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Background: Gut microbiota dysbiosis plays a significant role in the development of acute pancreatitis (AP). However, a recent randomized trial reported negative findings regarding the use of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) via the mid-gut tube in severe AP. The case series presents the feasibility of washed microbiota transplantation (WMT) as a new methodology of FMT and its delivery via colonic transendoscopic enteral tubing (TET) for severe AP. Case series: We presented two cases of severe AP rapidly rescued using WMT via colonic TET. Symptoms related to severe AP and the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation-II score improved soon after WMT. In Case 1, bilirubin and infection indexes continuously decreased after the initial WMT and the patient was successfully weaned off the ventilator and recovered from multiple organ system failures (MSOF) within ten days. In Case 2, the patient's consciousness rapidly improved within one day after WMT, with normal bowel sounds and stable blood pressure without vasoactive drug maintenance. Both Case 1 and Case 2 completed follow-ups of seven months and twenty-two months, respectively, with no reports of new-onset diabetes. Conclusion: WMT via colonic TET played a critical therapeutic role in rescuing severe AP cases. This is the first report providing direct evidence for the clinical value of targeting microbiota through colonic TET in rescuing severe AP.
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Ecological succession and restoration rapidly promote multiple dimensions of ecosystem functions and mitigate global climate change. However, the factors governing the limited capacity to sequester soil organic carbon (SOC) in old forests are poorly understood. Ecological theory predicts that plants and microorganisms jointly evolve into a more mutualistic relationship to accelerate detritus decomposition and nutrient regeneration in old than young forests, likely explaining the changes in C sinks across forest succession or rewilding. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a field experiment of root-mycorrhizal exclusion in successional subtropical forests to investigate plant-decomposer interactions and their effects on SOC sequestration. Our results showed that SOC accrual rate at the 0-10 cm soil layer was 1.26 mg g-1 yr-1 in early-successional arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) forests, which was higher than that in the late-successional ectomycorrhizal (EcM) forests with non-significant change. A transition from early-successional AM to late-successional EcM forests increase fungal diversity, especially EcM fungi. In the late-successional forests, the presence of ectomycorrhizal hyphae promotes SOC decomposition and nutrient cycle by increasing soil nitrogen and phosphorus degrading enzyme activity as well as saprotrophic microbial richness. Across early- to late-successional forests, mycorrhizal priming effects on SOC decomposition explain a slow-down in the capacity of older forests to sequester soil C. Our findings suggest that a transition from AM to EcM forests supporting greater C decomposition can halt the capacity of forests to provide nature-based global climate change solutions.
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Secuestro de Carbono , Bosques , Micorrizas , Microbiología del Suelo , Suelo , Micorrizas/fisiología , Suelo/química , Carbono/análisis , Cambio Climático , Conservación de los Recursos NaturalesRESUMEN
AIMS: The machine learning-based QSAR modeling procedure, molecular generations, and molecular dynamic simulations were applied to virtually screen the DNA polymerase theta inhibitors. BACKGROUND: The DNA polymerase theta (Polθ or POLQ) is an attractive target for treatments of homologous recombination deficient (such as BRCA deficient) cancers. There are no approved drugs for targeting POLQ, and only one inhibitor is in Phase ⠡clinical trials; thus, it is necessary to develop novel POLQ inhibitors. OBJECTIVES: To build machine learning models that predict the bioactivities of POLQ inhibitors. To build molecular generation models that generate diverse molecules. To virtually screen the generated molecules by the machine learning models. To analyze the binding modes of the screening results by molecular dynamic simulations. METHODS: In the present work, 325 inhibitors with POLQ polymerase domain bioactivities were Collected. Two machine learning methods, random forest and deep neural network, were used for building the ligand- and structure-based quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models. The substructure replacement-based method and transfer learning-based deep recurrent neural network method were used for molecular generations. Molecular docking and consensus QSAR models were carried out for virtual screening. The molecular dynamic simulations and MM/GBSA binding free energy calculation and decomposition were used to further analyze the screening results. RESULTS: The MCC values of the best ligand- and structure-based consensus QSAR models reached 0.651 and 0.361 for the test set, respectively. The machine learning-based docking scores had better-predicted ability to distinguish the highly and weakly active poses than the original docking scores. The 96490 molecules were generated by both molecular generation methods, and 10 molecules were retained by virtual screening. Four favorable interactions were concluded by molecular dynamic simulations. CONCLUSION: We hope that the screening results and the binding modes are helpful for designing the highly active POLQ polymerase inhibitors and the models of the molecular design workflow can be used as reliable tools for drug design.
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The ubiquitous presence of micro-and nanoplastics (MNPs) in the environment and everyday products has attracted attention due to their hazardous risks. However, the effects of MNPs on reproduction and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The present study investigated the impact of polystyrene (PS) nanoplastics of 80, 200 and 500 nm diameters on zebrafish reproduction at an environmentally relevant concentration of 0.5 mg/L. Exposure to PS delayed spermatogenesis and caused aberrant follicular growth, resulting in dysgenesis in F0 adults and impacting F1 embryo development. Notably, the reproductive toxicity exhibited size-dependency, with the 500 nm PS being the most detrimental. Combined analyses of transcriptomics and metabolomics in ovary tissue revealed that treatment with 500 nm PS affected the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway, dysregulated lipid transport, binding and activity processes, and led to dysgenesis in zebrafish. Specifically, the ovulatory dysfunction induced by PS exposure resembled clinical manifestations of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and can be attributed to lipid metabolism disorder involving glycerophospholipid, sphingolipid, arachidonic acid, and alpha-linolenic acid. Collectively, our results provide new evidence revealing the molecular mechanisms of PS-induced reproductive toxicity, highlighting that MNPs may pose a risk to female reproductive health.
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Trastornos del Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Receptores Activados del Proliferador del Peroxisoma , Poliestirenos , Reproducción , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Pez Cebra , Animales , Poliestirenos/toxicidad , Receptores Activados del Proliferador del Peroxisoma/metabolismo , Reproducción/efectos de los fármacos , Trastornos del Metabolismo de los Lípidos/inducido químicamente , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Femenino , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Microplásticos/toxicidadRESUMEN
Both dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TiO2 NP) have worldwide-scale commercial applications, resulting in their co-pollution in the ecosystems and posing combined health risks. However, there is a lack of toxicity studies for the interactions of DDT and TiO2 NP in the environmental relevant concentrations. In this study, we characterized the coexposures using a zebrafish waterborne exposure approach and evaluated the neurotoxicity response of the treated embryos or adults. Our results showed that DDT/TiO2 NP coexposure enhanced the DDT accumulation in vivo and increased the larval locomotor. The chronic DDT/TiO2 NP coexposure did not affect the overall survival rate, sex ratio and growth. However, DDT/TiO2 NP coexposure severely affected the adult locomotor activity, social contact, shoaling and aggressive behaviors compared to single treatment groups or controls. These adult behavioral deficits were accompanied by changes in neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACH) level in the brain and muscle tissues, as well as neural development genes expression activation of growth-associated protein 43 (gap43) and synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2 (sv2) in the brain. The significantly increased ACH level and the activated neural genes expression in the DDT/TiO2 NP co-exposed fish may account for the observed hyperactivity and social deficits.
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Nanopartículas , Titanio , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Animales , Pez Cebra , DDT/toxicidad , Ecosistema , Nanopartículas/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidadRESUMEN
A series of 6-chloro-quinolin-2-one derivatives were designed and synthesized as FXIa inhibitors by exploration of P1, P1 prime and P2 prime groups. Each compound was accessed for inhibitory effect on FXIa and some of them were evaluated in the clotting assay. 14c demonstrated excellent in-vitro potency (FXIa IC50: 15 nM, 2 x aPTT: 6.8 µM) and good in-vivo efficacy (prolonged in-vivo aPTT by more than 1-fold but not PT). Moreover, the pharmacokinetics property of 14c were evaluated following intravenous administration in rats, which indicated that 14c probably will be a clinical candidate for intravenous administration.
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Coagulación Sanguínea , Factor XIa , Animales , Ratas , Tiempo de Tromboplastina ParcialRESUMEN
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is a broad-spectrum insecticide, widely detected in environments due to its high stability characteristic and long natural half-life period. The adverse impact of DDT exposure on organisms and humans has attracted great concern worldwide. The current study explored the developmental and neurobehavioral toxicity response of DDT in embryonic zebrafish. The embryos were treated with DDT (0, 0.1, 1, 2.5 and 5 µM) during 6 h post fertilization (hpf) to 144 hpf. Our result indicated that DDT exposures increased the embryo hatching rate at 48 and 60 hpf, the larval malformation rate at 120 hpf and mortality rate at 144 hpf. The manifested malformations included uninflated swim bladder, bent spine and tail, deformed liver, and pericardial edema. The 120 hpf larval organs size of the gut and swim bladder was decreased in higher exposed concentration groups. Besides, DDT exposure resulted in hyperactivity for the embryo spontaneous movement at 24 hpf and tremor like movement measured by the free larval activity at 72 hpf, as well as the larval activity at 96 hpf under light-dark transition stimulus. Mechanistic examinations at 120 hpf revealed DDT exposure elevated oxidative stress through MDA formation increase, ATP level decrease as well as antioxidant enzyme genes (sod1 and gpx1a) expression decrease. DDT exposure induced abnormal neurotransmitters expression with DA level increase, 5-HT and NOS level decrease. DDT exposure suppressed the gene expressions involved in axon development (rab33a and nrxn2a) and potassium channel (kcnq2 and kcnq3). Our results suggest that the hyperactivity and tremor like movement in DDT-exposed embryos/larvae may result from oxidative stress involved with neuronal damage.
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DDT , Pez Cebra , Animales , Humanos , Pez Cebra/metabolismo , DDT/metabolismo , Embrión no Mamífero/metabolismo , Temblor/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Larva/fisiología , Desarrollo EmbrionarioRESUMEN
As ubiquitous contaminants, nanoplastics and antibiotics are frequently co-presence and widely detected in the freshwater environment and biota, posing a high co-exposure risk to aquatic organisms and even humans. More importantly, how the aging process of nanoplastics affects the joint toxic potential of nanoplastics and antibiotics has not been explored. Here, we generated two aged polystyrene nanoplastics (PS) by UV radiation (UV-PS) and ozonation (O3-PS). Non-teratogenic concentrations of pristine PS (80 nm) and antibiotics penicillin (PNC) co-exposure synergistically suppressed the embryo heart beating and behaviors of spontaneous movement, touch response, and larval swimming behavioral response. Pristine PS and aged UV-PS, but not aged O3-PS, showed similar effects on zebrafish embryo/larval neurodevelopment. However, when co-exposure with PNC, both aged PS, but not pristine PS, showed antagonistic effects. In late-stage juvenile social behavior testing, we found that PS decreased the exploration in light/dark preference assay. The synergistic effect of aged PS with PNC was further explored, including cellular apoptosis, ROS formation, and neurotransmitter metabolite regulation. Mechanistically, aged UV-PS but not O3-PS significantly increased the adsorption rate of PNC compared to pristine PS, which may account for the toxicity difference between the two aged PS. In conclusion, our results confirmed that PS served as a carrier for PNC, and the environmental aging process changed their neurobehavioral toxicity pattern in vivo.
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Nanopartículas , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Humanos , Animales , Pez Cebra/metabolismo , Microplásticos/metabolismo , Penicilinas/metabolismo , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/metabolismo , Nanopartículas/toxicidad , Poliestirenos/toxicidad , Antibacterianos/toxicidad , Antibacterianos/metabolismo , Larva/metabolismo , EnvejecimientoRESUMEN
The automobile tire antioxidant N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and its quinone metabolite 6PPDQ have recently received much attention for their acute aquatic toxicity. The present study investigated the mechanistic developmental toxicity of 6PPD and 6PPDQ in embryonic zebrafish. Neither compound induced significant mortality but significantly decreased spontaneous embryo movement and heart rate. Both compounds induced malformations with different phenotypes; the 6PPD-exposed larvae manifested a myopia-like phenotype with a convex eyeball and fusion vessels, while the 6PPDQ-exposed embryonic zebrafish manifested enlarged intestine and blood-coagulated gut, activated neutrophils, and overexpressed enteric neurons. mRNA-Seq and quantitative real-time PCR assays showed that 6PPD- and 6PPDQ-induced distinct differential gene expression aligned with their toxic phenotype. 6PPD activated the retinoic acid metabolic gene cyp26a, but 6PPDQ activated adaptive cellular response to xenobiotics gene cyp1a. 6PPD suppressed the gene expression of the eye involved in retinoic acid metabolism, phototransduction, photoreceptor function and visual perception. In contrast, 6PPDQ perturbed genes involved in inward rectifier K+ and voltage-gated ion channels activities, K+ import across the plasma membrane, iron ion binding, and intestinal immune network for IgA production. The current study advances the present understanding the reason of why many fish species are so adversely impacted by 6PPD and 6PPDQ.
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Benzoquinonas , Fenilendiaminas , Pez Cebra , Animales , Embrión no Mamífero/efectos de los fármacos , Fenotipo , Tretinoina/metabolismo , Pez Cebra/anomalías , Proteínas de Pez Cebra/genética , Proteínas de Pez Cebra/metabolismo , Fenilendiaminas/toxicidad , Benzoquinonas/toxicidad , Larva/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that has become more prevalent in recent years. Environmental endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA) has been linked to ASD. BPA analogues (BPs) are structure-modified substitutes widely used as safer alternatives in consumer products, yet few studies have explored the developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) of BPA analogues. In the present study, we used the larval zebrafish model to assess the DNT effects of BPA and its analogues. Our results showed that many BPA analogues are more toxic than BPA in the embryonic zebrafish assay regarding teratogenic effect and mortality, which may partially due to differences in lipophilicity and/or different substitutes of structural function groups such as CF3, benzene, or cyclohexane. At sublethal concentrations, zebrafish embryos exposed to BPA or BPs also displayed reduced prosocial behavior in later larval development, evidenced by increased nearest neighbor distance (NND) and the interindividual distance (IID) in shoaling, which appears to be structurally independent. An in-depth analysis of BPA, bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol S (BPS) revealed macrocephaly and ASD-like behavioral deficits resulting from exposures to sublethal concentrations of these chemicals. The ASD-like behavioral deficits were characterized by hyperactivity, increased anxiety-like behavior, and decreased social contact. Mechanistically, accelerated neurogenesis that manifested by increased cell proliferation, the proportion of newborn mature neurons, and the number of neural stem cells in proliferation, as well as upregulated genes related to the K+ channels, may have contributed to the observed ASD-like morphological and behavioral alterations. Our findings indicate that BPF and BPS may also pose significant risks to ASD development in humans and highlight the importance of a comprehensive assessment of DNT effects for all BPA analogues in the future.
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Trastorno del Espectro Autista , Pez Cebra , Humanos , Animales , Recién Nacido , Compuestos de Bencidrilo/análisis , FenotipoRESUMEN
Benzophenone-3 (BP3) is an organic UV filter widely used in the commercial formulations of various personal care products. It has been detected ubiquitously in the environment and human tissues. Recently, BP3-induced neurotoxicity has been identified as the main health risk to humans and aquatic organisms. However, most research has been focused on embryonic development, and few studies explore chronic lifetime exposure. In the present study, we evaluated the neurotoxicity of lifetime exposure to an environmentally relevant concentration of BP3 in zebrafish. Our findings revealed that continuous BP3 exposure at 10 µg/L (0.04 µM) from 6 h post fertilization (hpf) to adulthood at 5 months led to female-biased social behavioral deficits and learning and memory impairment. These neurobehavioral effects were characterized by decreased prosocial activities in the social preference test and mirror biting assay, and reduced learning and memory in a T-maze test. Furthermore, these effects were accompanied by female-specific decreases in brain weight and brain dopamine concentration, female-biased decrease of neurogenesis in the telencephalon as well as female-specific increases in apoptotic cells and expression levels of genes and proteins related to the apoptosis pathway in the brain. Our results suggest that BP3-induced social behavior and learning/memory deficits are correlated to the cell loss in the telencephalon region of the zebrafish brain.
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Benzofenonas , Pez Cebra , Animales , Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Benzofenonas/toxicidad , Benzofenonas/metabolismo , Conducta Social , CogniciónRESUMEN
A series of novel thienopyridine derivatives were designed and synthesized as P2Y12 receptor inhibitors. Several solid compounds were assessed for inhibitory effect where they exhibited stronger potency than clopidogrel. Compound 6b and 6g were evaluated for metabolism to verify that they could overcome clopidogrel resistance and for toxicity where they showed lower toxicity than prasugrel. Compound 6b exhibited lower risk of bleeding than prasugrel and showed good stability under stress testing. Overall, as a promising antiplatelet agent, representative compound 6b showed the following advantages: (1) no drug resistance for CYP2C19 poor metabolizers; (2) higher potency than clopidogrel; (3) lower toxicity than prasugrel; (4) lower risk of bleeding than prasugrel; (5) good stability as a non-salt solid.
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Inhibidores de Agregación Plaquetaria , Tienopiridinas , Clopidogrel/farmacología , Citocromo P-450 CYP2C19 , Inhibidores de Agregación Plaquetaria/farmacología , Clorhidrato de Prasugrel/farmacología , Antagonistas del Receptor Purinérgico P2Y/farmacología , Receptores Purinérgicos P2Y12 , Tiofenos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Multiple myeloma (MM) is still an incurable malignancy of plasma cells. Proteasome inhibitors (PIs) work as the backbone agent and have greatly improved the outcome in majority of newly diagnosed patients with myeloma. However, drug resistance remains the major obstacle causing treatment failure in clinical practice. Here, we investigated the effects of Indirubin-3'-monoxime (I3MO), one of the derivatives of Indirubin, in the treatment of MM. METHODS: MM patient primary samples and human cell lines were examined. I3MO effects on myeloma treatment and the underling molecular mechanisms were investigated via in vivo and in vitro study. FINDINGS: Our results demonstrated the anti-MM activity of I3MO in both drug- sensitive and -resistance MM cells. I3MO sensitizes MM cells to bortezomib-induced apoptosis. Mechanistically, I3MO acts as a multifaceted regulator of cell death, which induced DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and abrogates NF-κB activation. I3MO efficiently down-regulated USP7 expression, promoted NEK2 degradation, and suppressed NF-κB signaling in MM. Our study reported that I3MO directly bound with and caused the down-regulation of PA28γ (PSME3), and PA200 (PSME4), the proteasome activators. Knockdown of PSME3 or PSME4 caused the inhibition of proteasome capacity and the overload of paraprotein, which sensitizes MM cells to bortezomib-mediated growth arrest. Clinical data demonstrated that PSME3 and PSME4 are over-expressed in relapsed/refractory MM (RRMM) and associated with inferior outcome. INTERPRETATION: Altogether, our study indicates that I3MO is agent triggering proteasome inhibition and represents a promising therapeutic strategy to improve patient outcome in MM. FUNDINGS: A full list of funding can be found in the acknowledgements.
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Antineoplásicos , Mieloma Múltiple , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Apoptosis , Bortezomib/farmacología , Bortezomib/uso terapéutico , Línea Celular Tumoral , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos/genética , Humanos , Indoles , Mieloma Múltiple/tratamiento farmacológico , Mieloma Múltiple/genética , Mieloma Múltiple/patología , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Quinasas Relacionadas con NIMA , Oximas , Complejo de la Endopetidasa Proteasomal/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Proteasoma/farmacología , Inhibidores de Proteasoma/uso terapéutico , Peptidasa Específica de Ubiquitina 7RESUMEN
The present study mimicked daily life exposure to plastic food package bags and evaluated its effects on the reproductive and neurobehavioral responses using zebrafish model. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC/MS) full scan analysis revealed that phthalic acid, isobutyl octyl ester (DEHP) and its metabolites were the main leachate from plastic bags. Our results demonstrated that during the eight weeks exposure, leaching from plastic bags treated with boiling water (P-high group) significantly affected the spawn egg production, embryo hatching and larval malformation rate. Cross-spawning trails between zebrafish collected from the controls and P-high group at the end of eight weeks showed that these adverse effects were more severe in the offspring derived from paternal exposure than those derived from the maternal exposure, suggesting leached chemicals may have a more pronounced effect in sperm than in eggs. In addition, P-high group male testis weight, sperm motility and sperm swimming velocities were decreased significantly. After eight weeks treatment, neurobehavioral tests demonstrated significant changes in the swimming speed during free swimming and light-dark stimulation in the adult zebrafish from P-high group, with the effects being more severe in the males than females. P-high group males also showed altered response in the light/dark explore and mirror attacks assays.
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Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Pez Cebra , Animales , Femenino , Embalaje de Alimentos , Masculino , Plásticos/toxicidad , Reproducción , Motilidad Espermática , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidadRESUMEN
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a promising modality for cancers, but the interaction between them and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), the common adjuvant drugs for cancer treatment, has not been understood. Here, the interactions between PPIs and RC48ADC, a novel HER2-targeting ADC, were quantified in vitro. CCK-8 assay showed that RC48ADC displayed a significant inhibitory effect on the proliferation of SK-BR-3, NCI-N87 and SK-OV-3 cells with the IC50 values of 4.91 ± 1.15 ng/mL, 14.54 ± 0.85 ng/mL and 11.28 ± 0.68 ng/mL respectively. PPIs alone had no significant anti-tumor effect in the dose range of 1.37-1000 ng/mL. When used together, PPIs inhibited the anti-tumor activity of RC48ADC in a dose-dependent manner. And 1000 ng/mL (~Cmax) PPIs significantly recovered RC48ADC-inhibited cell proliferation by (32.85 ± 2.81) % (p < 0.05). However, cimetidine, a non-PPIs gastric acid secretion inhibitor, had no significant inhibitory effect on RC48ADC. Furthermore, omeprazole, rather than cimetidine, significantly reduced the activity of vacuolar H+-ATPase and Cathepsin B compared with the control cells. These results, if confirmed in vivo, indicate that PPIs are antagonists of RC48ADC, even all ADCs, appearing to be due to inhibition of vacuolar H+-ATPase activity. Moreover, cimetidine combined with ADCs instead of PPIs can prevent an adverse drug interaction.
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Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados/farmacología , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Inmunoconjugados/farmacología , Inhibidores de la Bomba de Protones/farmacología , Antineoplásicos Inmunológicos/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Cimetidina/farmacología , Humanos , ATPasas de Translocación de Protón/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Wood decomposition is a fundamental process of the carbon cycle in forest ecosystems and differs under varying environmental conditions. However, it remains unclear whether exposure situation and litter removal affect wood decomposition, especially in subtropical forests. Therefore, we chose wood from four dominant species and carried out an experiment with treatments consisting of placing wood in ground contact with and without litter input and above ground exposure. The experiment was performed for 2.5 consecutive years in the subtropical forest of Southwest China to reveal the potential effects of microenvironmental changes due to above ground exposure and nutrient input changes due to litter removal. In this study, neither above ground exposure nor litter removal significantly changed the fungal communities, microbial respiration rates or decomposition rates of the wood, but significant differences among tree species were observed. The abundance of Ascomycota (70.2%) was higher than that of Basidiomycota (24.3%), and there was a significant negative relationship between their abundances, suggesting competition. Moreover, negative (Ascomycota) and positive (Basidiomycota) relationships with microbial respiration and explained 21.5 and 25.5% of the variation in microbial respiration, respectively. The wood density was directly controlled by the sugar, cellulose, and lignin contents and influenced the water content in the wood. The abundances of saprotrophic and pathotrophic fungi were significantly and directly regulated by the water content of the wood. The abundance of pathotrophic fungi was unaffected by wood traits, but these fungi may limit saprotrophic fungal colonization, thereby affecting microbial respiration and decomposition processes. We confirmed that the saprotrophic fungal abundance, rather than fungal diversity, determined wood microbial respiration. These results are of great significance for the comprehensive assessment of wood decomposition and the carbon cycle in subtropical forests, although long-term fungal community dynamics and decomposition rates under different conditions require further study.
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Micobioma , Ecosistema , Bosques , Hongos , Microbiología del Suelo , Árboles , MaderaRESUMEN
The widespread commercial application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) leads to ubiquitous presence of TiO2 NPs in the aquatic environment, which highlights the necessity to determine their potential adverse effects on aquatic organisms. The developing nerve system is particularly susceptible to environment perturbation. However, few studies have explored the developmental neurobehavioral toxicity of TiO2 NPs, especially at smaller particle size ranges (≤20 nm) that have relatively longer retention time in the water column. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to non-teratogenic concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mg/L TiO2 NPs (average size of 14-20 nm) from 8 to 108 h post-fertilization (hpf) followed by various assessments at different time points up to 12 days post-fertilization (dpf). Our findings revealed that 1 mg/L TiO2 NPs perturbed the motor and social behaviors in larval zebrafish. These behavioral changes were characterized by decreased swimming speed in a locomotor response test at 5 dpf, increased travel distance in a flash stimulus test at 5 dpf, increased preference to the light zone in a light/dark preference test at 10 dpf, and increased mirror attack and percent time spent in the mirror zone in a mirror stimulus response assay at 12 dpf. Mechanistic examinations at 5 dpf revealed elevated cell apoptosis and oxidative stress. Cell apoptosis was characterized by increased acridine orange (AO) positive cells in the olfactory region and neuromasts of the lateral line system. Oxidative stress was characterized by increased lipid peroxidation, increased ROS production, and upregulated catalase (cat) gene expression. In addition, TiO2 NP exposure also upregulated genes associated with the developmental nervous system such as the growth associated protein 43 (gap43) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (pcna). Our results suggest that the neurobehavioral changes in larvae exposed to 1 mg/L TiO2 NPs during early development may result from cell apoptosis and oxidative stress induced neuronal damages.
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Nanopartículas , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Animales , Nanopartículas/toxicidad , Estrés Oxidativo , Titanio/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Pez CebraRESUMEN
Cervical cancer (CESC) is a gynecologic malignant tumor associated with high incidence and mortality rates because of its distinctive management complexity. Herein, we characterized the molecular features of CESC based on the metabolic gene expression profile by establishing a novel classification system and a scoring system termed as METAscore. Integrative analysis was performed on human CESC samples from TCGA dataset. Unsupervised clustering of RNA sequencing data on 2,752 formerly described metabolic genes identified three METAclusters. These METAclusters for overall survival time, immune characteristics, metabolic features, transcriptome features, and immunotherapeutic effectiveness existed distinct differences. Then we analyzed 207 DEGs among the three METAclusters and as well identified three geneclusters. Correspondingly, these three geneclusters also differently expressed among the aforementioned features, supporting the reliability of the metabolism-relevant molecular classification. Finally METAscore was constructed which emerged as an independent prognostic biomarker, related to CESC transcriptome features, metabolic features, immune characteristics, and linked to the sensitivity of immunotherapy for individual patient. These findings depicted a new classification and a scoring system in CESC based on the metabolic pattern, thereby furthering the understanding of CESC genetic signatures and aiding in the prediction of the effectiveness to anticancer immunotherapies.