Translation initiation factors GleIF4E2 and GleIF4A can interact directly with the components of the pre-initiation complex to facilitate translation initiation in Giardia lamblia.

Translation initiation factor eIF4F is essential for cap-dependent translation initiation in eukaryotes. eIF4F is a trimeric complex consisting of a scaffold protein eIF4G, cap-binding protein eIF4E and DEAD-box RNA helicase eIF4A. eIF4F binds to the 5' cap structure of the mRNA through eIF4E and facilitates the binding of the preinitiation complex (PIC) via protein-protein interactions of eIF4G with eIF3 in mammals or with eIF5 in yeast. Initiation factor eIF4A is known to unwind the secondary structures of the 5'UTRs encountered by the PIC during its initial binding to the mRNA and while scanning for the initiation codon. In Giardia, homologs for eIF4E (GleIF4E2) and eIF4A (GleIF4A) have been identified but not for eIF4G. To address how PIC is recruited to the 5' end of mRNA in the absence of eIF4G homolog, we have used yeast two-hybrid assays to identify potential interactions of GleIF4E2 with the components of the PIC. The results show that GleIF4E2 can interact with the ß subunit of the initiation factor GleIF2, a component of the PIC. ZDOCK modeling of the GleIF4E2-GleIF2ß complex revealed that the dorsal side of GleIF4E2 is likely involved in binding to GleIF2ß, which mimics the interaction of mammalian eIF4E with eIF4G, and with eIF4E binding proteins. These results suggest that GleIF4E2 can facilitate the recruitment of the PIC to the 5'end of the mRNA by binding directly to the components of the PIC. The role of GleIF4A in translation initiation in Giardia is not clearly understood as the short 5' UTRs of the mRNA are unlikely to form secondary structures. Interestingly, Pateamine A, a specific inhibitor of human eIF4A, inhibited the growth of Giardia in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that the activity of GleIF4A is probably required for translation. Using yeast two-hybrid assays, we have identified a novel interaction of GleIF4A with i subunit of the initiation factor GleIF3 (GleIF3i), another component of the PIC. These results indicate that the GleIF4A can also interact directly with the components of the PIC. ZDOCK modeling of the GleIF3i-GleIF4A complex suggests that GleIF3i could serve as a stimulator of GleIF4A activity.

Piperlongumine Blocks JAK2-STAT3 to Inhibit Collagen-Induced Platelet Reactivity Independent of Reactive Oxygen Species.

BACKGROUND: Piperlongumine (PL) is a compound isolated from the piper longum plant. It possesses anti-cancer activities through blocking the transcription factor STAT3 and by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer, but not normal cells. It also inhibits platelet aggregation induced by collagen, but the underlying mechanism is not known. OBJECTIVE: We conducted in vitro experiments to test the hypothesis that PL regulates a non-transcriptional activity of STAT3 to specifically reduce the reactivity of human platelets to collagen. RESULTS: PL dose-dependently blocked collagen-induced platelet aggregation, calcium influx, CD62p expression and thrombus formation on collagen with a maximal inhibition at 100 µM. It reduced platelet microvesiculation induced by collagen. PL blocked the activation of JAK2 and STAT3 in collagen-stimulated platelets. This inhibitory effect was significantly reduced in platelets pretreated with a STAT3 inhibitor. Although PL induced ROS production in platelets; quenching ROS using excessive reducing agents: 20 µM GSH and 0.5 mM L-Cysteine, did not block the inhibitory effects. The NADPH oxidase inhibitor Apocynin also had no effect. CONCLUSIONS: PL inhibited collagen-induced platelet reactivity by targeting the JAK2-STAT3 pathway. We also provide experimental evidence that PL and collagen induce different oxidants that have differential effects on platelets. Studying these differential effects may uncover new mechanisms of regulating platelet functions by oxidants in redox signals.

Understanding the concept of the key worker: do focus groups help?

The concept of the 'key-worker role' within paediatric haematology and oncology services is recognised in the UK through inclusion in published policies and guidance. Such guidance originates from both statutory and voluntary sector organisations. Within the policy direction itself, references are made to both 'designated' and 'non-designated' key workers, and there remains ongoing confusion within the professional field about the exact nature of the process of 'key-working' and how this should operate. This confusion therefore also exists for parents, carers and service users. The project described here aimed to examine the concept of the key-worker role through consultation with users as part of local service development. Focus group discussion was identified as the methodology of choice. Careful planning and delivery ensured that meaningful data emerged. Active participation by those attending the focus group discussion was observed. The focus group was in two sessions, both of which were digitally recorded and transcribed, with contemporaneous notes taken. These were subjected to thematic analysis and clear themes emerged regarding the importance of terminology, communication, skill mix and the use of technology. This local project achieved greater clarity about how to develop the key-worker role to best meet the needs of users through highlighting the need to include both the key-worker role, and the process of key-working. It is concluded that the use of focus groups is both a valid and valuable mechanism of consultation, as user consultation regarding service design and evaluation of care delivered is high on the wider agenda of the NHS.

Role of an active site loop in the promiscuous activities of Amycolatopsis sp. T-1-60 NSAR/OSBS.

The o-succinylbenzoate synthase (OSBS) family is part of the functionally diverse enolase superfamily. Many proteins in one branch of the OSBS family catalyze both OSBS and N-succinylamino acid racemization in the same active site. In some promiscuous NSAR/OSBS enzymes, NSAR activity is biologically significant in addition to or instead of OSBS activity. Identifying important residues for each reaction could provide insight into how proteins evolve new functions. We have made a series of mutations in Amycolatopsis sp. T-1-60 NSAR/OSBS in an active site loop, referred to as the 20s loop. This loop affects substrate specificity in many members of the enolase superfamily but is poorly conserved within the OSBS family. Deletion of this loop decreased OSBS and NSAR catalytic efficiency by 4500-fold and 25,000-fold, respectively, showing that it is essential. Most point mutations had small effects, changing the efficiency of both NSAR and OSBS activities <10-fold compared to that of the wild type. An exception was F19A, which reduced kcat/KM(OSBS) 200-fold and kcat/KM(NSAR) 120-fold. Mutating the surface residue R20E, which can form a salt bridge to help close the 20s loop over the active site, had a more modest effect, decreasing kcat/KM of OSBS and NSAR reactions 32- and 8-fold, respectively. Several mutations increased KM of the NSAR reaction more than that of the OSBS reaction. Thus, both activities require the 20s loop, but differences in how mutations affect OSBS and NSAR activities suggest that some substitutions in this loop made a small contribution to the evolution of NSAR activity, although additional mutations were probably required.

Promiscuity of Exiguobacterium sp. AT1b o-succinylbenzoate synthase illustrates evolutionary transitions in the OSBS family.

Catalytic promiscuity, which is the ability to catalyze more than one reaction in the same active site, is thought to facilitate the evolution of new protein functions. Although many enzymes are catalytically promiscuous, there is little direct evidence to show how promiscuous activities evolved into biological functions. We are seeking evidence for this model by studying the o-succinylbenzoate synthase (OSBS) family. Most enzymes within this family only catalyze OSBS, which is a step in menaquinone synthesis. However, several characterized enzymes in one branch of the family (called the NSAR/OSBS subfamily) efficiently catalyze both OSBS and N-succinylamino acid racemization (NSAR). Based on genome context, NSAR appears to be the only biological function of some characterized NSAR/OSBS enzymes, while both activities are biologically relevant in others. The promiscuity model predicts that these enzymes evolved from an ancestral OSBS which promiscuously catalyzed NSAR as a side reaction that was not biologically relevant. If so, the model predicts that some extant OSBS enzymes would have low levels of promiscuous NSAR activity. This manuscript describes such an enzyme from Exiguobacterium sp. AT1b (ExiOSBS). We show that ExiOSBS efficiently catalyzes OSBS (kcat/KM=2.6×10(6) M(-1) s(-1)), but its efficiency for the NSAR reaction is only 41 M(-1) s(-1). Moreover, genome context indicates that OSBS is the only biologically relevant activity. ExiOSBS diverged from the NSAR/OSBS subfamily before NSAR emerged as a biologically relevant activity. These results provide evidence that NSAR activity originated as a promiscuous activity in an ancestor of the NSAR/OSBS subfamily.

Optimization of pyrrolamide topoisomerase II inhibitors toward identification of an antibacterial clinical candidate (AZD5099).

AZD5099 (compound 63) is an antibacterial agent that entered phase 1 clinical trials targeting infections caused by Gram-positive and fastidious Gram-negative bacteria. It was derived from previously reported pyrrolamide antibacterials and a fragment-based approach targeting the ATP binding site of bacterial type II topoisomerases. The program described herein varied a 3-piperidine substituent and incorporated 4-thiazole substituents that form a seven-membered ring intramolecular hydrogen bond with a 5-position carboxylic acid. Improved antibacterial activity and lower in vivo clearances were achieved. The lower clearances were attributed, in part, to reduced recognition by the multidrug resistant transporter Mrp2. Compound 63 showed notable efficacy in a mouse neutropenic Staphylococcus aureus infection model. Resistance frequency versus the drug was low, and reports of clinical resistance due to alteration of the target are few. Hence, 63 could offer a novel treatment for serious issues of resistance to currently used antibacterials.

Second-generation derivatives of the eukaryotic translation initiation inhibitor pateamine A targeting eIF4A as potential anticancer agents.

A series of pateamine A (1) derivatives were synthesized for structure/activity relationship (SAR) studies and a selection of previous generation analogs were re-evaluated based on current information regarding the mechanism of action of these translation inhibitors. Structural modifications in the new generation of derivatives focused on alterations to the C19-C22 Z,E-diene and the trienyl side chain of the previously described simplified, des-methyl, des-amino pateamine A (DMDAPatA, 2). Derivatives were tested for anti-proliferative activity in cell culture and for inhibition of mammalian cap-dependent translation in vitro. Activity was highly dependent on the rigidity and conformation of the macrolide and the functionality of the side chain. The only well tolerated substitutions were replacement of the N,N-dimethyl amino group found on the side chain of 2 with other tertiary amine groups. SAR reported here suggests that this site may be modified in future studies to improve serum stability, cell-type specificity, and/or specificity towards rapidly proliferating cells.

Pyrrolamide DNA gyrase inhibitors: fragment-based nuclear magnetic resonance screening to identify antibacterial agents.

DNA gyrase is an essential enzyme in bacteria, and its inhibition results in the disruption of DNA synthesis and, subsequently, cell death. The pyrrolamides are a novel class of antibacterial agents targeting DNA gyrase. These compounds were identified by a fragment-based lead generation (FBLG) approach using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) screening to identify low-molecular-weight compounds that bind to the ATP pocket of DNA gyrase. A pyrrole hit with a binding constant of 1 mM formed the basis of the design and synthesis of a focused library of compounds that resulted in the rapid identification of a lead compound that inhibited DNA gyrase with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of 3 µM. The potency of the lead compound was further optimized by utilizing iterative X-ray crystallography to yield DNA gyrase inhibitors that also displayed antibacterial activity. Spontaneous mutants were isolated in Staphylococcus aureus by plating on agar plates containing pyrrolamide 4 at the MIC. The resistant variants displayed 4- to 8-fold-increased MIC values relative to the parent strain. DNA sequencing revealed two independent point mutations in the pyrrolamide binding region of the gyrB genes from these variants, supporting the hypothesis that the mode of action of these compounds was inhibition of DNA gyrase. Efficacy of a representative pyrrolamide was demonstrated against Streptococcus pneumoniae in a mouse lung infection model. These data demonstrate that the pyrrolamides are a novel class of DNA gyrase inhibitors with the potential to deliver future antibacterial agents targeting multiple clinical indications.

Are paediatric oncology nurses acknowledging the effects of restraint? A review of the current policy and research.

PURPOSE: The literature pertaining to restraint of children for procedures and administration of medication continues to indicate this is a widespread phenomenon and that nurses caring for children often fail to consider effects of this. This paper reviews the current literature and policy surrounding the practice of paediatric restraint within oncology nursing. METHOD: A review of research and policy identified three significant themes relating to restraint: effects of restraint on the family, professional considerations; ethical and legal implications. RESULTS: This paper through an analysis of the literature and policy demonstrates that paediatric restraint is a contentious issue in children's oncology nursing and that while essential in many cases, requires careful consideration. Alternatives to restraint should always be considered to minimise the effect upon child and family. CONCLUSIONS: A number of key issues are highlighted in this paper which would be useful. Most importantly the notion of children's rights, negotiation and partnership with children and their families and the nurses responsibility in relation to the law and the Nursing and Midwifery Council. Professional bodies such as the Royal College of Nursing have attempted to offer guidance in this area; the key message is that restraint should always be the last option; it is our opinion that often it is the first.

Restraining children for clinical procedures: a review of the issues issues that continue to challenge children's nursing.

The aim of this discussion is to explore the issue's procedural restraint of children raises for nursing staff caring for children, from both a policy and a research perspective. Specifically the discussion defines the various terms that describe the process of restraint and proceeds to examine the issues that continue to challenge nursing practice in this area: the professional and policy context; professional considerations; parental perceptions; and involvement. Whilst recognizing the difficulties faced by student nurses when involved in restraint. The pivotal role played by the child's nurse will determine the quality of the service experienced; whilst acting as the child's advocate they are the health professional most directly involved in care. The discussion closes by highlighting the main issues nurses face when deciding to restrain and child and thoughts for future practice.