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Excessive activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is implicated in cardiovascular and renal disease. Decreasing MR activation with MR antagonists (MRA) is effective to slow chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression and its cardiovascular comorbidities in animal models and patients. The present study evaluates the effects of the MR modulator balcinrenone and the MRA eplerenone on kidney damage in a metabolic CKD mouse model combining nephron reduction and a 60% high fat diet. Balcinrenone and eplerenone prevented the progression of renal damages, extracellular matrix remodeling and inflammation to a similar extent. We identified a novel mechanism linking MR activation to the renal proteoglycan deposition and inflammation via the TLR4 pathway activation. Balcinrenone and eplerenone similarly blunted this pathway activation.
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BACKGROUND: The mineralocorticoid receptor plays a significant role in the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and associated cardiovascular complications. Classic steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists are a therapeutic option, but their use in the clinic is limited due to the associated risk of hyperkalemia in patients with CKD. Finerenone is a nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has been recently investigated in 2 large phase III clinical trials (FIDELIO-DKD [Finerenone in Reducing Kidney Failure and Disease Progression in Diabetic Kidney Disease] and FIGARO-DKD [Finerenone in Reducing Cardiovascular Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease]), showing reductions in kidney and cardiovascular outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS: We tested whether finerenone improves renal and cardiac function in a preclinical nondiabetic CKD model. Twelve weeks after 5/6 nephrectomy, the rats showed classic signs of CKD characterized by a reduced glomerular filtration rate and increased kidney weight, associated with left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction and decreased LV perfusion. These changes were associated with increased cardiac fibrosis and reduced endothelial nitric oxide synthase activating phosphorylation (ser 1177). Treatment with finerenone prevented LV diastolic dysfunction and increased LV tissue perfusion associated with a reduction in cardiac fibrosis and increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation. Curative treatment with finerenone improves nondiabetic CKD-related LV diastolic function associated with a reduction in cardiac fibrosis and increased cardiac phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase independently from changes in kidney function. Short-term finerenone treatment decreased LV end-diastolic pressure volume relationship and increased phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide synthase activity. CONCLUSIONS: We showed that the nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist finerenone reduces renal hypertrophy and albuminuria, attenuates cardiac diastolic dysfunction and cardiac fibrosis, and improves cardiac perfusion in a preclinical nondiabetic CKD model.
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Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Fibrosis , Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides , Naftiridinas , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo III , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica , Disfunción Ventricular Izquierda , Animales , Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/farmacología , Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/uso terapéutico , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/tratamiento farmacológico , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/fisiopatología , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/complicaciones , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/metabolismo , Naftiridinas/farmacología , Naftiridinas/uso terapéutico , Disfunción Ventricular Izquierda/fisiopatología , Disfunción Ventricular Izquierda/tratamiento farmacológico , Disfunción Ventricular Izquierda/etiología , Disfunción Ventricular Izquierda/metabolismo , Masculino , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo III/metabolismo , Tasa de Filtración Glomerular/efectos de los fármacos , Función Ventricular Izquierda/efectos de los fármacos , Diástole/efectos de los fármacos , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Riñón/fisiopatología , Riñón/metabolismo , Fosforilación , Miocardio/metabolismo , Miocardio/patología , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Ratas , NefrectomíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Ischaemia/reperfusion injuries (IRIs) are associated with poorer survival of kidney grafts from expanded criteria donors. Preclinical studies have shown that mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) prevent acute and chronic post-ischaemic renal dysfunction by limiting IRI. However, data concerning the safety of MRAs in brain-dead donor patients are scarce. We seek to investigate the tolerance of MRAs on the haemodynamics in this population. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: CANREO-PMO is a randomised, controlled, single-centre, double-blind study. Brain-dead organ donors hospitalised in intensive care are randomised 1:1 after consent to receive 200 mg potassium canrenoate or its matching placebo every 6 hours until organ procurement. The primary outcome is a hierarchical composite endpoint that includes: (1) cardiocirculatory arrest, (2) the impossibility of kidney procurement, (3) the average hourly dose of norepinephrine/epinephrine between randomisation and departure to the operating room, and (4) the average hourly volume of crystalloids and/or colloids received. Thirty-six patients will be included. The secondary endpoints evaluated among the graft recipients are the: (1) vital status of the kidney graft recipients and serum creatinine level with estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) according to Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) at 3 months after renal transplantation, (2) percentage of patients dependent on dialysis and/or with an estimated GFR <20 mL/min/1.73 m2 at 3 months, (3) vital status of the kidney graft recipients at 3 months, and (4) vital status of the kidney graft recipients and creatinine levels (in µmol/L), with the estimated GFR according to CKD-EPI (in mL/min/1.73 m2), at 1 year, 3 years and 10 years after transplantation. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This trial has full ethical approval (Comité de Protection des Personnes: CPP Ouest II-ANGERS, France), and the written consent of relatives will be obtained. Results will be reported at conferences, peer-reviewed publications and using social media channels. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04714710.
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Ácido Canrenoico , Trasplante de Riñón , Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides , Humanos , Encéfalo , Muerte Encefálica , Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/uso terapéutico , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Diálisis Renal , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/tratamiento farmacológico , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/cirugía , Donantes de Tejidos , Método Doble Ciego , Daño por Reperfusión Miocárdica/prevención & controlRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The expression of NGAL/lcn2 (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) is directly modulated by mineralocorticoid receptor activation but its role in blood pressure control is unclear. METHODS: a potential relationship between NGAL plasma levels, systolic blood pressure and urinary Na excretion was assessed in the STANISLAS cohort. The specific role of NGAL/lcn2 in salt-sensitive hypertension was studied using lcn2-knockout mice (lcn2 KO) fed with low-Na diet (0Na). RESULTS: we show that NGAL plasma levels positively correlate with systolic blood pressure, whereas they negatively correlate with urinary Na excretion in subjects of the STANISLAS cohort. Prolonged feeding of lcn2 KO mice with a 0Na diet induced lower systolic blood pressure than that of the control group (wildtype), suggesting a role for NGAL/lcn2 in Na-balance homeostasis. Short-term or prolonged 0Na increased Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) phosphorylation in the cortex of wildtype mice, which was prevented in lcn2 KO mice. Recombinant mouse lcn2 injections in lcn2 KO mice induced NCC phosphorylation in the kidney cortex, associated with decreased urinary Na excretion. Ex vivo experiments using kidney slices from lcn2 KO mice showed increased NCC phosphorylation by recombinant murine lcn2. In addition, recombinant murine lcn2 induced activation of CamK2ß (calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II ß subunit) phosphorylation in lcn2 KO mice and in kidney slices, providing an underlying mechanism involved in lcn2-induced NCC phosphorylation. Indeed, the inhibition of CamK2ß prevented NCC phosphorylation induced by recombinant lcn2 in kidney slices. CONCLUSIONS: we highlight a novel role of NGAL/lcn2 as a modulator of the activity of the renal sodium transporter NCC affecting salt-sensitive blood pressure.
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Aldosterona , Hipertensión , Ratones , Animales , Miembro 3 de la Familia de Transportadores de Soluto 12/metabolismo , Lipocalina 2/genética , Lipocalina 2/metabolismo , Riñón/metabolismo , Sodio/metabolismo , Ratones NoqueadosRESUMEN
Tacrolimus (Tac) is a calcineurin inhibitor commonly used as an immunosuppressor after solid organ transplantation. However, Tac may induce hypertension, nephrotoxicity, and an increase in aldosterone levels. The activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is related to the proinflammatory status at the renal level. It modulates the vasoactive response as they are expressed on vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC). In this study, we investigated whether MR is involved in the renal damage generated by Tac and if the MR expressed in SMC is involved. Littermate control mice and mice with targeted deletion of the MR in SMC (SMC-MR-KO) were administered Tac (10 mg/Kg/d) for 10 days. Tac increased the blood pressure, plasma creatinine, expression of the renal induction of the interleukin (IL)-6 mRNA, and expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) protein, a marker of tubular damage (p < 0.05). Our study revealed that co-administration of spironolactone, an MR antagonist, or the absence of MR in SMC-MR-KO mice mitigated most of the unwanted effects of Tac. These results enhance our understanding of the involvement of MR in SMC during the adverse reactions of Tac treatment. Our findings provided an opportunity to design future studies considering the MR antagonism in transplanted subjects.
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Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and its associated cardiovascular morbidity represent a major complication in diabetic patients. Over the past two decades, several experimental studies have shown benefits of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonists on the cardiorenal outcomes in animal models of non-diabetic or diabetic kidney diseases. Here, we summarize the role of MR activation in promoting inflammatory and fibrotic mechanisms that contribute to DKD pathophysiology. We also review the key findings of two recent large clinical trials FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD which showed for the first time a major benefit of the non-steroidal MR antagonist, finerenone, on renal and cardiac specific outcomes across the spectrum of DKD severity. We finally discuss the place of finerenone compared to other DKD therapeutic approaches.
Title: Antagonistes du récepteur minéralocorticoïde - Une nouvelle option thérapeutique dans la maladie rénale diabétique. Abstract: La maladie rénale diabétique (MRD) et ses comorbidités cardiovasculaires représentent des complications majeures chez les patients diabétiques. Au cours des deux dernières décennies, plusieurs études expérimentales ont montré le bénéfice cardiorénal apporté par les antagonistes du récepteur minéralocorticoïde (RM) dans des modèles animaux de maladies rénales diabétiques ou non. Dans cette synthèse, nous présentons le rôle de l'activation du RM dans l'induction des mécanismes inflammatoires et fibrosants qui contribuent à la physiopathologie de la MRD. Nous passons également en revue les principales conclusions de deux grands essais cliniques récents, FIDELIO-DKD et FIGARO-DKD, qui ont montré pour la première fois un bénéfice majeur de l'antagoniste non stéroïdien du RM, la finerénone, pour la réduction des risques rénaux et cardiaques chez les patients présentant une MRD. Nous discutons enfin de la place de la finerénone par rapport aux autres approches thérapeutiques actuelles et futures de la MRD.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Nefropatías Diabéticas , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica , Animales , Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/uso terapéutico , Nefropatías Diabéticas/complicaciones , Nefropatías Diabéticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Riñón , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/complicaciones , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) plays an important role in the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and associated cardiovascular complications. Antagonizing the overactivation of the MR with MR antagonists (MRA) is a therapeutic option, but their use in patients with CKD is limited due to the associated risk of hyperkalemia. Finerenone is a non-steroidal MRA associated with an improved benefit-risk profile in comparison to steroidal MRAs. In this study, we decided to test whether finerenone improves renal and cardiac function in male hypertensive and diabetic ZSF1 rats as an established preclinical HFpEF model. Finerenone was administered at 10 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks. Cardiac function/hemodynamics were assessed in vivo. ZSF1 rats showed classical signs of CKD with increased BUN, UACR, hypertrophy, and fibrosis of the kidney together with characteristic signs of HFpEF including cardiac fibrosis, diastolic dysfunction, and decreased cardiac perfusion. Finerenone treatment did not impact kidney function but reduced renal hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis. Interestingly, finerenone ameliorated diastolic dysfunction and cardiac perfusion in ZSF1 rats. In summary, we show for the first time that non-steroidal MR antagonism by finerenone attenuates cardiac diastolic dysfunction and improves cardiac perfusion in a preclinical HFpEF model. These cardiac benefits were found to be largely independent of renal benefits.
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Cardiopatías , Insuficiencia Cardíaca , Síndrome Metabólico , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica , Masculino , Ratas , Animales , Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/farmacología , Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/uso terapéutico , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/tratamiento farmacológico , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/etiología , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/metabolismo , Síndrome Metabólico/tratamiento farmacológico , Volumen Sistólico , Naftiridinas/farmacología , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/tratamiento farmacológico , Fibrosis , Cardiopatías/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipertrofia/tratamiento farmacológico , Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Accumulating evidence suggest the existence of sex-related differences in the pathogenesis of aortic stenosis (AS) with inflammation, oxidative stress, fibrosis and calcification being over-represented in men. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is expressed in a myriad of tissues and cell types, and it is associated with acute and chronic pathological processes comprising inflammation, fibrosis or calcification. Sex-dependent signatures have been evidenced for NGAL which expression has been associated predominantly in males to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. We aimed to analyse sex-related differences of NGAL in AS and its role in the inflammatory and fibrocalcific progression of AS. METHODS AND RESULTS: 220 (60.45% men) patients with severe AS elective for surgical aortic valve (AV) replacement were recruited. Immunohistochemistry revealed higher expression of NGAL in calcific areas of AVs and that was validated by qPCR in in 65 (60% men) donors. Valve interstitial cells (VICs) were a source of NGAL in these samples. Proteome profiler analyses evidenced higher expression of NGAL in men compared to women, and that was further validated by ELISA. NGAL expression in the AV was correlated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and osteogenic markers, as well as calcium score. The expression of NGAL, both intracellular and secreted (sNGAL), was significantly deregulated only in calcifying male-derived VICs. Depletion of intracellular NGAL in calcifying male-derived VICs was associated with pro-inflammatory profiles, dysbalanced matrix remodelling and pro-osteogenic profiles. Conversely, exogenous NGAL mediated inflammatory and dysbalanced matrix remodelling in calcifying VICs, and all that was prevented by the pharmacological blockade of NGAL. CONCLUSIONS: Owing to the over-expression of NGAL, the AV from men may be endowed with higher expression of inflammatory, oxidative stress, matrix remodelling and osteogenic markers supporting the progression of calcific AS phenotypes. The expression of NGAL in the VIC emerges as a potential therapeutic checkpoint, with its effects being potentially reverted by the pharmacological blockade of extracellular NGAL.
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Estenosis de la Válvula Aórtica , Lipocalina 2 , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Estenosis de la Válvula Aórtica/epidemiología , Estenosis de la Válvula Aórtica/metabolismo , Estenosis de la Válvula Aórtica/patología , Calcinosis/patología , Células Cultivadas , Fibrosis , Lipocalina 2/genética , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Delayed wound healing is among the deleterious consequences of over-activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) induced by topical dermocorticoids. The role of dermal inflammation and angiogenesis in the benefits of MR blockade is unknown. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Skin wounds were made on C57Bl6 mice after topical pretreatment with the dermocorticoid clobetasol. The impact of topical MR blockade by canrenoate on inflammation, angiogenesis, and the wound macrophage phenotype was analysed 5 days post-wounding. Similar experiments were conducted on mice with genetic deletion of the MR in myeloid cells. KEY RESULTS: Topical inhibition of the MR with canrenoate improved delayed wound healing through the resolution of prolonged inflammation in glucocorticoid-pretreated mouse skin. This effect was associated with a higher ratio of anti-inflammatory macrophages versus pro-inflammatory macrophages in wounds treated by canrenoate. Furthermore, MR blockade led to upregulated expression of pro-angiogenic factors and improved impaired angiogenesis in wounds of glucocorticoid-pretreated skin. Finally, deletion of MR expression by myeloid cells reproduced the benefits of topical pharmacological MR blockade. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Topical MR antagonism facilitates the switching of macrophages towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype, which improves prolonged inflammation and induces angiogenesis to accelerate wound healing delayed by glucocorticoid treatment.
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Glucocorticoides , Receptores de Mineralocorticoides , Ratones , Animales , Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/metabolismo , Glucocorticoides/farmacología , Glucocorticoides/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Cicatrización de Heridas , Piel/metabolismo , Inflamación/inducido químicamente , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Inflamación/metabolismoRESUMEN
The beneficial effects of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonists (MRAs) for various kidney diseases are established. However, the underlying mechanisms of kidney injury induced by MR activation remain to be elucidated. We recently reported aldosterone-induced enhancement of proteoglycan expression in mitral valve interstitial cells and its association with fibromyxomatous valvular disorder. As the expression of certain proteoglycans is elevated in several kidney diseases, we hypothesized that proteoglycans mediate kidney injury in the context of aldosterone/MR pathway activation. We evaluated the proteoglycan expression and tissue injury in the kidney and isolated glomeruli of uninephrectomy/aldosterone/salt (NAS) mice. The MRA eplerenone was administered to assess the role of the MR pathway. We investigated the direct effects of biglycan, one of the proteoglycans, on macrophages using isolated macrophages. The kidney samples from NAS-treated mice showed enhanced fibrosis and increased expression of biglycan accompanying glomerular macrophage infiltration and enhanced expression of TNF-α, iNOS, Nox2, CCL3 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 3), and phosphorylated NF-κB. Eplerenone blunted these changes. Purified biglycan stimulated macrophages to express TNF-α, iNOS, Nox2, and CCL3. This was prevented by a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) or NF-κB inhibitor, indicating that biglycan stimulation is dependent on the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. We identified the proteoglycan biglycan as a novel target of MR involved in MR-induced glomerular injury and macrophage infiltration via a biglycan/TLR4/NF-κB/CCL3 cascade.
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Enfermedades Renales , Receptor Toll-Like 4 , Aldosterona/metabolismo , Aldosterona/farmacología , Animales , Biglicano/metabolismo , Eplerenona/farmacología , Enfermedades Renales/etiología , Ratones , Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/farmacología , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Cloruro de Sodio Dietético , Receptor Toll-Like 4/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfaRESUMEN
Despite strong preclinical data supporting the use of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) to provide cardiorenal protection in rodent models of diabetes, the clinical evidence of their utility in treating chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been limited. Two major clinical trials (FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD) including more than 13,000 patients with albuminuric CKD and Type 2 diabetes randomized to placebo or finerenone (MRA) have recently provided exciting results showing a significant risk reduction for kidney and cardiovascular outcomes. In this review, we will summarize the major findings of these trials, together with post-hoc and pooled analyses that have allowed evaluation of the efficacy and safety of finerenone across the spectrum of CKD, revealing significant protective effects of finerenone against kidney failure, new-onset atrial fibrillation or flutter, new-onset heart failure, cardiovascular death, and first and total heart-failure hospitalizations. Moreover, we will discuss the current evidence that supports the combined use of MRAs with sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors, either by providing an additive cardiorenal benefit or by decreasing the risk of hyperkalemia. Although the mechanisms of protection by finerenone have only been partially explored in patients, rodent studies have shed light on its anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects in models of kidney disease, which is one of the main drivers for testing the efficacy of finerenone in non-diabetic CKD patients in the ongoing FIND-CKD trial.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/farmacología , Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/uso terapéutico , Naftiridinas/farmacología , Naftiridinas/uso terapéutico , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/complicaciones , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Chronic kidney disease is a major global health challenge, and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) signaling is thought to play a role in disease progression. The classic role of the MR is the regulation of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis via differential gene expression, and recently its role in modulating inflammation and fibrosis has been identified. In addition to expression of the MR in renal epithelial cells, it is also found in nonepithelial cells, such as endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, podocytes, and fibroblasts. Targeting the MR in these cells may play a role in offering protection against inflammation and fibrosis in the kidneys and the cardiovascular system. Herein, data from preclinical cell-specific MR knockout mouse models and in vitro studies that help uncover the role of the MR in nonepithelial cells are presented. This review also discusses several potential targets that offer opportunities for the targeting of MR signaling in nonepithelial cells.
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BACKGROUND: There are sex differences in the pathophysiology of aortic valve (AV) calcification in patients with aortic stenosis, although the molecular and cellular mechanisms have not been elucidated. Aldosterone (Aldo) promotes proteoglycan synthesis in valve interstitial cells (VICs) from mitral valves via the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). We investigated the influence of sex in the role of Aldo/MR pathway in AV alterations in patients with aortic stenosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: MR was expressed by primary aortic VICs and in AVs from patients with aortic stenosis. MR expression positively correlated with VIC activation markers in AVs from both sexes. However, MR expression was positively associated with molecules involved in AV calcification only in AV from men. Aldo enhanced VIC activation markers in cells from men and women. Interestingly, Aldo increased the expression of calcification markers only in VICs isolated from men. In female VICs, Aldo enhanced fibrotic molecules. MR antagonism (spironolactone) blocked all the above effects. Cytokine arrays showed ICAM (intercellular adhesion molecule)-1 and osteopontin to be specifically increased by Aldo in male VICs. In AVs from men, MR expression positively associated with both ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1) and osteopontin. Only in female VICs, estradiol treatment blocked Aldo-induced VICs activation, inflammation, and fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that the Aldo/MR pathway could play a role in early stages of aortic stenosis by promoting VICs activation, fibrosis, and ulterior calcification. Importantly, Aldo/MR pathway is involved in fibrosis in women and in early AV calcification only in men. Accordingly, MR antagonism emerges as a new sex-specific pharmacological treatment to prevent AV alterations.
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Estenosis de la Válvula Aórtica , Válvula Aórtica , Receptores de Mineralocorticoides , Aldosterona/metabolismo , Válvula Aórtica/patología , Estenosis de la Válvula Aórtica/metabolismo , Calcinosis , Células Cultivadas , Femenino , Fibrosis , Humanos , Masculino , Osteopontina/metabolismo , Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/metabolismo , Factores Sexuales , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
Obesity and/or metabolic diseases are frequently associated with chronic kidney disease and several factors associated with obesity may contribute to proteinuria and extracellular matrix production. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists have proven their clinical efficacy in diabetic kidney disease with preclinical data suggesting that they may also be efficient in non-diabetic chronic kidney disease associated to metabolic diseases. In the present study we developed a novel mouse model combining severe nephron reduction and High Fat Diet challenge that led to chronic kidney disease with metabolic alterations. We showed that the Mineralocorticoid Receptor antagonist canrenoate improved metabolic function, reduced albuminuria and prevented the synergistic effect of high fat diet on renal fibrosis and inflammation in chronic kidney disease mice.
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Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation in the heart and vessels leads to pathological effects, such as excessive extracellular matrix accumulation, oxidative stress, and sustained inflammation. In these organs, the MR is expressed in cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and inflammatory cells. We review the accumulating experimental and clinical evidence that pharmacological MR antagonism has a positive impact on a battery of cardiac and vascular pathological states, including heart failure, myocardial infarction, arrhythmic diseases, atherosclerosis, vascular stiffness, and cardiac and vascular injury linked to metabolic comorbidities and chronic kidney disease. Moreover, we present perspectives on optimization of the use of MR antagonists in patients more likely to respond to such therapy and review the evidence suggesting that novel nonsteroidal MR antagonists offer an improved safety profile while retaining their cardiovascular protective effects. Finally, we highlight future therapeutic applications of MR antagonists in cardiovascular injury.
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Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Sistema Cardiovascular , Sistema Cardiovascular/metabolismo , Células Endoteliales/metabolismo , Corazón , Humanos , Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/farmacología , Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/uso terapéutico , Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/metabolismoRESUMEN
Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a retinal disease affecting the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the choroid. This is a recognized side-effect of glucocorticoids (GCs), administered through nasal, articular, oral and dermal routes. However, CSCR does not occur after intraocular GCs administration, suggesting that a hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) brake could play a role in the mechanistic link between CSCR and GS. The aim of this study was to explore this hypothesis. To induce HPA brake, Lewis rats received a systemic injection of dexamethasone daily for five days. Control rats received saline injections. Baseline levels of corticosterone were measured by Elisa at baseline and at 5 days in the serum and the ocular media and dexamethasone levels were measured at 5 days in the serum and ocular media. The expression of genes encoding glucocorticoid receptor (GR), mineralocorticoid receptors (MR), and the 11 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) enzymes 1 and 2 were quantified in the neural retina and in RPE/ choroid. The expression of MR target genes was quantified in the retina (Scnn1A (encoding ENac-α, Kir4.1 and Aqp4) and in the RPE/choroid (Shroom 2, Ngal, Mmp9 and Omg, Ptx3, Plaur and Fosl-1). Only 10% of the corticosterone serum concentration was measured in the ocular media. Corticosterone levels in the serum and in the ocular media dropped after 5 days of dexamethasone systemic treatment, reflecting HPA axis brake. Whilst both GR and MR were downregulated in the retina without MR/GR imbalance, in the RPE/choroid, both MR/GR and 11ß-hsd2/11ß-hsd1 ratio increased, indicating MR pathway activation. MR-target genes were upregulated in the RPE/ choroid but not in the retina. The psychological stress induced by the repeated injection of saline also induced HPA axis brake with a trend towards MR pathway activation in RPE/ choroid. HPA axis brake causes an imbalance of corticoid receptors expression in the RPE/choroid towards overactivation of MR pathway, which could favor the occurrence of CSCR.
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Glucocorticoides/metabolismo , Mineralocorticoides/metabolismo , Retina/metabolismo , Animales , Coriorretinopatía Serosa Central/tratamiento farmacológico , Coriorretinopatía Serosa Central/fisiopatología , Coroides/efectos de los fármacos , Coroides/metabolismo , Corticosterona/sangre , Dexametasona/metabolismo , Dexametasona/farmacología , Ojo/metabolismo , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisario/metabolismo , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Oculares/efectos de los fármacos , Sistema Hipófiso-Suprarrenal/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas Lew , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/metabolismo , Retina/efectos de los fármacos , Epitelio Pigmentado de la Retina/efectos de los fármacos , Epitelio Pigmentado de la Retina/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/genética , Transducción de Señal/fisiologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: High salt intake and aldosterone are both associated with vascular stiffening in humans. However, our preliminary work showed that high dietary salt alone did not increase endothelial cell (EC) or vascular stiffness or endothelial sodium channel (EnNaC) activation in mice, presumably because aldosterone production was significantly suppressed as a result of the high salt diet. We thus hypothesized that high salt consumption along with an exogenous mineralocorticoid would substantially increase EC and vascular stiffness via activation of the EnNaC. METHODS AND RESULTS: Mice were implanted with slow-release DOCA pellets and given salt in their drinking water for 21 days. Mice with either specific deletion of the alpha subunit of EnNaC or treated with a pharmacological inhibitor of mTOR, a downstream signaling molecule involved in mineralocorticoid receptor activation of EnNaC, were studied. DOCA-salt treated control mice had increased blood pressure, EC Na+ transport activity, EC and arterial stiffness, which were attenuated in both the αEnNaC-/- and mTOR inhibitor treated groups. Further, depletion of αEnNaC prevented DOCA-salt-induced impairment in EC-dependent vascular relaxation. CONCLUSION: While high salt consumption alone does not cause EC or vascular stiffening, the combination of EC MR activation and high salt causes activation of EnNaC which increases EC and arterial stiffness and impairs vascular relaxation. Underlying mechanisms appear to include mTOR signaling.