCR. During the hospital stay, based on clinical criteria 47.2% children secondarily presented with signs of respiratory tract infections, 18.9% had hand, foot and mouth disease, 4.6% had chickenpox. 4.2% presented signs of central nervous system infections, 1.0% had dengue (antigenic test) and 1.0% had signs of gastrointestinal infection. Finally, 23.1% patients presented a fever with or without a rash and no other symptoms and ultimately received a diagnosis of AUF. CONCLUSION: Real-time PCR of blood is useful for detecting pathogens and diagnosing infectious causes of AUF. Further prospective studies with blood and urine culture testing and PCR investigation of not only blood but also cerebrospinal fluid, throat, and skin samples according to symptoms would be of interest to confirm the predominance of viral infections in children with AUF and to guide therapeutic options.

SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection and Severity of the Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Since the discovery of SARS-CoV-2, changes in genotype and reinfection with different variants have been observed in COVID-19-recovered patients, raising questions around the clinical pattern and severity of primary infection and reinfection. In this systematic review, we summarize the results of 23 studies addressing SARS-CoV-2 reinfections. A total of 23,231 reinfected patients were included, with pooled estimated reinfection rates ranging from 0.1 to 6.8%. Reinfections were more prevalent during the Omicron variant period. The mean age of reinfected patients was 38.0 ± 6. years and females were predominant among reinfected patients (M/F = 0.8). The most common symptoms during the first and second infection were fever (41.1%), cough (35.7% and 44.6%), myalgia (34.5% and 33.3%), fatigue (23.8% and 25.6%), and headaches (24.4% and 21.4%). No significant differences of clinical pattern were observed between primary infection and reinfection. No significant differences in the severity of infection were observed between primary infection and reinfection. Being female, being a patient with comorbidities, lacking anti-nucleocapsid IgG after the first infection, being infected during the Delta and Omicron wave, and being unvaccinated were associated with a higher risk of reinfection. Conflicting age-related findings were found in two studies. Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 suggests that natural immunity is not long-lasting in COVID-19 patients.

Willingness and attitudes of parents towards COVID-19 vaccines for children in Vietnam.

BACKGROUND: With an increasing need for COVID-19 vaccination around the globe, we aim to investigate willingness and attitudes of parents regarding COVID-19 vaccines for children in Vietnam. METHOD: A 24-item online survey was conducted among 602 parents and legal guardians of children under 18 years of age. RESULTS: There were 82.6% of parents willing to vaccinate their children. The principal reasons for willingness were: the need for vaccination to control the COVID-19 pandemic and to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission when children return to school. The most common reason for refusing COVID-19 vaccine was the concern about vaccine side effects in children (73.3%), followed by perceived lack of scientific research on COVID-19 vaccines in children (31.4%). The main associated factors with increased willingness of parents towards childhood COVID-19 vaccine were: willingness to allow children to participate in a clinical vaccine trial (aOR = 3.58); possible increase in COVID-19-related mortality (aOR = 3.69); and positive media information regarding COVID-19 vaccine (aOR = 2.04). Noteworthy, higher educational status of parents was associated with decreased willingness for childhood COVID-19 vaccine (aOR = 0.26). CONCLUSION: Understanding reasons of parents to accept childhood COVID-19 vaccines will help future plans in COVID-19 vaccination program. A larger sample size study at a national level is needed to verify the results.

Performances of Dried Blood Spots and Point-of-Care Devices to Identify Virological Failure in HIV-Infected Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

To broaden access to HIV viral load monitoring (VLM), the use of blood samples from dried blood spots (DBS) or point-of-care (POC) devices, could be of great help in settings where plasma is not easily accessible. The variety of assays available makes the choice complex. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of DBS and POC devices to identify patients in virological failure using World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations (viral load ≥1000 copies/mL), compared with plasma, for the assays currently available. Four databases were searched for articles, and two reviewers independently identified articles reporting sensitivity and specificity of DBS and/or POC to identify patients in virological failure. We excluded articles that used other thresholds as well as articles with a total number of participants below 50 to avoid reporting bias. Heterogeneity and factors associated with assays' performances were assessed by I2 statistics and metaregression. The protocol of this review follows the PRISMA guidelines. Out of 941 articles, 47 were included: 32 DBS evaluations and 16 POC evaluations. Overall, when using DBS, the Abbott RT HIV-1, Roche CAP-CTM, NucliSENS BioMerieux and Aptima assays presented sensitivity and specificity exceeding 85%, but reported results were highly heterogeneous. Factors associated with better performances were high volume of blood and the use of the same assay for DBS and plasma VLM. Regarding the POC devices, SAMBA I, SAMBA II, and GeneXpert devices presented high sensitivity and specificity exceeding 90%, with less heterogeneity. DBS is suitable VLM, but performances can vary greatly depending on the protocols, and should be performed in trained centers. POC is suitable for VLM with less risk of heterogeneity but is more intensive in costs and logistics.

PCR investigation of infections in patients consulting at a healthcare centre over a four-year period during the Grand Magal of Touba.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms and febrile illness are the most common complaints among ill pilgrims attending the Grand Magal of Touba (GMT) in Senegal. METHODS: Patients presenting with respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms or febrile systemic illnesses were recruited between 2018 and 2021 at a healthcare centre close to Touba. Respiratory, gastrointestinal and blood samples were tested for potential pathogens using qPCR. RESULTS: 538 patients were included. 45.5% of these were female, with a median age of 17 years. Of the 326 samples collected from patients with a cough, 62.8% tested positive for at least one virus, including influenza viruses (33.1%). A high positivity rate of bacterial carriage was observed for Haemophilus influenzae (72.7%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (51.2%) and Moraxella catarrhalis (46.0%). Of the 95 samples collected from patients with diarrhoea, 71.3% were positive, with high rates of bacterial carriage, ranging from 4.2% for Tropheryma whipplei to 45.3% for Entero-pathogenic Escherichia coli. Of the 141 blood samples collected from patients with fever, 31.9% were positive including Plasmodium falciparum (21.3%), Borrelia sp. (5.7%) and dengue virus (5.0%). CONCLUSION: This study provides insight into the aetiology of most common infections at the GMT on which to base therapeutic options.

Respiratory pathogens among ill pilgrims and the potential benefit of using point-of-care rapid molecular diagnostic tools during the Hajj.

We investigated respiratory pathogens among ill Hajj pilgrims from Marseille. We also discuss the potential role of point-of-care (POC) rapid molecular diagnostic tools for this purpose. Clinical data were collected using a standardised questionnaire. Influenza A and B viruses, human rhinovirus and human coronaviruses, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Klebsiella pneumoniae were investigated using real-time PCR in respiratory samples obtained during travel, at the onset of symptoms. 207 participants were included. A cough, expectoration, rhinitis and a sore throat were the most frequent respiratory symptoms, followed by loss of voice and dyspnoea. 38.7% and 25.1% of pilgrims reported a fever and influenza-like symptoms, respectively. 59.4% pilgrims received antibiotics. Rhinovirus (40.6%) was the most frequent pathogen, followed by S. aureus (35.8%) and H. influenzae (30.4%). Virus and bacteria co-infections were identified in 28.5% of participants. 25.1% pilgrims who were positive for respiratory bacteria did not receive antibiotic treatment. In the context of the Hajj pilgrimage, it is important to detect infections that can be easily managed with appropriate treatment, and those that can affect prognosis, requiring hospitalisation. POC rapid molecular diagnostic tools could be used for patient management at small Hajj medical missions and to rationalise antibiotic consumption among Hajj pilgrims.