Glucose Hydrogenolysis into 1,2-Propanediol Using a Pt/deAl@Mg(OH)2 Catalyst: Expanding the Application of a Core-Shell Structured Catalyst.

To substitute fossil resources, it is necessary to investigate the conversion of biomass into 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PDO) as a high-value-added chemical. The Pt/deAl-Beta@Mg(OH)2 catalytic system is designed to obtain a higher 1,2-PDO production yield. The optimal yield of 1,2-PDO is 34.1%. The unique shell-core structure of the catalyst demonstrates stability, with a catalytic yield of over 30% after three times of use. The primary process path from glucose to 1,2-PDO, glucose-hexitol-1,2-PDO, is speculated by the experiments of intermediate product selectivity. The alkaline catalytic mechanism of the reaction process is elucidated by studying catalyst characterization and analyzing different time courses of products. The introduction of Mg(OH)2 improves the target yield by promoting the isomerization from glucose to fructose and retro-aldol condensation (RAC) conversion, with pseudo-yield increases of 76.1% and 42.1%, respectively. By studying the processes of producing lactic acid and 1,2-PDO from glucose, the glucose hydrogenolysis flow chart is improved, which is of great significance for accurately controlling 1,2-PDO production in industrial applications. The metal, acid, and alkali synergistic catalytic system constructed in this paper can provide a theoretical basis and route reference for applying biomass conversion technology in practice.

Catalytic production of 1,2-propanediol from sucrose over a functionalized Pt/deAl-beta zeolite catalyst.

To eliminate the dependence on fossil fuels and expand the applications of biomass conversion, an efficient Pt/deAl-beta@Mg(OH)2 catalyst was designed, with dealuminated beta zeolite loaded with Pt as the core and Mg(OH)2 as the shell. The catalyst was used to produce 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PDO) from sucrose. The preparation and reaction conditions of the catalyst were optimized. The optimal yield of 1,2-PDO was 33.5% when the conditions were 20 h of dealumination, 3.0 wt% Pt loading, 5.0 wt% Mg(OH)2, 200 mg of catalyst, 10 mL (11.25 mg mL-1) of sucrose solution, an initial H2 pressure of 6 MPa, 200 °C, and 3 h. The core-shell structure of the modified beta zeolite shows good stability, yielding more than 30.0% after three cycles of reuse. Firstly, the molecular zeolite can host more acid sites after dealumination by concentrated nitric acid and this can prolong the catalyst's service life. Secondly, the loading of Pt increases the distribution of acid sites and improves the shape selectivity of the catalyst. The introduction of alkali produces many alkaline sites, inhibits the occurrence of side reactions, and increases the product yield. The above modification methods increase the production of 1,2-PDO by promoting isomerization between glucose and fructose from sucrose hydrolysis and the reverse aldol condensation (RAC) reaction. This paper provides a theoretical basis and reference route for applying biomass conversion technology in practical production, which is of great significance for developing biomass resources into high-value-added chemical products.

Co-cultured Lepista sordida and Pholiota nameko polysaccharide-iron(iii) chelates exhibit good antioxidant activity.

In the present study, the structural characteristics and antioxidant activities of polysaccharide from the co-cultured Lepista sordida and Pholiota nameko and its polysaccharide-iron(iii) chelates were determined. Two polysaccharide fractions named CP-1 and CP-3 were isolated previously from polysaccharide of the fermentation liquid of the co-cultured Lepista sordida and Pholiota nameko. And their chemical structures were measured by FT-IR infrared spectroscopy, TG analysis, X-ray diffraction and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The results suggested that polysaccharides were chelated with iron(iii) by -OH and -COOH groups, forming a stable structure of ß-FeOOH and improving crystallinity. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities of polysaccharide-iron(iii) chelates exhibited stronger hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activity than the polysaccharides. Therefore, the polysaccharide-iron(iii) chelates could be used as a potential iron supplement.

A Propensity Score Matched Comparison of Brand and Biosimilar Basal Insulin in Non-Critical Hospitalized Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

INTRODUCTION: Comparisons between brand and biosimilar basal insulin in hospitalized patients are lacking. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of brand insulin glargine vs. biosimilar insulin glargine in non-critical hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted using the electronic medical records of 194,006 patients at the Qingdao Endocrine and Diabetes Hospital between January 2006 and December 2017. A total of 476 patients diagnosed with T2DM, hospitalized, and treated with subcutaneous insulin glargine were included. After propensity score matching (1:3), patients who received biosimilar insulin glargine (Basalin) (n = 34) were compared to a matched group of patients who received brand insulin glargine (Lantus) (n = 101). Outcome measures were changes in fasting blood glucose (FBG), the incidence of hypoglycemia, and insulin dose. RESULTS: Compared to patients who received Basalin, patients who received Lantus achieved more reduction in FBG during insulin treatment (- 1.24 mmol/L vs. - 2.20 mmol/L; p = 0.04) and had a lower mean FBG at the end of treatment (8.20 mmol/L vs. 7.26 mmol/L; p = 0.12). Patients in Basalin and Lantus groups had a comparable mean daily dose of basal insulin at initiation (0.19 vs. 0.18 IU/kg; p = 0.30) and end of treatment (0.21 vs. 0.21 IU/kg; p = 0.99), and a similar duration of basal insulin treatment (16.4 vs. 15.3 days; p = 0.74). Hypoglycemia was infrequent in both Basalin and Lantus treatment (one vs. four patients, respectively; p = 1.00) and no severe hypoglycemic events were reported. CONCLUSION: In a non-critical hospital setting, subcutaneous treatment with Lantus brought significant FBG improvement without increased hypoglycemic risk.

Switching from biosimilar (Basalin) to originator (Lantus) insulin glargine is effective in Chinese patients with diabetes mellitus: a retrospective chart review.

Background: This study investigated the effectiveness and safety of switching from Basalin® to Lantus® in Chinese patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods:  A retrospective chart review conducted using the electronic medical records of patients hospitalized at the Qingdao Endocrine and Diabetes Hospital from 2005 to 2016. All patients were diagnosed with DM and underwent switching of insulin from Basalin to Lantus during hospitalization. Data collected included fasting (FBG), pre- and post-prandial whole blood glucose, insulin dose, reasons for insulin switching and hypoglycemia. Four study time points were defined as: hospital admission, Basalin initiation, insulin switching (date of final dose of Basalin), and hospital discharge. Blood glucose measurements were imputed as the values recorded closest to the dates of these four time points for each patient. Results: Data from 73 patients (70 patients with type 2 diabetes, 2 with type 1, and 1 undisclosed) were analyzed. At admission, mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and FBG were 8.9% (SD=1.75) and 9.98 (3.22) mmol/L, respectively. Between Basalin initiation and insulin switch, mean FBG decreased from 9.68 mmol/L to 8.03 mmol/L (p<0.0001), over a mean 10.8 (SD=6.85) days of Basalin treatment, and reduced further to 7.30 mmol/L at discharge (p=0.0116) following a mean 6.6 (7.36) days of Lantus. The final doses of Basalin and Lantus were similar (0.23 vs. 0.24 IU/kg/day; p=0.2409). Furthermore, reductions in pre- and post-prandial blood glucose were also observed between Basalin initiation, insulin switch and hospital discharge. The incidence of confirmed hypoglycemia was low during Basalin (2 [2.4%]) and Lantus (1 [1.2%]) treatment, with no cases of severe hypoglycemia. Conclusion: In this study population, switching from Basalin to Lantus was associated with further reductions in blood glucose, although the dose of insulin glargine did not increase. Further studies are required to verify these findings and determine the reason for this phenomenon.