Anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidant properties and the UPLC-QTOF/MS-based metabolomics discrimination of three yellow camellia species.

The species of Camellia nitidissima Chi (CC) and C. euphlebia Merr. ex Sealy (CE) are two most important plant sources for commercialized herbal tea (Jinhuacha) worldwide. However, some other species of camellia genus are also sold as alternatives in market due to the great commercial value. In this study, the similarity and difference of CC and CE as well as C.insularis (CI) are comprehensively compared both in chemistry and pharmacology. Based on the ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with a hybrid quadrupole orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometer(UPLC-QTOF-MS) analysis, a sequential-optimization based new statistical model has been developed by combining the untargeted metabolomics and fingerprint analyses, and successfully applied for chemical pattern recognition and discrimination of three yellow camellias species. The results indicated that CC, CE and CI could be well discriminated with the optimized chemical combination including quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (C2), okicamelliaside (C4), Kaempferol 7-O-rhamnoside (C6), Corymboside (C9), asiatic acid-glc-rha-xyl (C11) and 3'-methy-4'-glucoside-ellagic acid (C14). Moreover, the 30 % ethanolic extracts of yellow camellias species presented the optimal activities on anti-inflammation/anti-oxidation in LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 macrophages dose-dependently. The averaged 50 % inhibitory concentrations (IC50) on NO production were 754.68 ± 50.96, 1182.39 ± 22.10, 1527.83 ± 106.24 µg(herb)/mL, and ROS production were 311.70 ± 26.57, 332.64 ± 25.46, 917.60 ± 41.36 µg(herb)/mL for CC, CE and CI, respectively. The results indicated a certain similarity of CC and CE, as well as their significant difference from CI.

Dynamic Light Scattering Study of a Laser-Induced Phase-Separated Droplet of Aqueous Glycine.

Tightly focusing a continuous-wave, near-infrared laser beam at the air/solution interface of a millimeter-thick layer of glycine in D2O forms a crystal through a polymorphically and spatially controlled nucleation process known as gradient-force laser-induced nucleation or optical-tweezer laser-induced nucleation. However, when this same beam is focused at the glass/solution interface of a film of aqueous glycine, a highly concentrated laser-induced phase-separated (LIPS) solution droplet is formed that does not nucleate while the focusing beam remains on. Two competing theories have emerged about the nature of the LIPS droplet: one proposes that it is a merger of prenucleation metastable nanodroplets and clusters into one large homogeneous "dense liquid droplet", and the other stipulates that it is the result of the partitioning of larger droplets into the new phase, but not a merging of droplets, around the focal point of the beam. In order to determine the nature of the LIPS droplet, dynamic light scattering was used to detect the presence of nanodroplets undergoing Brownian motion within the droplet and to measure their relative size following a range of laser exposure times. The observation of nanodroplets in motion in the center of the LIPS droplet revealed that the application of optical tweezers at the glass/solution interface forms a relatively monodisperse collection of large nanodroplets (>700 nm) concentrated around the focal point of the beam with smaller particles (<100 nm) depleted within the first 2 min of laser exposure. The LIPS droplet quickly reaches a steady state and is not affected by increasing focusing times. These findings allow for a better understanding of the interactions of optical tweezers with aqueous glycine nanodroplets. This understanding will help in studying the fundamental nature of metastable nanodroplets. More practically, laser-induced phase separation makes possible the nucleation-free separation of large nanodroplets from small clusters, facilitating materials technologies such as high purity, polymorphically selective nucleation of crystals and co-crystals used for pharmaceuticals, dyes, and photovoltaics.

Enrichment Strategies in Pediatric Drug Development: An Analysis of Trials Submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration.

Clinical trial enrichment involves prospectively incorporating trial design elements that increase the probability of detecting a treatment effect. The use of enrichment strategies in pediatric drug development has not been systematically assessed. We analyzed the use of enrichment strategies in pediatric trials submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration from 2012-2016. In all, 112 efficacy studies associated with 76 drug development programs were assessed and their overall success rates were 78% and 75%, respectively. Eighty-eight trials (76.8%) employed at least one enrichment strategy; of these, 66.3% employed multiple enrichment strategies. The highest trial success rates were achieved when all three enrichment strategies (practical, predictive, and prognostic) were used together within a single trial (87.5%), while the lowest success rate was observed when no enrichment strategy was used (65.4%). The use of enrichment strategies in pediatric trials was found to be associated with trial and program success in our analysis.

Nickel-based thin film on multiwalled carbon nanotubes as an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for water splitting.

Herein, we report electrodeposited nickel-based thin film (NiOx) on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as a highly efficient bifunctional catalyst for both the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Under reductive conditions (-1.2 V vs Ag/AgCl), the hydrogen evolution catalyst (H2-NiO(x)) was facilely deposited on MWCNTs. The resulting film demonstrates good catalytic activity for hydrogen production in a near-neutral aqueous solution at low overpotential. When switched to oxidative conditions (+1.1 V vs Ag/AgCl), the amorphous H2-NiO(x) film onto MWCNTs can be transformed into another amorphous material (O2-NiO(x)) to efficiently catalyze OER. The NiO(x)-MWCNTs catalyst was further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that the content of oxygen in the O2-NiO(x)-MWCNTs film is higher than that in the H2-NiO(x)-MWCNTs film. The NiOx-MWCNTs catalyst has good catalytic stability, and the film is reversible when the potentials are switched between the reductive conditions and oxidative conditions. The Faradaic efficiencies of hydrogen and oxygen production are >95%.

Analysis of MECP2 gene copy number in boys with autism.

Autism is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder with a strong genetic basis.The methyl-CpG binding protein 2 gene (MECP2) is a dosage-sensitive gene in brain development and has been implicated as a candidate gene for autism. Duplication of the MECP2 gene has been reported in a few boys with autistic features. To further investigate the association of MECP2 duplication with autism, the authors performed real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect copy number variations of the MECP2 gene in 82 autistic boys. No copy number variation was found in these patients, indicating that duplication of the MECP2 gene is not frequent in autistic patients. The authors consider that duplication of the MECP2 gene has no major effect on the susceptibility to autism. Replication of studies in a large-sized sample and a well-characterized subgroup of autism are warranted to further identify the association of MECP2 gene duplication with autism.

[Characteristics of developmental regression in autistic children].

OBJECTIVE: About 30% of autistic cases experience developmental regression around 2 years of age. The clinical course and manifestations of autistic children with regression remain unclear. This study investigated the clinical features of a group of autistic children with regression. METHODS: One hundred and fifty-two children at ages of 2.5-6.5 years confirmed with autism based on DSM-IV diagnostic criteria were enrolled. They were grouped according to language development: normal or regression. The perinatal history, developmental history and characteristics of regression were investigated. The symptoms were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Regressions were observed in 33 children (21.7%) at age of between 16 and 21 months, with loss both in communicative skills and social engagement. The regressive group was scored significantly higher on the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) (P<0.05) and had a relatively higher proportion of severely ill children (66.7% vs 45.4%; P<0.05)compared with the non-regressive group. CONCLUSIONS: Regression as a characteristic symptom occurs in some autistic children and is of value for diagnosis of autism. The autistic children with regression display more severe social and language impairments than those without regression. Regressive autism may be a special subtype.

Abnormalities of maternal thyroid function during pregnancy affect neuropsychological development of their children at 25-30 months.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between specific thyroid abnormalities (subclinical hypothyroidism, hypothyroxinaemia or elevated thyroid peroxidase antibody titres) in women during pregnancy and the subsequent neuropsychological development of their offspring. DESIGN/PATIENTS: Serum was collected from 1268 women at 16-20 weeks of gestation and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (tT(4)), free thyroxine (fT(4)), and Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) levels were measured. Thyroid function reference ranges specific for pregnancy were used to screen for thyroid abnormalities. Patients with isolated subclinical hypothyroidism (18 cases), hypothyroxinaemia (19 cases), and those who were euthyroid patients with elevated titres of TPOAb (34 cases) were identified. One hundred and forty-two euthyroid and TPOAb-negative women matched for gestational age from the same cohort were selected as controls. MEASUREMENTS: Intellectual and motor development score evaluations were performed on the children from the pregnancies at 25-30 months of age. RESULTS: Children of women with subclinical hypothyroidism, hypothyroxinemia and elevated TPOAb titres had mean intelligence scores 8.88, 9.30 and 10.56 points lower than those of the control group (P = 0.008, P = 0.004 and P = 0.001, respectively); mean motor scores were 9.98, 7.57 and 9.03 points lower than those of the controls [P < 0.001, P = 0.007 and P < 0.001, respectively (t-test)]. Unconditional multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that increased maternal serum TSH, decreased maternal serum tT(4), and elevated maternal TPOAb titres were separately associated with lower intelligence scores (ORs 15.63, 12.98, and 6.69, respectively) and poorer motor scores (ORs 9.23, 5.52, and 8.25, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Intellectual and motor development of children at 25-30 months of age is separately associated with abnormalities of maternal thyroid at 16-20 weeks gestation. Maternal subclinical hypothyroidism, hypothyroxinaemia or euthyroidism with elevated TPOAb titres were all statistically significant predictors of lower motor and intellectual development at 25-30 months.

MeCP2 gene mutation analysis in autistic boys with developmental regression.

Autism and Rett syndrome are both pervasive developmental disorders and share many characteristics in common. One of these features is developmental regression with loss of social, cognitive and language skills after a period of apparently normal development during the first 1-2 years of life, which raises the question of whether there is a common pathway underlying regression in these two disorders. The Rett syndrome gene was identified as MeCP2 gene on Xq28, a powerful transcriptional repressor. To explore its possible role in the etiology of autism and involvement in regression, we searched for MeCP2 gene mutations in a well characterized sample of 31 autistic boys with developmental regression by direct sequencing. One sequence variant in 3' untranslated region was observed. The patient inherited the variant from his unaffected mother, so it may be a rare polymorphism. No coding sequence variant was found in any of the patients tested. We conclude that mutations in the coding sequence of MeCP2 are not a frequent cause of regression in autism. The long 3' untranslated region of MeCP2 is highly conserved across species, suggesting that they are important for the post-transcriptional regulation of MeCP2 gene. It may be worthwhile extending the mutation screening, with a larger sample of strictly defined phenotype, to regulatory elements and untranslated regions of this gene, to explore to what degree MeCP2 gene is involved in the etiology of autism and its possible role in the regression of autism.

[Behavioral patterns of autistic children during infancy].

OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated the behavioral patterns of autistic children during infancy to provide clues for early identification of childhood autism. METHODS: The abnormal behaviors of 30 children with autism and 26 children with other developmental disorders in infancy were investigated. RESULTS: The children with autism presented a series of abnormal behaviors, including no social smile, no eye contact and no respond to own name, and joint attention deficiency, which were distinguished from the children with other developmental disorders. The imitation and attachment behaviors were significantly different between the two groups. Repetitive motor actions and interest peculiarity were only seen in children with autism. CONCLUSIONS: The children with autism may present a series of abnormal behaviors as early as in infancy. The abnormal behaviors facilitate early diagnosis of autism.