The aortic paradox: a nationwide analysis of 523 994 individual echocardiograms exploring fatal aortic dissection.

AIMS: Increasing aortic dilation increases the risk of aortic dissection. Nevertheless, dissection occurs at dimensions below guideline-directed cut-offs for prophylactic surgery. Currently, there are no large-scale population imaging data assessing aortic dimensions before dissection. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients within the National Echo Database of Australia were stratified according to absolute, height-indexed, and body surface area (BSA)-indexed aortic dimensions. Fatal thoracic aortic dissections (ICD-10-AM Code I71) were identified via linkage with the National Death Index. A total of 524 994 individuals were assessed, comprising patients with normal aortic dimensions (n = 460 992), mild dilation (n = 53 402), moderate dilation (n = 10 029), and severe dilation (n = 572). A total of 274 992 (52.4%) were males, with a median age of 64 years and a median follow-up time of 6.9 years. Eight hundred and ninety-nine fatal aortic dissections occurred (normal diameter = 610, mildly dilated aorta = 215, moderately dilated = 53, and severely dilated = 21). Using normal aortas as the reference population, odds of fatal dissection increased with aortic diameter [mild = odds ratio (OR) 3.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.61-3.56; moderate = OR 4.0, 95% CI 3.02-5.30; severe = OR 28.72, 95% CI 18.44-44.72]. Due to the much larger number of patients without severe aortic dilation, 97.7% of fatal aortic dissections occurred in non-severely dilated aortas. Following sensitivity analysis, severe aortic dilation was responsible for at most 24.4% of fatal aortic dissections. The results were robust for absolute, height-indexed, or BSA-indexed aortic measurements. CONCLUSION: Although severe aortic dilatation is associated with a near-30-fold increase in fatal dissections, severely dilated aortas are implicated in only 2.3-24.4% of fatal dissections. This highlights the 'aortic paradox' and limitations of current guidelines. Future studies should seek to refine risk predictors in patients without severe aortic dilation.

Integrated versus nOn-integrated Peripheral inTravenous catheter. Which Is the most effective systeM for peripheral intravenoUs catheter Management? (The OPTIMUM study): a randomised controlled trial protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) are frequently used in hospitals. However, PIVC complications are common, with failures leading to treatment delays, additional procedures, patient pain and discomfort, increased clinician workload and substantially increased healthcare costs. Recent evidence suggests integrated PIVC systems may be more effective than traditional non-integrated PIVC systems in reducing phlebitis, infiltration and costs and increasing functional dwell time. The study aim is to determine the efficacy, cost-utility and acceptability to patients and professionals of an integrated PIVC system compared with a non-integrated PIVC system. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Two-arm, multicentre, randomised controlled superiority trial of integrated versus non-integrated PIVC systems to compare effectiveness on clinical and economic outcomes. Recruitment of 1560 patients over 2 years, with randomisation by a centralised service ensuring allocation concealment. Primary outcomes: catheter failure (composite endpoint) for reasons of: occlusion, infiltration/extravasation, phlebitis/thrombophlebitis, dislodgement, localised or catheter-associated bloodstream infections. SECONDARY OUTCOMES: first time insertion success, types of PIVC failure, device colonisation, insertion pain, functional dwell time, adverse events, mortality, cost-utility and consumer acceptability. One PIVC per patient will be included, with intention-to-treat analysis. Baseline group comparisons will be made for potentially clinically important confounders. The proportional hazards assumption will be checked, and Cox regression will test the effect of group, patient, device and clinical variables on failure. An as-treated analysis will assess the effect of protocol violations. Kaplan-Meier survival curves with log-rank tests will compare failure by group over time. Secondary endpoints will be compared between groups using parametric/non-parametric techniques. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval from the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC/16/QRBW/527), Griffith University Human Research Ethics Committee (Ref No. 2017/002) and the South Metropolitan Health Services Human Research Ethics Committee (Ref No. 2016-239). Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ACTRN12617000089336.

Combined catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation and Watchman® left atrial appendage occlusion procedures: Five-year experience.

BACKGROUND: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) may benefit from undergoing concomitant interventions of left atrial catheter ablation and device occlusion of the left atrial appendage (LAA) as a two-pronged strategy for rhythm control and stroke prevention. We report on the outcome of combined procedures in a single center case series over a 5-year timeframe. METHODS: Ninety-eight patients with non-valvular AF and a mean CHA2DS2-VASc score 2.6±1.0 underwent either first time, or redo pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) procedures, followed by successful implant of a Watchman® device. RESULTS: All procedures were generally uncomplicated with a mean case time of 213±40 min. Complete LAA occlusion was achieved at initial implant in 92 (94%) patients. Satisfactory LAA occlusion was achieved in 100% of patients at 12 months, with a complete LAA occlusion rate of 86%. All patients discontinued oral anticoagulation. Persistent late peri-device leaks were more frequently associated with device angulation or shoulder protrusion, and were associated with a significantly lower achieved device compression of 12±3% vs. 15±5% (p<0.01) than complete occlusion. One ischemic stroke was recorded over a mean follow-up time of 802±439 days. Twelve months׳ freedom from detectable AF was achieved in 77% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Combined procedures of catheter ablation for AF and Watchman® LAA implant appear to be feasible and safe, with excellent rates of LAA occlusion achieved and an observed stroke rate of 0.5% per year during mid-term follow-up. Incomplete occlusion was associated with lower achieved device compression and was more frequently associated with suboptimal device position.

Guiding the management of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy: a knowledge gap.

Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) is a cardiomyopathy that occurs due to an arrest of myocardial maturation during embryogenesis. The diagnostic echocardiographic features in individuals with LVNC include a thick, bilayered myocardium, prominent ventricular trabeculations, and deep intertrabecular recesses. Clinical features associated with LVNC vary in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients, and include the potential for heart failure, conduction defects (eg, left bundle branch block), supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias, thromboembolic events, and sudden cardiac death. The authors report five cases that emphasize asymptomatic and apparently benign symptoms in patients with LVNC; despite normal physical examination and 12-lead electrocardiogram results, all of these cases unveiled potentially serious clinical consequences. These cases highlight the concern that LVNC patients with mild to moderate left ventricular systolic dysfunction, particularly in the presence of ventricular arrhythmias or a family history of sudden cardiac death, may need consideration for an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). All potential benefits of an ICD need to be balanced by the risk of device infection, lead and device malfunction, and potential for inappropriate shocks.

Aortopathies: etiologies, genetics, differential diagnosis, prognosis and management.

Aortic root and ascending aortic dilatation are indicators associated with risk of aortic dissection, which varies according to underlying etiologic associations, indexed aortic root size, and rate of progression. Typical aortic involvement is most commonly seen in syndromic cases for which there is increasing evidence that aortic aneurysm represents a spectrum of familial inheritance associated with variable genetic penetrance and phenotypic expression. Aortic root and ascending aortic dimensions should be measured routinely with echocardiography. Pharmacologic therapy may reduce the rate of progression. Timing of surgical intervention is guided by indexed aortic size and rate of change of aortic root and ascending aorta dimensions. Lifelong surveillance is recommended.

The use of computerised simulators for training of transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography. The future of echocardiographic training?

BACKGROUND: Echocardiography is the commonest form of non-invasive cardiac imaging but due to its methodology, it is operator dependent. Numerous advances in technology have resulted in the development of interactive programs and simulators to teach trainees the skills to perform particular procedures, including transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography. METHODS: Forty trainee sonographers assessed a computerised mannequin echocardiographic simulator and were taught how to obtain an apical two-chamber (A2C) view and image the superior vena cava (SVC). Forty-two attendees at a TOE simulator workshop assessed its utility and commented on perceived future use, using defined criteria. RESULTS: One hundred percent and 88% of sonographers found the simulator useful in obtaining the SVC or A2C view respectively. All users found it easy to use and the majority found it helped with image acquisition and interpretation. Attendees of the TOE training day assessed the simulator with 100% finding it easy to use, as well as the augmented reality graphics benefiting image acquisition. Ninety percent felt that it was realistic. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that both trainee sonographers and TOE proceduralists found the simulation process was realistic, helped in image acquisition and improved assessment of spatial relationships. Echocardiographic simulators may play an important role in the future training of echocardiographic skills.

Anatomical analysis of the left atrial appendage using segmented, three-dimensional cardiac CT: a comparison of patients with paroxysmal and persistent forms of atrial fibrillation.

PURPOSE: Successful implantation of percutaneous left atrial appendage (LAA) occlusion devices requires an accurate understanding of LAA anatomy and orifice dimensions. We sought to quantitatively compare LAA anatomy in patients with paroxysmal and persistent patterns of atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS: Fifty-nine consecutive patients undergoing catheter ablation for AF underwent pre-procedural multislice cardiac computed tomography (CT) scans. Maximal LAA orifice dimensions and left atrial and LAA volumes were measured from three-dimensional segmented CT reconstructions. Thirty-six patients with paroxysmal and 23 with persistent AF were analysed. RESULTS: The mean maximal LAA orifice dimension was larger in persistent (27.2 ± 4 mm) than paroxysmal AF (22.9 ± 3 mm, p < 0.001). A strong correlation was found between both increasing LAA volume (r = 0.76), maximal LAA orifice dimension (r = 0.63) and left atrial volume. CONCLUSIONS: Increased LAA orifice dimension is associated with left atrial enlargement in AF. This finding may impact LAA occlusion device sizing.

Combined Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation and Watchman® Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion Procedures: A Single Centre Experience.

Background Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) may be interested in undergoing concomitant interventions of left atrial catheter ablation and device occlusion of the left atrial appendage (LAA). We report on the feasibility and outcome of combined procedures in a single centre case series. Methods Twenty-six patients underwent either first time or redo pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) procedures followed by successful implant of a Watchman® device. Results All procedures were uncomplicated with a mean case time of 233 ± 38 minutes. Maximal LAA orifice dimension was smaller in 3 of 26 patients post PVI (range 1mm) than on the pre-procedural transoesophageal echocardiogram (TOE). A new peri-device leak of maximum 3mm was noted in 5 of 26 patients at 6 week follow-up TOE, but resolved in 4 by the 6 month follow-up. Conclusion Combined procedures for catheter ablation for AF and Watchman® LAA implant appear to be feasible and safe with satisfactory occlusion of the LAA maintained at follow-up.

Carotid intima-media thickness measurements are not affected by the ultrasound frequency.

OBJECTIVE: Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) is a B-mode ultrasound measure of subclinical atherosclerosis predictive of future cardiovascular risk. Carotid IMT measurements were historically obtained at an ultrasound frequency of 8 MHz or lower, but it is unknown whether measurements obtained at higher frequencies using newer, more advanced ultrasound technology allow for valid comparison to the older general population databases that are commonly used for the interpretation of carotid IMT results. METHODS: Carotid IMT studies were conducted in 35 consecutive patients at standard (8 MHz) and high (14 MHz) frequencies and measurements were performed by two independent expert readers. Systematic bias was assessed by using the paired t-test and agreement was analyzed with the Bland-Altman method. RESULTS: The sample mean carotid IMT obtained at 14 MHz was 0.006 mm lower than that obtained at 8 MHz. The 95% confidence interval (CI) for the mean difference between frequencies indicated that the population mean for 14 MHz is unlikely to be more than 0.02 mm lower than for 8 MHz (95% CI -0.017 to 0.004). The 95% reference range for the difference between the two transducer frequencies indicated that the thickness obtained at 14 MHz was within 0.05 mm of that obtained at 8 MHz for 95% of subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Carotid IMT measurements obtained at higher transducer frequencies are similar to those obtained at standard frequency. This finding has important clinical implications because it validates comparison of carotid IMT measurements obtained with newer, more advanced ultrasound technology with the landmark reference carotid IMT studies commonly used for interpretation of carotid IMT results.

Carotid ultrasound identifies high risk subclinical atherosclerosis in adults with low framingham risk scores.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, cardiovascular (CV) disease remains the most common cause of morbidity and mortality. Although effective in predicting CV risk in select populations, the Framingham risk score (FRS) fails to identify many young individuals who experience premature CV events. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of high-risk carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) or plaque, a marker of atherosclerosis and predictor of CV events, in young asymptomatic individuals with low and intermediate FRS (<2% annualized event rate) using the carotid ultrasound protocol recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Vascular Medicine. METHODS: Individuals aged < or = 65 years not taking statins and without diabetes mellitus or histories of coronary artery disease underwent CIMT and plaque examination for primary prevention. Clinical variables including lipid values, family history of premature coronary artery disease, and FRS and subsequent pharmacotherapy recommendations were retrospectively collected for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of 441 subjects (mean age, 49.7 + or - 7.9 years), 184 (42%; 95% confidence interval, 37.3%-46.5%) had high-risk carotid ultrasound findings (CIMT > or = 75th percentile adjusted for age, gender, and race or presence of plaque). Of those with the lowest FRS of < or =5% (n = 336) (mean age, 48.0 + or - 7.6 years; mean FRS, 2.5 + or - 1.5%), 127 (38%; 95% confidence interval, 32.6%-43.0%) had high-risk carotid ultrasound findings. For individuals with FRS < or = 5% and high-risk carotid ultrasound findings (n = 127; mean age, 47.3 + or - 8.1 years; mean FRS, 2.5 + or - 1.5%), lipid-lowering therapy was recommended by their treating physicians in 77 (61%). CONCLUSIONS: Thirty-eight percent of asymptomatic young to middle-aged individuals with FRS < or = 5% have abnormal carotid ultrasound findings associated with increased risk for CV events. Pharmacologic therapy for CV prevention was recommended in the majority of these individuals. The lack of radiation exposure, relatively low cost, and ability to detect early-stage atherosclerosis suggest that carotid ultrasound for CIMT and plaque detection should continue to be explored as a primary tool for CV risk stratification in young to middle-aged adults with low FRS.

A rare congenital finding in an elderly lady--scimitar syndrome with dextrocardia in a 79 year old.

We present a case of a 79-year-old African-American woman with scimitar syndrome and associated dextrocardia. This case represents, to our knowledge, the oldest living patient described in the literature with scimitar syndrome.

Atrial fibrillation ablation in cor triatriatum: value of intracardiac echocardiography.

A 72-year old male, referred for percutaneous atrial fibrillation ablation, was found to have cor triatriatum during routine, pre-procedural transesophageal echocardiography. Accessing the superior pulmonary venous atrium and wide area circumferential ablation was guided by intracardiac echocardiography and performed without complications. The patient remains symptom-free, off anti-arrhythmic drug therapy, for 6 months following ablation. In this report, we emphasize the value of using intracardiac echocardiography during catheter ablation in patients with cor triatriatum.