Effect of Dry Aging of Pork on Microbiological Quality and Instrumental Characteristics.

Meat aging is an important process that affects the quality of meat and is traditionally used mainly for beef. However, in recent years, there has been an increasing demand for pork products subjected to dry aging. The aim of this study was to compare selected parameters (microbiological quality, instrumental analyses of texture and color of meat, weight loss) of pork neck and loin with bone and skin together subjected to dry aging for 14 days. The microbiological profile (total viable psychrotrophic count, Enterobacteriaceae, psychrotrophic lactic acid bacteria, Pseudomonas spp.) on the surface of the meat with the skin and the lateral cutting surfaces without skin was compared on the first day after slaughter and after 14 days of dry aging. The results of this study demonstrated that dry aging did not significantly deteriorate the microbiological profile. Statistically significant weight losses were observed after 14 days of aging. The dry aging of pork had no significant effect on lightness (L*), redness (a*), and shear force. Significant differences were observed for yellowness (b*) and meat hardness (p < 0.05).

The microbial contaminants of plant-based meat analogues from the retail market.

The aim of the study was to analyse the key microbial contaminants of plant-based meat analogues (PBMA) from retail. A total of 43 samples of PBMAs (12 frozen/31 chilled) in the "ready-to-cook" category, such as hamburgers, meatballs or breaded imitation steaks were purchased in retail stores in the Czech Republic in summer (n = 21) and autumn 2022 (n = 22). The detected indicator bacteria (total viable count, lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, yeasts, moulds) had relatively low values in the analysed PBMA samples and only rarely reached levels of 7 log CFU/g. E. coli, STEC and coagulase-positive staphylococci were not detected by isolation from plates in any of analysed samples. Mannitol positive Bacillus spp. were isolated from almost half of the analysed samples of the PBMA. B. cereus sensu lato was isolated from 3 samples by isolation from plates, and after enrichment in 35 samples (81 %). Clostridium perfringens could not be detected by isolation from plates, nevertheless after multiplication, it was detected in 21 % of samples. Analyses of PBMA samples revealed considerable variability in microbial quality. The presence of spore-forming bacteria with the potential to cause foodborne diseases is alarming. However, to evaluate the risks, further research focused on the possibilities of growth under different conditions of culinary treatment and preservation is needed.

Discriminatory power of MALDI-TOF MS protein profiling analysis of pork meat and meat products.

Forty different sample preparation methods were tested to obtain the most informative MALDI-TOF MS protein profiles of pork meat. Extraction by 25% formic acid with the assistance of zirconia-silica beads followed by defatting by methanol:chloroform mixture (1:1, v/v) and deposition by using the layer-by-layer method was determined as the optimum sample preparation protocol. The discriminatory power of the method was then examined on samples of pork meat and meat products. The method was able to discriminate between selected salami based on the production method and brand and was able to monitor the ripening process in salami. However, it was not able to differentiate between different brands of pork ham or closely located parts of pork meat. In the latter case, a more comprehensive analysis using LC-MS/MS was used to assess the differences in protein abundance and their relation to the outputs of MALDI - TOF MS profiling.

The Effect of High-Pressure Processing on the Survival of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Steak Tartare: The Good- or Best-Case Scenario?

Samples of steak tartare were artificially contaminated with a cocktail of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O91, O146, O153, and O156 to the level of 3 log and 6 log CFU/g. Immediately after vacuum packing, high-pressure processing (HPP) was performed at 400 or 600 MPa/5 min. Some of the samples not treated with HPP were cooked under conditions of 55 °C for 1, 3, or 6 h. HPP of 400 MPa/5 min resulted in a 1-2 log reduction in the STEC count. In contrast, HPP of 600 MPa/5 min led to the elimination of STEC even when inoculated to 6 log CFU/g. Nevertheless, sub-lethally damaged cells were resuscitated after enrichment, and STEC was observed in all samples regardless of the pressure used. STEC was not detected in the samples cooked in a 55 °C water bath for 6 h, even after enrichment. Unfortunately, the temperature of 55 °C negatively affected the texture of the steak tartare. Further experiments are necessary to find an optimal treatment for steak tartare to assure its food safety while preserving the character and quality of this attractive product.

The Pork Meat or the Environment of the Production Facility? The Effect of Individual Technological Steps on the Bacterial Contamination in Cooked Hams.

The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of the contamination level of fresh meat on the bacterial population in raw material before cooking and on the microbiota of cooked hams following heat treatment. The effect of incubation temperatures of 6.5 and 15 °C on the results obtained was also evaluated during the bacteriological investigation. The total viable count (TVC), the number of Enterobacteriaceae and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were determined in the samples. LAB were isolated from 13 samples out of the 50 fresh meat samples. The species most frequently detected included Latilactobacillus sakei, Leuconostoc carnosum, Enterococcus gilvus, Latilactobacillus curvatus, and Leuconostoc gelidum. The meat sampled after the brine injection and tumbler massaging showed higher bacterial counts compared to fresh meat samples (p < 0.001). The heat treatment destroyed the majority of the bacteria, as the bacterial counts were beneath the limit of detection with a few exceptions. Although the primary cultivation of samples of cooked hams did not reveal the presence of LAB, their presence was confirmed in 11 out of 12 samples by a stability test. Bacteria of the genus Leuconostoc were the most numerous.

Research Note: Impact of applied thermal treatment on textural, and sensory properties and cooking loss of selected chicken and turkey cuts as affected by cooking technique.

The effect of various cooking methods (roasting, broiling, grilling, frying, and stewing) on cooking loss (CL) and textural and sensory properties of selected chicken (breast fillet, thigh, and thigh fillet) and turkey (breast fillet, thigh) cuts in relation to the applied apparatus was evaluated. Diverse results were recorded according to the method, the type of poultry meat, and the cut of poultry meat. Additionally, CL and shear force (SF) values in all examined samples were influenced by the culinary technique, the type of poultry meat, and the poultry meat cut. The lowest CL and shear SF values were reported when the samples were treated using a method with higher heating rates and/or temperatures and shorter cooking times. Additionally, lower values of CL and SF were obtained for chicken meat compared to turkey meat (thighs). In general, the applied culinary technique affected the sensory properties of the samples tested. High sensory scores were recorded for grilled chicken breast fillets and fried turkey breast fillets (irrespective of the applied apparatus). On the whole, it could be stated that culinary techniques at high temperature requiring shorter times (such as frying, grilling, and roasting) were evaluated to be more effective (in terms of CL and SF).

Reduction of the occurrence of incorrect stunning and the occurrence of reflexes and reactions in cattle after pneumatically powered captive-bolt stunning in comparison with cartridge-fired captive-bolt stunning.

In this study, the occurrence of repeat stunning, deviations in placement and direction of stun shots, and the occurrence of reflexes/reactions following stunning with a pneumatically powered captive-bolt stunner in comparison with a cartridge-fired captive-bolt stunner in cattle were assessed. Repeat stunning and deviations in placement and direction of the stun shots were less frequent (p < 0.01) with the use of a pneumatic stunner in all cattle. The rate of repeat stunning and deviation from the ideal place and direction of stun shots were lower (5.81%, 24.75%, and 9.60% of all animals, respectively) when a pneumatic stunner was used in comparison with cartridge-fired captive bolt (18.32%, 34.03%, and 47.38% of all animals, respectively). The stunning quality was assessed on the basis of evaluation of signs observed following the stun shot. A pneumatic stunning resulted in a significant reduction of occurrence of signs particularly in bulls in comparison to cows, for which a cartridge-fired stunner already provides an adequate stunning. Our study provides evidence that pneumatic stunning has the potential to be a more effective method than cartridge-fired stunning from the viewpoint of the welfare of slaughtered animals. Pneumatic stunning ensures a high quality of stunning in both bulls and cows.

Cooking loss in retail beef cuts: The effect of muscle type, sex, ageing, pH, salt and cooking method.

The aim of the study was to compare cooking losses in beef (striploin and cube roll) during various cooking methods (grilling, roasting, broiling) in two different cooking devices (convection oven and clamshell grill). A total of 400 samples of meat were cooked (an internal temperature of more than 70 °C) and analysed. Cooking losses of slices of striploin ranged between 24.5% and 34.8%, with losses of 25.9-35.8% when whole cuts of meat were roasted. Losses fell within similar ranges (24.7-33.7%) for cube roll. Beef after 21 days of dry ageing showed generally lower cooking losses. Principal component analysis confirmed a strong negative correlation between cooking losses and salt content, saltiness and juiciness, which were positively correlated with one another. The majority of the sensory properties were positively correlated with pH, while their relationship with Warner-Bratzler (WB) test was negative. Roasting in a convection oven would seem to be the most suitable method of cooking striploin, followed by broiling in a convection oven, with grilling in last place. The highest score for the majority of sensory properties and the lowest WB values were recorded in meat roasted in a convection oven, particularly in the meat of bulls aged for 21 days.

The occurrence of reflexes and reactions in cattle following stunning with a captive bolt at the slaughterhouse.

The difference in the frequency of the occurrence of reflexes/reactions in 355 cows (average weight 505.5 ± 7.9 kg) and 262 bulls (average weight 735.6 ± 8.4 kg) following stunning with a Matador SS 3,000 B trigger-activated captive bolt gun (Termet) was determined. The stun shot more than 2 cm from the ideal position was found in 79.6% of animals. Vocalization, corneal reflex, rhythmic breathing, blinking, eyeball rotation and the absence of tongue protrusion occurred more frequently in bulls (p < .05). Spontaneous limb movements and nystagmus occurred more frequently in cows (p < .05). No difference between bulls and cows was determined in the occurrence of a response to painful stimuli or attempts to regain normal posture. No dependency was determined between the frequency of the occurrence of a reflex/reaction and the distance of the stun shot from the ideal point on the skull for any of the monitored signs. This study shows that the occurrence of reflexes/reactions following the stunning of cattle with a captive bolt is not only dependent on the position of the shot if placed within a 9 cm radius from the ideal point on the cattle skull.

The Impact of Deviation of the Stun Shot from the Ideal Point on Motor Paralysis in Cattle.

The effect on motor paralysis of a deviation in the stun shot placement from the ideal point on cattle skulls was monitored in 627 bovine animals (271 bulls and 356 cows) stunned with a captive bolt during slaughter in a slaughterhouse. The number of animals that experienced motor paralysis and the necessary fall of the animal in the stunning box were recorded after the stun shot. Subsequently, the position of the stun shot was measured on the skull of the slaughtered cattle in relation to the ideal point on the skull, and at a deviation from the ideal point, the quadrant on the skull in which the bullet was located was determined. The results show that with the increasing distance of the placement of the stun shot from the ideal point on the skull, the incidence of failure to induce motor paralysis in cattle increases significantly (p < 0.01) from 2.4% (within 3 cm of deviation) to 72.2% (at deviations ˃ 7 cm). There was a significant increase in the failure to induce motor paralysis in bulls as well as in cows, but this was more frequent in bulls regardless of the magnitude of the deviation from the ideal point (with the exception of a distance greater than 7 cm where the chances of inducing motor paralysis in bulls and cows are equally low). The incidence of failure to induce motor paralysis in cattle was not dependent on the placement of a stun shot in various quadrants on the skull. With the increasing deviation in any direction from the ideal point, the likelihood of effective stunning of cattle decreases. The results are important from the animal welfare point of view of the slaughter of cattle, and demonstrate the necessity of optimum placement of the stunning shot on the bovine skull in order to achieve the successful motor paralysis of cattle during their stunning at the slaughterhouse.

Occurrence of Foodborne Agents at Food Service Facilities in the Czech Republic.

HIGHLIGHTS: Contamination of food service facilities in the Czech Republic by foodborne agents was determined. Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli were detected in almost 50% of samples. The occurrence of B. cereus, S. aureus, and E. coli depended on the season of the year. Regular monitoring of food service facilities for agents of foodborne disease is necessary.

Cattle stunning with a penetrative captive bolt device: A review.

The captive bolt device has been used for stunning cattle at abattoirs for more than 100 years and is now one of the stunning devices used most widely. The aim of this review article was to assess the effects that are decisive during cattle slaughter on the quality of stunning with the use of a captive bolt stunning device. The basis of effective stunning is the use of a suitable type of device, with the speed of the bolt and the kinetic energy corresponding to the anatomical parameters of the slaughtered animal. The importance of the regular cleaning and maintenance of stunning devices and monitoring of the effectiveness of stunning goes without saying. The immediate loss of sensibility in the animal must occur after the first shot. The effectiveness of the stunning process can be quantified by regular monitoring of the behavior of animals after stunning with an emphasis on the loss of reflexes (corneal reflex, regular breathing, attempts to regain physiological posture) and checks on the shot location on the skulls of slaughtered animals.

Assessment of the antifungal activity of Lactobacillus and Pediococcus spp. for use as bioprotective cultures in dairy products.

Fungi are commonly involved in dairy product spoilage and the use of bioprotective cultures can be a complementary approach to reduce food waste and economic losses. In this study, the antifungal activity of 89 Lactobacillus and 23 Pediococcus spp. isolates against three spoilage species, e.g., Yarrowia lipolytica, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Penicillium brevicompactum, was first evaluated in milk agar. None of the tested pediococci showed antifungal activity while 3, 23 and 43 lactobacilli isolates showed strong antifungal activity or total inhibition against Y. lipolytica, R. mucilaginosa and P. brevicompactum, respectively. Then, the three most promising strains, Lactobacillus paracasei SYR90, Lactobacillus plantarum OVI9 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus BIOIII28 at initial concentrations of 105 and 107 CFU/ml were tested as bioprotective cultures against the same fungal targets in a yogurt model during a 5-week storage period at 10 °C. While limited effects were observed at 105 CFU/ml inoculum level, L. paracasei SYR90 and L. rhamnosus BIOIII28 at 107 CFU/ml respectively retarded the growth of R. mucilaginosa and P. brevicompactum as compared to a control without selected cultures. In contrast, growth of Y. lipolytica was only slightly affected. In conclusion, these selected strains may be good candidates for bioprotection of fermented dairy products.

Salt, sodium chloride or sodium? Content and relationship with chemical, instrumental and sensory attributes in cooked meat products.

The aim of this study was to determine the salt content in selected cooked meat products by the methods of determining the sodium content and the content of chlorides. The resulting data was compared with other chemical, instrumental and sensory parameters of the analysed samples. A total of 133 samples of 5 meat products were tested. The sodium content ranged from 558.0 to 1308.0mgNa/100g. Salt level determined by the two methods strongly correlated and did not differ in any meat product. Intensity of salty taste of the product was independent on its salt content. The salt (sodium) content may be reduced without a negative impact on sensory or instrumental properties of meat products.