Public Health Response Measures for COVID-19 in Kazakhstan.

The article describes measures developed to counter the spread of coronavirus infection in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The first cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Kazakhstan were detected on March 13, 2020, among people who arrived from Germany. After declaring the state of emergency in the country, the Ministry of Healthcare of the Republic of Kazakhstan began to formulate and implement a comprehensive package of measures aimed at slowing down and stopping the transmission of infection, preventing outbreaks, ensuring optimal care for all patients, especially the seriously ill, minimizing the negative impact of the pandemic on health systems, social services, and economic activities. Developed set of restrictive measures was approved by the Country Office of Word Health Organization (WHO) in Kazakhstan, being later adapted by the European Union (EU) countries and applied in Kyrgyzstan. In addition, article identifies Kazakhstan's experience in creating epidemiological surveillance systems, studying virus mutations, and the clinical aspects of dealing with it to combat the infection. It also indicates the impact of the epidemic on health-care workers and the development of measures to protect them, strengthening infection prevention, and control in medical organizations.

Gastroduodenal Bleeding and Perforation in Diabetic Patients with Metabolic Syndrome (The Results of a 15-Year Observation of City Residents with Intensive Urbanization).

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of bleeding and perforation against the diabetes mellitus, obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) is studied not sufficiently. METHODS: The period of collecting the material was 15 years (2003-2017). The observation analysis was conducted for the patients at polyclinics observations, by the doctors of first-aid, in the surgical departments of the Astana City, Kazakhstan. The number of first-aid visits to patients, the medical cards of the patients with gastroduodenal perforation (GDP) and gastroduodenal bleeding (GDB) were analyzed. RESULTS: The rate of annual growth of indices of overall morbidity Rgm=1.0%, obesity in combination with diabetes was Ro=1.7%; and morbidity with metabolic syndrome was Rm=3.1%. The diagnosis of GDP was revealed in 0.63 men with MetS for every 100000 urban people. The diagnosis of GDB was registered in 2.12 men for 100000 urban people. The index of the annual growth in patients with MetS had the tendency to the growth (Rms=3.1%). CONCLUSION: The high medical and social significance of diseases of the digestive system among the adult population in Kazakhstan is determined by the annual increase in the incidence rate and a clear decrease in the quality of life of such patients, which necessitates the search for scientifically based ways to improve medical care for this population.