A novel indole derivative, 2-{3-[1-(benzylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]-2-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl}-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethenone, suppresses hedgehog signaling and drug-resistant tumor growth.

The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays important roles in various physiological functions. Several malignancies, such as basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and medulloblastoma (MB), have been linked to the aberrant activation of Hh signaling. Although therapeutic drugs have been developed to inhibit Hh pathway-dependent cancer growth, drug resistance remains a major obstacle in cancer treatment. Here, we show that the newly identified, 2-{3-[1-(benzylsulfonyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl]-2-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl}-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethenone analog (LKD1214) exhibits comparable potency to vismodegib in suppressing the Hh pathway activation. LKD1214 represses Smoothened (SMO) activity by blocking its ciliary translocation. Interestingly, we also identified that it has a distinctive binding interface with SMO compared with other SMO-regulating chemicals. Notably, it maintains an inhibitory activity against the SmoD477H mutant, as observed in a patient with vismodegib-resistant BCC. Furthermore, LKD1214 inhibits tumor growth in the mouse model of MB. Collectively, these findings suggest that LKD1214 has the therapeutic potential to overcome drug-resistance in Hh-dependent cancers.

Ginsenoside Re protects rhinovirus-induced disruption of tight junction through inhibition of ROS-mediated phosphatases inactivation in human nasal epithelial cells.

Maintaining tight junction integrity significantly contributes to epithelial barrier function. If the barrier function is destroyed, the permeability of the cells increases, and the movement of the pathogens is promoted, thereby further increasing the susceptibility to secondary infection. Ginsenoside components have multiple biological activities, including antiviral effects. In this study, we examined the protective effects of ginsenoside Re against rhinovirus-induced tight junction disruption in primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNE). Incubation with human rhinovirus resulted in marked disruption of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, E-cadherin, claudin-1, and occludin) in human nasal epithelial cells. Rhinovirus-induced disruption of tight junction proteins was strongly inhibited by the treatment of cells with ginsenoside Re. Indeed, significant amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been detected in human nasal epithelial cells co-incubated with rhinovirus. Moreover, rhinovirus-induced ROS generation was markedly reduced by the ginsenoside Re. However, ginsenosides Rb1 and Rc did not inhibit tight junction disruption or ROS generation in nasal epithelial cells following incubation with rhinovirus. Furthermore, incubation with rhinovirus resulted in a marked decrease in protein phosphatase activity and an increase in protein tyrosine phosphorylation levels in nasal epithelial cells. Treatment of cells with ginsenoside Re inhibited rhinovirus-induced inactivation of phosphatases and phosphorylation of tyrosine. Our results identified ginsenoside Re as an effective compound that prevented rhinovirus-induced tight junction disruption in human nasal epithelial cells.

Predictors of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Adherence and Comparison of Clinical Factors and Polysomnography Findings Between Compliant and Non-Compliant Korean Adults With Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

OBJECTIVE: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the preferred treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, compliance with CPAP therapy varies among studies, and studies on its predictors are insufficient in Korea. This study aimed to identify factors that predict compliance with CPAP therapy in patients with OSA. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed medical records, polysomnography (PSG) records, and self-report questionnaires of patients w ith OSA. Criteria for compliance was the use of CPAP devices for ≥4 h per night for ≥70% of the consecutive 30 nights (i.e., 21 days) during the first 3 months of treatment initiation. The patients were classified into two groups: compliant and non-compliant. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the clinical factors and PSG parameters associated with CPAP compliance. RESULTS: Of the 188 participants, 80 were classified into the compliant group and 108 into the non-compliant group. The ratios of stage N1 (p=0.011) and health insurance coverage (p=0.007) were significantly associated with compliance with CPAP, with an explanatory power of 18.6% (R2=0.186, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Stage N1 ratio and health insurance coverage were significant predictors of CPAP compliance. It is necessary to confirm whether the relationship between a high stage N1 ratio and compliance can be reproduced in a larger sample and in individuals from other countries.

Effect of intralymphatic allergen-specific immunotherapy on house dust mite in a murine model of allergic rhinitis.

BACKGROUND: Intralymphatic immunotherapy (ILIT) is a promising alternative for the treatment of patients with allergic rhinitis, providing similar therapeutic efficacy to conventional allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT). However, the allergic mechanism of ILIT is not completely known. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of ILIT in a house dust mite (HDM) mouse model of allergic rhinitis. METHODS: BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: G1, control without allergy; G2, allergy sensitized with HDM; G3, allergy with ILIT (starting with HDM 1.25 µg/mL); and G4, allergy with ILIT (starting with HDM 2.5 µg/mL). After the murine model of allergic rhinitis with HDM was established, mice were administered an intralymphatic injection through the inguinal lymph nodes with HDM. RESULTS: ILIT decreased serum total IgE level and eosinophil infiltration in the nasal mucosa. ILIT also decreased the expression levels of IL-13, IL-25, IL-33, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-17, and increased the expression of FoxP3(+) T reg cells. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: Our results suggest that ILIT regulates the specific immunotherapy immunologic mechanism by downregulating Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines and upregulating FoxP3(+) T reg cells in the HDM allergic mouse model.

Aux-MVNet: Auxiliary Classifier-Based Multi-View Convolutional Neural Network for Maxillary Sinusitis Diagnosis on Paranasal Sinuses View.

Computed tomography (CT) is undoubtedly the most reliable and the only method for accurate diagnosis of sinusitis, while X-ray has long been used as the first imaging technique for early detection of sinusitis symptoms. More importantly, radiography plays a key role in determining whether or not a CT examination should be performed for further evaluation. In order to simplify the diagnostic process of paranasal sinus view and moreover to avoid the use of CT scans which have disadvantages such as high radiation dose, high cost, and high time consumption, this paper proposed a multi-view CNN able to faithfully estimate the severity of sinusitis. In this study, a multi-view convolutional neural network (CNN) is proposed which is able to accurately estimate the severity of sinusitis by analyzing only radiographs consisting of Waters' view and Caldwell's view without the aid of CT scans. The proposed network is designed as a cascaded architecture, and can simultaneously provide decisions for maxillary sinus localization and sinusitis classification. We obtained an average area under the curve (AUC) of 0.722 for maxillary sinusitis classification, and an AUC of 0.750 and 0.700 for the left and right maxillary sinusitis, respectively, using the proposed network.

Wogonin inhibits tight junction disruption via suppression of inflammatory response and phosphorylation of AKT/NF-κB and ERK1/2 in rhinovirus-infected human nasal epithelial cells.

OBJECTIVE: The maintenance of tight junction integrity contributes significantly to epithelial barrier function. If barrier function is destroyed, cell permeability increases and the movement of pathogens is promoted, further increasing the susceptibility to secondary infection. Here, we examined the protective effects of wogonin on rhinovirus (RV)-induced tight junction disruption. Additionally, we examined the signaling molecules responsible for anti-inflammatory activities in human nasal epithelial (HNE) cells. METHODS AND RESULTS: Primary HNE cells grown at an air-liquid interface and RPMI 2650 cells were infected apically with RV. Incubation with RV resulted in disruption of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, E-cadherin, claudin-1, and occludin) in the HNE cells. Cell viability of wogonin-treated HNE cells was measured using the MTT assay. Pretreatment with wogonin decreased RV-induced disruption of tight junctions in HNE cells. Furthermore, wogonin significantly decreased RV-induced phosphorylation of Akt/NF-κB and ERK1/2. Additionally, RV-induced generation of reactive oxygen species and RV-induced up-regulation of the production of inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and IL-6 were diminished by wogonin in HNE cells. CONCLUSION: Wogonin inhibits HRV-induced tight junction disruption via the suppression of inflammatory responses and phosphorylation of Akt/NF-κB and ERK1/2 in HNE cells. These finds will facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

Oral Commissure Lift: A Retrospective Analysis of Complication Rates and Overall Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Downward-turning oral commissures and sagging mouth corners can present an unfavorable impression. We introduced a new oral commissure lift procedure and investigated its effectiveness and complication rates. METHODS: Patients who underwent oral commissure lift in the plastic surgery clinic between January 2010 and December 2017 were enrolled retrospectively. Pre-and postoperative photographs were evaluated to measure oral commissure angles and analyze surgical complications, including visible scarring, unnatural appearance, and asymmetry. Many patients underwent a oral commissure lift with a simultaneous facelift. To exclude potential bias, we compared angular changes between patients receiving both oral commissure lift and facelift, with those receiving only oral commissure lift. Moreover, oral commissure angles of patients only receiving facelift were also measured. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Oral commissure lift was performed in 51 patients. The mean ages and follow-up periods were 46.7 ± 11.9 years, and 25.2 ± 22.9 months, respectively. The preoperative mean angles of the right and left oral commissures measured - 3.1 ± 4.0° and - 3.4 ± 3.7°, respectively, and postoperative mean angles measured 3.6 ± 3.2° and 3.3 ± 3.5°, respectively. Postoperative changes in oral commissure angles were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The low complication rate included undercorrection in one patient, asymmetry in one patient, and visible scarring in three patients. We found no statistically significant differences in the studies excluding bias. CONCLUSIONS: The new oral commissure lift procedure for correcting sagging oral commissures was simple, safe, and effective with a low complication rate. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Epicutaneous Allergen Administration with Microneedles as a Novel Method of Immunotherapy for House Dust Mite (HDM) Allergic Rhinitis.

PURPOSE: Epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) is being studied as a method for treating allergic rhinitis because of skin immunology, user convenience and enhanced patient compliance. However, the use of EPIT is limited because of the very low skin permeability of the allergen. In this study, the limitations of EPIT were overcome by using sophisticated delivery with microneedles. The immunological efficacy of this method was studied in a murine model of house dust mite (HDM) allergic rhinitis. METHODS: The length of the microneedles was 400 µm, and the coating formulation containing HDM was locally distributed near the end of the microneedle tips. The change of distribution of FITC-dextran in porcine skin in vitro was observed over time using a confocal microscope. The effect of immunotherapy in the allergic rhinitis model, sensitized by HDM-coated microneedles (HDM MNs), was observed according to the amount of HDM applied. RESULTS: The microneedles delivered the coating formulation with precision into the porcine skin layer, and the coated formulation on the microneedles was all dissolved in the porcine skin in vitro within 20 min of administration and then gradually diffused into the skin layer. When HDM MNs were administered to mice, a 0.1-µg dose of HDM provided the most effective immunization, and improved efficacy was shown between 0.1- and 0.5- µg doses of HDM. CONCLUSIONS: Effective immunotherapy can be achieved by precision delivery of the allergen into the skin layer, and microneedles can provide effective immunological therapy by delivering the appropriate amount of allergen.

Intralymphatic immunotherapy with tyrosine-adsorbed allergens: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Most previous studies used aluminum hydroxide-absorbed allergen extracts in evaluating the potential therapeutic roles of intralymphatic allergen-specific immunotherapy (ILAIT). In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy and safety of ILAIT with L-tyrosine-adsorbed allergen extracts of Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus, cat, dog, or mixtures thereof, in patients with allergic rhinitis induced by these allergens. METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, study subjects received three intralymphatic injections of L-tyrosine-adsorbed allergen extracts (active group) or saline (placebo group) at 4-week intervals. RESULTS: Although ILAIT reduced daily medication use and skin reactivity to HDM and cat allergens at 4 months after treatment, overall symptom score on a visual analog scale (VAS), sinonasal outcome test-20 (SNOT-20), rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire (RQLQ), daily symptom score (dSS), daily medication score (dMS), daily symptom medication score (dSMS), nasal reactivity to HDM allergen, and basophil activity to HDM, cat, and dog allergens at 4 months and 1 year after treatment were similar between the treatment and control groups. Intralymphatic injection was more painful than a venous puncture, and pain at the injection site was the most frequent local adverse event (12.8%); dyspnea and wheezing were the most common systemic adverse events (5.3%). CONCLUSIONS: ILAIT with L-tyrosine-adsorbed allergen extracts does not exhibit profound therapeutic efficacy in allergic rhinitis and can provoke moderate-to-severe systemic reactions and cause pain at the injection site. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02665754; date of registration: 28 January 2016.

Genetic Variants and Clinical Phenotypes in Korean Patients With Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia.

OBJECTIVES: Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant vascular disorder characterized by recurrent epistaxis, telangiectasia, and visceral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Activin A receptor-like type 1 (ACVRL1/ALK1) and endoglin (ENG) are the principal genes whose mutations cause HHT. No multicenter study has yet investigated correlations between genetic variations and clinical outcomes in Korean HHT patients. METHODS: Seventy-two members from 40 families suspected to have HHT based on symptoms were genetically screened for pathogenic variants of ACVRL1 and ENG. Patients with genetically diagnosed HHT were also evaluated. RESULTS: In the HHT genetic screening, 42 patients from 24 of the 40 families had genetic variants that met the pathogenic criteria (pathogenic very strong, pathogenic strong, pathogenic moderate, or pathogenic supporting) based on the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics Standards and Guidelines for either ENG or ACVRL1: 26 from 12 families (50%) for ENG, and 16 from 12 families (50%) for ACVRL1. Diagnostic screening of 42 genetically positive HHT patients based on the Curaçao criteria revealed that 24 patients (57%) were classified as having definite HHT, 17 (41%) as having probable HHT, and 1 (2%) as unlikely to have HHT. Epistaxis was the most common clinical presentation (38/42, 90%), followed by visceral AVMs (24/42, 57%) and telangiectasia (21/42, 50%). Five patients (12%) did not have a family history of HHT clinical symptoms. CONCLUSION: Only approximately half of patients with ACVRL1 or ENG genetic variants could be clinically diagnosed as having definite HHT, suggesting that genetic screening is important to confirm the diagnosis.

Comparison of Sublingual Immunotherapy in Patients With Allergic Rhinitis Sensitive to House Dust Mites in Korea.

The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical outcomes of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) using 2 kinds of SLIT medications (LAIS and Staloral) in patients with allergic rhinitis for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae. We have evaluated the patient's characteristics, safety, and compliance in 293 patients and also analyzed the symptom score, medication score, satisfaction rate, and immunologic measurement in 84 patients who have continued the treatment over 1 year. The symptom scores were significantly improved in both treatment groups, 51% versus 44% (LAIS vs Starloral) at 1 year (P < .05). The medication score was also significantly decreased in both treatment groups (P < .05), 50.8% versus 60%. The subjective improvement score was 44.4% versus 46.1%, and satisfaction rate was 29% versus 40% (P < .05). The serum immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) level was significantly increased in Staloral group (P < .05). The adverse events were 6.2% versus 33.3% and the compliance was 37.7% versus 25.1%. In conclusion, the improvements in symptom score and medication scores were not significant different between 2 SLIT medications at 1 year. LAIS was more compliant, less side effects and Staloral has shown increased satisfaction rate and IgG4 level.

The Effects of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Risk factors for Cardiovascular diseases.

INTRODUCTION: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is known to cause variety of cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between polysomnography (PSG) and risks factor for coronary heart disease in patients suspected to have OSA. METHODS: A total of 108 consecutive adult habitual snorers underwent PSG. We assessed patients using the respiratory disturbance index (RDI), the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), body mass index (BMI), fasting serum total cholesterol, triglycerides (TGs), and C-reactive protein (CRP). RESULTS: Mean RDI scores were 0.53, 10.6, 27.3, and 45.1 in the control group (n = 21), mild (n = 29), moderate (n = 31), and severe (n = 27), respectively. Partial correlation analysis showed that patients' RDI score was significantly correlated with CRP after adjustment for BMI. Partial correlation analysis showed that the mean ESS score correlated significantly with the CRP level after adjustment for BMI. Partial correlation analysis showed that the mean least oxygen saturation was significantly correlated with CRP after adjustment for BMI Pearson's correlation coefficients examining the relationship between BMI and total cholesterol; TG and CRP were found to be 0.531, 0.401, and 0.321. The correlation of CRP levels with disease severity as assessed by RDI, ESS, and least oxygen saturation was significant after adjustment for BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with OSA have elevated serum levels of high-sensitivity-CRP, a marker for inflammation and an independent risk predictor for cardiovascular morbidity.

The Effect of Korean Red Ginseng on Symptoms and Inflammation in Patients With Allergic Rhinitis.

Korean red ginseng (KRG) has been traditionally used in Korea for health improvement. However, the clinical effect of KRG intake on the symptoms in patients with allergic rhinitis remains unknown. Our study was performed to identify the clinical effects of KRG on patients with allergic rhinitis and to examine the effect of KRG on allergic inflammatory reaction. We evaluated 60 patients with allergic rhinitis. All the patients were treated for 4 weeks. The patients were divided into 3 groups, according to the medication. Twenty patients were treated with KRG, 20 patients with the placebo, and 20 patients with the antihistamine. The patients recorded their symptoms in a daily symptom diary card. The patients checked the peak nasal inspiratory flow rate 2 times a day. Total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and serum-specific IgE were measured by ImmunoCap method before and after 4-week medication. The Th2 cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-10 were checked in the serum before and after the 4-week treatment. The eosinophil counts in the nasal smears were checked. Korean red ginseng group has shown the significant improvement in rhinorrhea, nasal itching, and eye itching. Both the antihistamine and KRG groups showed a significant decrease in total IgE level at the end of treatment. The serum IL-4 level and eosinophil counts in the nasal smears were significantly decreased both in the antihistamine and in the KRG groups. In conclusion, KRG might be a useful treatment modality for patients with allergic rhinitis.

Multilayer fabrication of unobtrusive poly(dimethylsiloxane) nanobrush for tunable cell adhesion.

Precise modulation of polymer brush in its thickness and grafting density can cause unexpected cell behaviors and regulated bioactivities. Herein, a nanoscale poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) brush was employed to use as a controllable material for cell adhesion. Facile fabrication of ultrathin monolayer PDMS nanobrush on an underlying substrate facilitated regaining cell adhesion through long-range cell attractive forces such as the van der Waals forces. We showed that cell adhesion is diminished by increasing the number of nanobrush layers, causing a gradual decrease of the effectiveness of the long-range force. The result demonstrates that ultrathin PDMS nanobrush can either promote or inhibit cell adhesion, which is required for various biomedical fields such as tissue-engineering, anti-fouling coating, and implantable biomaterials and sensors.

Nasal Stenosis Treated With a Composite Skin Graft.

A 58-year-old female patient was presented, who complained about breathing and aesthetic difficulties due to external nasal valve obstruction and nasal deformity that developed after nasal trauma surgery. Nasal stenosis recurs easily after surgery, especially if internal nasal stenosis is not adequately managed. Nasal stenosis in this case was well treated using a composite skin graft.

Autologous Fat Injection for the Correction of Facial Depression Resulting From Silent Sinus Syndrome.

The case of a 59-year-old woman who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery for right maxillary sinusitis 5 years before visiting our otorhinolaryngologic department complaining of right-sided facial depression was described in this study. Computed tomography (CT) scans revealed right facial depression and retraction of the orbital floor due to a hypoplastic right maxillary sinus. Symptoms and CT findings corresponded with silent sinus syndrome. Facial depression is a rare symptom in silent sinus syndrome and is well corrected by autologous fat transfer.

ROS Is Involved in Disruption of Tight Junctions of Human Nasal Epithelial Cells Induced by HRV16.

OBJECTIVE: Rhinoviruses (RV), which are responsible for the majority of common colds, induce mucus overproduction, increased vascular permeability, and secondary bacterial infection. These symptoms are primarily caused by barrier function disruption, which is controlled by intercellular junctions. In this study, we investigated whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) are closely involved in tight junction disruption of primary human nasal epithelial (HNE) cells induced by infection of RV . METHODS AND RESULTS: Incubation with RV resulted in disruption of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, E-cadherin, claudin-1, and occludin) in HNE cells. Pretreatment with diphenylene iodonium (DPI) decreased RV-induced disruption of tight junction in HNE cells. RV-induced generation of ROS was diminished by DPI. However, rotenone was not inhibited in HNE cells following incubation with RV. Rhinoviruses resulted in a marked decrease in protein phosphatases activity and an increase in protein tyrosine phosphorylation levels in HNE cells. Diphenylene iodonium inhibited the RV-induced inactivation of phosphatases and phosphorylation of protein tyrosine. In addition, inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases with phenylarsine oxide resulted in a marked decrease in protein phosphatase activity and disruption of tight junction proteins in HNE cells. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that ROS-mediated inhibition of phosphatases plays a crucial role in disruption of tight junctions in HNE cells by RV. The data suggest that RV infection may damage nasal epithelial barrier function. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: NA Laryngoscope, 128:E393-E401, 2018.

Retained Eyeglasses in the Orbital Cavity After Penetrating Facial Trauma.

This study describes a 68-year-old man who was presented to the emergency department with left orbital cavity penetration by his eyeglasses. The eyeglasses had entered the orbit and at presentation his eyesight could not be measured. The foreign body was extracted carefully and panfacial bone fractures were then reduced through lateral rhinotomy combined with a lip-splitting incision. When planning removal of an unusual foreign body from the orbital cavity, care should be taken not to injure the optic nerve, periorbital musculatures, or the eyeball.

Frontal Sinus Osteoplastic Flap Surgery Using a Surgical Navigation System.

OBJECTIVE: To report the case of a 38-year-old woman who underwent osteoplastic flap surgery for recurrent frontal sinus mucocele. During surgery, the exact shape of the frontal sinus was duplicated using a surgical navigation system. METHODS: In this case report, the authors suggest intraoperative surgical navigation systems are useful for accurately determining the dimensions of the frontal sinus for osteoplastic flap surgery. RESULTS: The patient underwent successful and safe osteoplastic flap surgery using a surgical navigation system. CONCLUSION: Surgical navigation is useful and safe for frontal sinus osteoplastic flap surgery.

Anti-inflammatory effect of wogonin on allergic responses in ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis in the mouse.

BACKGROUND: Wogonin is commonly used for the treatment of allergic diseases. However, neither its precise effect in preventing allergic rhinitis (AR) nor its mechanism of action are known. OBJECTIVES: In this study, the effect of wogonin on allergic responses in ovalbumin (OVA) induced AR was investigated in mice. METHODS: BALB/c mice were sensitized with intraperitoneal (i.p.) OVA and then challenged intranasally with OVA. Wogonin (10 and 30 mg/kg) was given to the treatment groups, and the effect of wogonin on the release of allergic inflammatory mediators, specifically OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) and inflammatory cytokines, was explored. Eosinophil infiltration and the levels of interleukin (IL) 5 and IL-13 were measured by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: In mice with AR, wogonin decreased OVA-specific IgE levels in serum, and the levels of the cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, eotaxin, and RANTES in nasal lavage fluid. Serum levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 were lower in both groups of wogonin-pretreated mice than in the OVA group. A reduction in eosinophil infiltration of the nasal mucosa and inhibition of the expression of IL-5 and IL-13 were also noted in the treated groups. CONCLUSION: Wogonin induced antiallergic effects in a murine model of AR by decreasing the infiltration of eosinophils and levels of T-helper type 2 cytokines. Thus, wogonin merits consideration as a therapeutic agent for treating AR.