Lessons learned from the MOMENT study on how to recruit and retain a target population online, across borders, and with automated remote data collection.

Increasingly, studies use social media to recruit, enroll, and collect data from participants. This introduces a threat to data integrity: efforts to produce fraudulent data to receive participant compensation, e.g., gift cards. MOMENT is an online symptom-monitoring and self-care study that implemented safeguards to protect data integrity. Facebook, Twitter, and patient organizations were used to recruit participants with chronic health conditions in four countries (USA, Italy, The Netherlands, Sweden). Links to the REDCap baseline survey were posted to social media accounts. The initial study launch, where participants completed the baseline survey and were automatically re-directed to the LifeData ecological momentary assessment app, was overwhelmed with fraudulent responses. In response, safeguards (e.g., reCAPTCHA, attention checks) were implemented and baseline data was manually inspected prior to LifeData enrollment. The initial launch resulted in 411 responses in 48 hours, 265 of which (64.5%) successfully registered for the LifeData app and were considered enrolled. Ninety-nine percent of these were determined to be fraudulent. Following implementation of safeguards, the re-launch yielded 147 completed baselines in 3.5 months. Eighteen cases (12.2%) were found fraudulent and not invited to enroll. Most fraudulent cases in the re-launch (15 of 18) were identified by a single attention check question. In total, 96.1% of fraudulent responses were to the USA-based survey. Data integrity safeguards are necessary for research studies that recruit online and should be reported in manuscripts. Three safeguard strategies were effective in preventing and removing most of the fraudulent data in the MOMENT study. Additional strategies were also used and may be necessary in other contexts.

Integrating telemedicine in routine heart failure management: Experiences of healthcare professionals - A qualitative study.

Objective: To describe the experiences of healthcare professionals with integrating telemedicine in routine heart failure (HF) care. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with healthcare professionals (n = 19) in the Netherlands who were involved in decision-making, implementation or routine use of telemedicine in HF management. Using purposive sampling, nurses, cardiologists and managers were selected to be interviewed. Interviews were performed in-person, recorded and transcribed verbatim. Interview data were analysed using a reflexive thematic analysis. Results: This study identified four themes: (1) Responsibility - the lack of a clear delineation of roles and responsibilities among healthcare professionals, patients and suppliers in telemedicine. (2) Confidence and safety - telemedicine is seen by healthcare professionals as capable of enhancing safety, yet also introduces the risk of fostering a false sense of security among patients. (3) Collaboration - actively involving end-users in the development and implementation of telemedicine promotes the adoption. (4) Processes and mutual agreements - rather than replacing traditional care, telemedicine is perceived as an adjunct to it. Structured care pathways support telemedicine implementation, and personalised telemedicine can empower patients in self-care. Conclusions: Telemedicine is a promising intervention in the management of HF. However, existing systems and care pathways have resulted in limited adoption. Improvements in the collaboration and establishing clear agreements on responsibilities between professional, patient and supplier can lead to more confidence in adopting telemedicine. Structured care pathways can be supportive. A personalised telemedicine approach can ensure that telemedicine remains manageable for patient and professional.

The Application of a Serious Game Framework to Design and Develop an Exergame for Patients With Heart Failure.

Reducing inactivity in patients with chronic disease is vital since it can decrease the risk of disease progression and mortality. Exergames are an innovative approach to becoming more physically active and positively affecting physical health outcomes. Serious games are designed for purposes beyond entertainment and exergames are serious games for physical activity. However, current commercial exergames might not optimally meet the needs of patients with special needs. Developing tailored exergames is challenging and requires an appropriate process. The primary goal of this viewpoint is to describe significant lessons learned from designing and developing an exergame for patients with chronic heart failure using the player-centered, iterative, interdisciplinary, and integrated (P-III) framework for serious games. Four of the framework's pillars were used in the design and development of a mobile exergame: player-centered design, iterative development of the game, interdisciplinary teamwork, and integration of play and serious content. The mobile exergame was developed iteratively in 7 iterations by an interdisciplinary team involving users and stakeholders in all iterations. Stakeholders played various roles during the development process, making the team stay focused on the needs of the patients and creating an exergame that catered to these needs. Evaluations were conducted during each iteration by both the team and users or patients according to the player-centered design pillar. Since the exergame was created for a smartphone, the assessments were conducted both on the development computer and on the intended platforms. This required continuous deployment of the exergame to the platforms and smartphones that support augmented reality. Our findings show that the serious game P-III framework needs to be modified in order to be used for the design and development of exergames. In this viewpoint, we propose an updated version of the P-III framework for exergame development including (1) a separate and thorough design of the physical activity and physical interaction, and (2) early and continuous deployment of the exergame on the intended platform to enable evaluations and everyday life testing.

Which heart failure patients benefit most from non-invasive telemedicine? An overview of current evidence and future directions.

Telemedicine in heart failure (HF) management may positively impact health outcomes, but varied effects in studies hinder guidance in HF guidelines. Evidence on the effectiveness of telemedicine in HF subpopulations is limited. We conducted a scoping review to evaluate and synthesise evidence on the effectiveness of telemedicine across HF subpopulations that could guide telemedicine strategies in routine practice. Meta-analyses concerning randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with subgroup analyses on telemedicine effectives were identified in PubMed. We identified 15 RCTs, encompassing 21 different subgroups based on characteristics of HF patients. Findings varied across studies and no definite evidence was found about which patients benefit most from telemedicine. Subgroup definitions were inconsistent, not always a priori defined and subgroups contained few patients. Some studies found heterogeneous effects of telemedicine on mortality and hospitalisation across subgroups defined by: New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification, previous HF decompensation, implantable device, concurrent depression, time since hospital discharge and duration of HF. Patients represented in the RCTs were mostly male, aged 65-75 years, with HF with reduced ejection fraction and NYHA class II/III. Traditional RCTs have not been able to provide clinicians with guidance; continuous real-world evidence generation could enhance monitoring and identify who benefits from telemedicine.

The Rationale Behind the Design Decisions in an Augmented Reality Mobile eHealth Exergame to Increase Physical Activity for Inactive Older People With Heart Failure.

Unlabelled: Physical activity is important for everyone to maintain and improve health, especially for people with chronic diseases. Mobile exergaming has the potential to increase physical activity and to specifically reach people with poor activity levels. However, commercial mobile exergames are not specially designed for older people with chronic illnesses such as heart failure. The primary aim of this viewpoint is to describe the underlying reasoning guiding the design choices made in developing a mobile exergame, Heart Farming, tailored specifically for sedentary older people diagnosed with heart failure. The goal of the exergame is to increase physical activity levels by increasing the daily walking duration of patients with heart failure by at least 10 minutes. The rationale guiding the design decisions of the mobile exergame is grounded in the thoughtful integration of gamification strategies tailored for application in cardiovascular care. This integration is achieved through applying gamification components, gamification elements, and gamification principles. The Heart Farming mobile exergame is about helping a farmer take care of and expand a virtual farm, with these activities taking place while the patient walks in the real world. The exergame can be adapted to individual preferences and physical condition regarding where, how, when, and how much to play and walk. The exergame is developed using augmented reality so it can be played both indoors and outdoors. Augmented reality technology is used to track the patients' movement in the real world and to interpret that movement into events in the exergame rather than to augment the mobile user interface.

Exergaming to Increase Physical Activity in Older Adults: Feasibility and Practical Implications.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To evaluate the feasibility of exergaming among older adults, focusing on acceptability, demand, implementation, and practicality. Additionally, to offer practical implications based on the review's findings. RECENT FINDINGS: Exergaming is a safe for older adults, potentially increasing physical activity, balance, cognition, and mood. Despite these possible benefits, barriers such as unfamiliarity with equipment, complex controls, and unclear instructions may challenge older adults in exergaming. Based on the experience of older adults, they found exergaming enjoyable, particularly the social interactions. Exergaming was perceived as physically and cognitively demanding, with technical and safety challenges. Introducing exergaming requires thorough familiarization, including written and video instructions, follow-up support, and home accessibility. To be able to follow improvements during exergaming as well as age-appropriate challenges are important for successful integration into daily life. Based on these findings, an ExerGameFlow model for older adults was developed which provides practical implications for future design of exergames and interventions.

Nurses' experiences of ethical challenges concerning thirst in dying patients in specialist palliative care: a qualitative study.

AIM: To describe nurses' experiences of ethical challenges in relation to thirst in terminally ill patients in specialist palliative care units. RESEARCH DESIGN: A qualitative, reflexive thematic design with an inductive analysis was used. PARTICIPANTS AND RESEARCH CONTEXT: Eighteen qualitative interviews with nurses working in six different specialist palliative care units in different hospitals in Sweden were conducted. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed with a reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS: This study identified four themes that reflect ethical challenges experienced by nurses in the palliative care regarding thirst: Harmful infusions interfere with peaceful dying; conflict between tradition and personal experience; What is the right intervention to quench thirst? and; Lack of standard procedures, competence and interest among team members. CONCLUSION: Palliative care nurses experience a number ethical challenges in relation to thirst in dying patients. The main challenge is the provision of fluids to dying patients via artificial infusions, which nurses struggle with, as they do not want to interfere with a peaceful dying process.

Nurses' perception of thirst in patients within palliative home care: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Thirst is the body's natural urge to replenish fluids in response to a deficiency in hydration. Patients at the end of life gradually lose their independence and reach a point where they become unable to express their needs and can no longer drink on their own. In palliative care, the main advice is to provide regular oral care to relieve symptoms such as dry mouth and thirst. However, according to previous studies the prevalence of thirst and dry mouth remains. AIM: The aim of this study was to describe palliative care, nurses' views and experiences of thirst in end-of-life care in specialist palliative care units. METHODS: A qualitative interview study with an inductive approach was conducted. Eighteen nurses working in six different specialist palliative care units in different hospitals in Sweden were interviewed. The interviews were transcribed and analysed with a content analysis approach according to Graneheim and Lundman. RESULTS: When nurses discuss thirst, they perceive thirst as a problem for the patient. This is attributable to various factors, including the patient breathing with an open mouth, a reduced level of awareness, and negligence on the part of the nursing staff. Signs of thirst are dry mouth, and frequently and intense sucking on the oral care stick during oral care. It also emerged that not all nurses perceived that dying patients experienced thirst. They believe that thirst is something that is reduced in the dying patient in the same way as hunger. The most important thing to them is to relieve the dry mouth by providing good oral care. Several issues, such as a lack of guidelines paired with the patient's reduced consciousness and hence his/her lack of communication, make assessing thirst problematic. CONCLUSION: Nurses have different thoughts and experiences about thirst, where some perceive patients as thirsty while others perceive them as having a dry mouth. Nurses expressed that both evidence and guidelines are lacking.

'What Happened?': Perceptions of Patients with Hypertension of Conflicting Results between Self-Reported Medication Adherence and Chemical Adherence Testing: A Qualitative Study.

AIM: To explore the perceptions of outpatients with hypertension regarding the conflicting results between their self-reported medication adherence and chemical adherence testing. METHODS AND RESULTS: An exploratory generic qualitative study design with semi-structured interviews was conducted. Thirteen adult patients being treated with antihypertensives were interviewed. Patients had a negative chemical adherence test for at least one prescribed antihypertensive, while they reported to adhere to their medication. Audio-recorded interviews were thematically analyzed. Six themes emerged: (1) becoming frustrated with medication intake, (2) being uncomfortable with addressing medication nonadherence, (3) feeling ashamed and angry about their nonadherence, (4) feeling falsely accused of nonadherence, (5) experiencing results as a wakeup call and (6) wanting to be heard and listened to. Participants reacted differently to the adherence test results. Two distinct groups were identified among the participants: the first group felt shameful, disappointed, and angry at themselves for being nonadherent; the second group felt falsely accused and rejected the adherence test results. No differences between both groups were found in their reasons for becoming frustrated with medication intake and their behavior after the adherence test results. Patients felt that communication with clinicians is key in the treatment support of patients with hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians need to consider the reasons for nonadherence and the different responses of patients to the chemical adherence test results in their support to optimize treatment for patients with hypertension.

Prevention and Rehabilitation After Heart Transplantation: A Clinical Consensus Statement of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology, Heart Failure Association of the ESC, and the European Cardio Thoracic Transplant Association, a Section of ESOT.

Little is known either about either physical activity patterns, or other lifestyle-related prevention measures in heart transplantation (HTx) recipients. The history of HTx started more than 50 years ago but there are still no guidelines or position papers highlighting the features of prevention and rehabilitation after HTx. The aims of this scientific statement are (i) to explain the importance of prevention and rehabilitation after HTx, and (ii) to promote the factors (modifiable/non-modifiable) that should be addressed after HTx to improve patients' physical capacity, quality of life and survival. All HTx team members have their role to play in the care of these patients and multidisciplinary prevention and rehabilitation programmes designed for transplant recipients. HTx recipients are clearly not healthy disease-free subjects yet they also significantly differ from heart failure patients or those who are supported with mechanical circulatory support. Therefore, prevention and rehabilitation after HTx both need to be specifically tailored to this patient population and be multidisciplinary in nature. Prevention and rehabilitation programmes should be initiated early after HTx and continued during the entire post-transplant journey. This clinical consensus statement focuses on the importance and the characteristics of prevention and rehabilitation designed for HTx recipients.

Prevention and rehabilitation after heart transplantation: A clinical consensus statement of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology, Heart Failure Association of the ESC, and the European Cardio Thoracic Transplant Association, a section of ESOT.

Little is known either about either physical activity patterns, or other lifestyle-related prevention measures in heart transplantation (HTx) recipients. The history of HTx started more than 50 years ago but there are still no guidelines or position papers highlighting the features of prevention and rehabilitation after HTx. The aims of this scientific statement are (i) to explain the importance of prevention and rehabilitation after HTx, and (ii) to promote the factors (modifiable/non-modifiable) that should be addressed after HTx to improve patients' physical capacity, quality of life and survival. All HTx team members have their role to play in the care of these patients and multidisciplinary prevention and rehabilitation programmes designed for transplant recipients. HTx recipients are clearly not healthy disease-free subjects yet they also significantly differ from heart failure patients or those who are supported with mechanical circulatory support. Therefore, prevention and rehabilitation after HTx both need to be specifically tailored to this patient population and be multidisciplinary in nature. Prevention and rehabilitation programmes should be initiated early after HTx and continued during the entire post-transplant journey. This clinical consensus statement focuses on the importance and the characteristics of prevention and rehabilitation designed for HTx recipients.

Right heart failure with left ventricular assist devices: Preoperative, perioperative and postoperative management strategies. A clinical consensus statement of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC.

Right heart failure (RHF) following implantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is a common and potentially serious condition with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations with an unfavourable effect on patient outcomes. Clinical scores that predict the occurrence of right ventricular (RV) failure have included multiple clinical, biochemical, imaging and haemodynamic parameters. However, unless the right ventricle is overtly dysfunctional with end-organ involvement, prediction of RHF post-LVAD implantation is, in most cases, difficult and inaccurate. For these reasons optimization of RV function in every patient is a reasonable practice aiming at preparing the right ventricle for a new and challenging haemodynamic environment after LVAD implantation. To this end, the institution of diuretics, inotropes and even temporary mechanical circulatory support may improve RV function, thereby preparing it for a better adaptation post-LVAD implantation. Furthermore, meticulous management of patients during the perioperative and immediate postoperative period should facilitate identification of RV failure refractory to medication. When RHF occurs late during chronic LVAD support, this is associated with worse long-term outcomes. Careful monitoring of RV function and characterization of the origination deficit should therefore continue throughout the patient's entire follow-up. Despite the useful information provided by the echocardiogram with respect to RV function, right heart catheterization frequently offers additional support for the assessment and optimization of RV function in LVAD-supported patients. In any patient candidate for LVAD therapy, evaluation and treatment of RV function and failure should be assessed in a multidimensional and multidisciplinary manner.

Prevention and rehabilitation after heart transplantation: A clinical consensus statement of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology, Heart Failure Association of the ESC, and the European Cardio Thoracic Transplant Association, a section of ESOT.

Little is known either about either physical activity patterns, or other lifestyle-related prevention measures in heart transplantation (HTx) recipients. The history of HTx started more than 50 years ago but there are still no guidelines or position papers highlighting the features of prevention and rehabilitation after HTx. The aims of this scientific statement are (i) to explain the importance of prevention and rehabilitation after HTx, and (ii) to promote the factors (modifiable/non-modifiable) that should be addressed after HTx to improve patients' physical capacity, quality of life and survival. All HTx team members have their role to play in the care of these patients and multidisciplinary prevention and rehabilitation programmes designed for transplant recipients. HTx recipients are clearly not healthy disease-free subjects yet they also significantly differ from heart failure patients or those who are supported with mechanical circulatory support. Therefore, prevention and rehabilitation after HTx both need to be specifically tailored to this patient population and be multidisciplinary in nature. Prevention and rehabilitation programmes should be initiated early after HTx and continued during the entire post-transplant journey. This clinical consensus.

Optimizing support before and after Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy implantation in co-creation with patients with heart failure, informal caregivers and healthcare professionals.

AIM: To optimize support by healthcare professionals to enhance physical activity, HF-related symptom monitoring and management in patients with heart failure before and after cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) implantation in co-creation with patients, informal caregivers, and healthcare professionals. METHODS AND RESULTS: A qualitative and co-design approach was used to develop support strategies collaboratively with end-users. Seventeen semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore patients' expectations and factors influencing physical activity and symptom management. The qualitatively obtained insights informed the development of support strategies using an ideas group with patients, informal caregivers, and healthcare professionals.Four themes emerged from the interviews: 1. Expecting and hoping to regain energy and fitness; 2. Difficulties and opportunities to become more active; 3. Impact of CRT on sense of safety; and 4. Dealing with continuing bothersome symptoms. Several strategies were brainstormed, prioritized and prototyped, including optimization of CRT information, a peer contact list, expansion of the post-CRT implantation consultation to ask questions and share concerns, and a group meeting with peer patients, partners, and healthcare professionals. CONCLUSION: Patients expected and hoped to have positive effects from CRT, but not all patients experienced improvement after CRT. To improve patients' physical activity, feelings of insecurity, symptom monitoring, and thoughtful response to symptoms, support must include providing information and support to increase their knowledge and discuss experiences and physical and mental concerns.

Healthcare needs in elderly patients with chronic heart failure in view of a personalized blended collaborative care intervention: a cross sectional study.

Introduction: Few studies explored healthcare needs of elderly heart failure (HF) patients with comorbidities in view of a personalized intervention conducted by Care Managers (CM) in the framework of Blended Collaborative Care (BCC). The aims of the present study were to: (1) identify perceived healthcare needs/preferences in elderly patients with HF prior to a CM intervention; (2) investigate possible associations between healthcare needs/preferences, sociodemographic variables (age; sex) and number of comorbidities. Method: Patients aged 65 years or more affected by HF with at least 2 medical comorbidities were enrolled in the study. They were assessed by structured interviewing with colored cue cards that represented six main topics including education, individual tailoring of treatment, monitoring, support, coordination, and communication, related to healthcare needs and preferences. Results: Thirty-three patients (Italy = 21, Denmark = 7, Germany = 5; mean age = 75.2 ± 7.7 years; males 63.6%) were enrolled from June 2021 to February 2022. Major identified needs included: HF information (education), patients' involvement in treatment-related management (individual tailoring of treatment), regular checks of HF symptoms (monitoring), general practitioner update by a CM about progression of symptoms and health behaviors (coordination), and telephone contacts with the CM (communication). Regarding communication modalities with a CM, males preferred phone calls (χ2 = 6.291, p = 0.043) and mobile messaging services (χ2 = 9.647, p = 0.008), whereas females preferred in-person meetings and a patient dashboard. No differences in needs and preferences according to age and number of comorbidities were found. Discussion: The findings highlight specific healthcare needs and preferences in older HF multimorbid patients, allowing a more personalized intervention delivered by CM in the framework of BCC.

Application of machine learning in predicting frailty syndrome in patients with heart failure.

Prevention and diagnosis of frailty syndrome (FS) in patients with heart failure (HF) require innovative systems to help medical personnel tailor and optimize their treatment and care. Traditional methods of diagnosing FS in patients could be more satisfactory. Healthcare personnel in clinical settings use a combination of tests and self-reporting to diagnose patients and those at risk of frailty, which is time-consuming and costly. Modern medicine uses artificial intelligence (AI) to study the physical and psychosocial domains of frailty in cardiac patients with HF. This paper aims to present the potential of using the AI approach, emphasizing machine learning (ML) in predicting frailty in patients with HF. Our team reviewed the literature on ML applications for FS and reviewed frailty measurements applied to modern clinical practice. Our approach analysis resulted in recommendations of ML algorithms for predicting frailty in patients. We also present the exemplary application of ML for FS in patients with HF based on the Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI) questionnaire, taking into account psychosocial variables.

Symptom characteristics, perceived causal attributions, and contextual factors influencing self-care behaviors: An ecological daily assessment study of adults with chronic illness.

OBJECTIVE: Insights into how symptoms influence self-care can guide patient education and improve symptom control. This study examined symptom characteristics, causal attributions, and contextual factors influencing self-care of adults with arthritis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, or heart failure. METHODS: Adults (n = 81) with a symptomatic chronic illness participated in a longitudinal observational study. Using Ecological Daily Assessment, participants described one symptom twice daily for two weeks, rating its frequency, severity, bothersomeness, duration, causes, and self-care. RESULTS: The most frequent symptoms were fatigue and shortness of breath. Pain, fatigue, and joint stiffness were the most severe and bothersome. Most participants engaged in active self-care, but those with fatigue and pain engaged in passive self-care (i.e., rest or do nothing), especially when symptoms were infrequent, mild, somewhat bothersome, and fleeting. In people using passive self-care, thoughts, feelings, and the desire to conceal symptoms from others interfered with self-care. CONCLUSION: Most adults with a chronic illness take an active role in managing their symptoms but some conceal or ignore symptoms until the frequency, severity, bothersomeness, or duration increases. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: When patients report symptoms, asking about self-care behaviors may reveal inaction or ineffective approaches. A discussion of active self-care options may improve symptom control.

An insight into healthcare professionals' perspectives on discussing implantable cardioverter defibrillator deactivation.

AIMS: International studies have examined patients' views concerning the discussion of deactivating an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). Findings reported that many patients were either not informed about the subject or were informed late in their illness trajectory. This study aimed to explore healthcare professionals' perspectives on discussing ICD deactivation and identify priorities for clinical practice and future research. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eleven interviews were conducted, involving heart failure nurses, physicians, and an allied professional. All were responsible for the care of patients with an ICD, from the UK or Sweden. A semi-structured guide was used. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, translated (as applicable), and analysed independently by experienced researchers, using framework analysis. Findings were presented, along with published work at a stakeholder meeting, and a consensus agreement was reached on priorities for clinical practice and future research. Four themes emerged from the exploratory interviews. Healthcare professionals described the discussion about deactivation as challenging, requiring compassion and involvement of family members. They agreed that the topic should be initiated prior to, or shortly after, device implantation. This was reflected in the priorities to improve communication, through the increased availability and implementation of prompts and tools, as well as the provision of tailored information to patients and family members. Stakeholders recognized the future potential of digital technology in device education. CONCLUSION: Discussing deactivation remains challenging. Healthcare professionals recognized the need to initiate the discussion early, with compassion and involvement of family members. Priorities were agreed by stakeholders, which require clinical implementation and further research.

The Importance of Cultural Awareness in the Management of Heart Failure: A Narrative Review.

Heart failure is a commonly encountered clinical syndrome arising from a range of etiologic cardiovascular diseases and manifests in a phenotypic spectrum of varying degrees of systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction. Those affected by this life-limiting illness are subject to an array of burdensome symptoms, poor quality of life, prognostic uncertainty, and a relatively onerous and increasingly complex treatment regimen. This condition occurs in epidemic proportions worldwide, and given the demographic trend in societal ageing, the prevalence of heart failure is only likely to increase. The marked upturn in international migration has generated other demographic changes in recent years, and it is evident that we are living and working in ever more ethnically and culturally diverse communities. Professionals treating those with heart failure are now dealing with a much more culturally disparate clinical cohort. Given that the heart failure disease trajectory is unique to each individual, these clinicians need to ensure that their proposed treatment options and responses to the inevitable crises intrinsic to this condition are in keeping with the culturally determined values, preferences, and worldviews of these patients and their families. In this narrative review, we describe the importance of cultural awareness across a range of themes relevant to heart failure management and emphasize the centrality of cultural competence as the basis of appropriate care provision.