Consensus interpretation of the p.Met34Thr and p.Val37Ile variants in GJB2 by the ClinGen Hearing Loss Expert Panel.

PURPOSE: Pathogenic variants in GJB2 are the most common cause of autosomal recessive sensorineural hearing loss. The classification of c.101T>C/p.Met34Thr and c.109G>A/p.Val37Ile in GJB2 are controversial. Therefore, an expert consensus is required for the interpretation of these two variants. METHODS: The ClinGen Hearing Loss Expert Panel collected published data and shared unpublished information from contributing laboratories and clinics regarding the two variants. Functional, computational, allelic, and segregation data were also obtained. Case-control statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS: The panel reviewed the synthesized information, and classified the p.Met34Thr and p.Val37Ile variants utilizing professional variant interpretation guidelines and professional judgment. We found that p.Met34Thr and p.Val37Ile are significantly overrepresented in hearing loss patients, compared with population controls. Individuals homozygous or compound heterozygous for p.Met34Thr or p.Val37Ile typically manifest mild to moderate hearing loss. Several other types of evidence also support pathogenic roles for these two variants. CONCLUSION: Resolving controversies in variant classification requires coordinated effort among a panel of international multi-institutional experts to share data, standardize classification guidelines, review evidence, and reach a consensus. We concluded that p.Met34Thr and p.Val37Ile variants in GJB2 are pathogenic for autosomal recessive nonsyndromic hearing loss with variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance.

Inter-lab concordance of variant classifications establishes clinical validity of expanded carrier screening.

Expanded carrier screening (ECS) panels that use next-generation sequencing aim to identify pathogenic variants in coding and clinically relevant non-coding regions of hundreds of genes, each associated with a serious recessive condition. ECS has established analytical validity and clinical utility, meaning that variants are accurately identified and pathogenic variants tend to alter patients' clinical management, respectively. However, the clinical validity of ECS, that is, correct discernment of whether an identified variant is indeed pathogenic, has only been shown for single conditions, not for panels. Here, we evaluate the clinical validity of a >170-condition ECS panel by assessing concordance between >12 000 variant interpretations classified with guideline-based criteria to their corresponding per-variant combined classifications in ClinVar. We observe 99% concordance at the level of unique variants. A more clinically relevant frequency-weighted analysis reveals that fewer than 1 in 500 patients are expected to receive a report with a variant that has a discordant classification. Importantly, gene-level concordance is not diminished for rare ECS conditions, suggesting that large panels do not balloon the panel-wide false-positive rate. Finally, because ECS is intended to serve all reproductive-age couples, we show that classification of novel variants is feasible and scales predictably for a large population.

Evaluation for Genetic Disorders in the Absence of a Clinical Indication for Testing: Elective Genomic Testing.

The increasing quality and diminishing cost of next-generation sequencing has transformed our ability to interrogate large quantities of genetic information. This has led to a dramatic increase in the number of elective genomic tests performed. In this article, elective test denotes a test that a patient chooses to undertake without a clinical indication. The variety of elective genomic testing options is considerable. Because these offerings provide differing levels of sensitivity and specificity, it can be difficult to choose among them. A simple rubric to compare offerings is not readily available. We propose a framework designated completeness that evaluates both analytical and interpretative components of genomic tests. We then illustrate how this framework can be used to evaluate the expanding landscape of elective genomic testing.

Software-Assisted Manual Review of Clinical Next-Generation Sequencing Data: An Alternative to Routine Sanger Sequencing Confirmation with Equivalent Results in >15,000 Germline DNA Screens.

Clinical genomic tests increasingly use a next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform due in part to the high fidelity of variant calls, yet rare errors are still possible. In germline DNA screening, failure to correct such errors could have serious consequences for patients, who may follow an unwarranted screening or surgical management path. It has been suggested that routine orthogonal confirmation by Sanger sequencing is required to verify NGS results, especially low-confidence positives with depressed allele fraction (<30% of alternate allele). We evaluated whether an alternative method of confirmation-software-assisted manual call review-performed comparably with Sanger confirmation in >15,000 samples. Licensed reviewers manually inspected both raw and processed data at the batch, sample, and variant levels, including raw NGS read pileups. Of ambiguous variant calls with <30% allele fraction (1707 total calls at 38 unique sites), manual call review classified >99% (n = 1701) as true positives (enriched for long insertions or deletions and homopolymers) or true negatives (often conspicuous NGS artifacts), with the remaining <1% (n = 6) being mosaic. Critically, results from software-assisted manual review and retrospective Sanger sequencing were concordant for samples selected from all ambiguous sites. We conclude that the confirmation required for high confidence in NGS-based germline testing can manifest in different ways; a trained NGS expert operating platform-tailored review software achieves quality comparable with routine Sanger confirmation.

Validation of an Expanded Carrier Screen that Optimizes Sensitivity via Full-Exon Sequencing and Panel-wide Copy Number Variant Identification.

BACKGROUND: By identifying pathogenic variants across hundreds of genes, expanded carrier screening (ECS) enables prospective parents to assess the risk of transmitting an autosomal recessive or X-linked condition. Detection of at-risk couples depends on the number of conditions tested, the prevalence of the respective diseases, and the screen's analytical sensitivity for identifying disease-causing variants. Disease-level analytical sensitivity is often <100% in ECS tests because copy number variants (CNVs) are typically not interrogated because of their technical complexity. METHODS: We present an analytical validation and preliminary clinical characterization of a 235-gene sequencing-based ECS with full coverage across coding regions, targeted assessment of pathogenic noncoding variants, panel-wide CNV calling, and specialized assays for technically challenging genes. Next-generation sequencing, customized bioinformatics, and expert manual call review were used to identify single-nucleotide variants, short insertions and deletions, and CNVs for all genes except FMR1 and those whose low disease incidence or high technical complexity precluded novel variant identification or interpretation. RESULTS: Screening of 36859 patients' blood or saliva samples revealed the substantial impact on fetal disease-risk detection attributable to novel CNVs (9.19% of risk) and technically challenging conditions (20.2% of risk), such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Of the 7498 couples screened, 335 were identified as at risk for an affected pregnancy, underscoring the clinical importance of the test. Validation of our ECS demonstrated >99% analytical sensitivity and >99% analytical specificity. CONCLUSIONS: Validated high-fidelity identification of different variant types-especially for diseases with complicated molecular genetics-maximizes at-risk couple detection.

Development and validation of a 36-gene sequencing assay for hereditary cancer risk assessment.

The past two decades have brought many important advances in our understanding of the hereditary susceptibility to cancer. Numerous studies have provided convincing evidence that identification of germline mutations associated with hereditary cancer syndromes can lead to reductions in morbidity and mortality through targeted risk management options. Additionally, advances in gene sequencing technology now permit the development of multigene hereditary cancer testing panels. Here, we describe the 2016 revision of the Counsyl Inherited Cancer Screen for detecting single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), short insertions and deletions (indels), and copy number variants (CNVs) in 36 genes associated with an elevated risk for breast, ovarian, colorectal, gastric, endometrial, pancreatic, thyroid, prostate, melanoma, and neuroendocrine cancers. To determine test accuracy and reproducibility, we performed a rigorous analytical validation across 341 samples, including 118 cell lines and 223 patient samples. The screen achieved 100% test sensitivity across different mutation types, with high specificity and 100% concordance with conventional Sanger sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). We also demonstrated the screen's high intra-run and inter-run reproducibility and robust performance on blood and saliva specimens. Furthermore, we showed that pathogenic Alu element insertions can be accurately detected by our test. Overall, the validation in our clinical laboratory demonstrated the analytical performance required for collecting and reporting genetic information related to risk of developing hereditary cancers.

Design and validation of a next generation sequencing assay for hereditary BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation testing.

Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, caused by a germline pathogenic variant in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) genes, is characterized by an increased risk for breast, ovarian, pancreatic and other cancers. Identification of those who have a BRCA1/2 mutation is important so that they can take advantage of genetic counseling, screening, and potentially life-saving prevention strategies. We describe the design and analytic validation of the Counsyl Inherited Cancer Screen, a next-generation-sequencing-based test to detect pathogenic variation in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. We demonstrate that the test is capable of detecting single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), short insertions and deletions (indels), and copy-number variants (CNVs, also known as large rearrangements) with zero errors over a 114-sample validation set consisting of samples from cell lines and deidentified patient samples, including 36 samples with BRCA1/2pathogenic germline mutations.

The tissue microarray OWL schema: An open-source tool for sharing tissue microarray data.

BACKGROUND: Tissue microarrays (TMAs) are enormously useful tools for translational research, but incompatibilities in database systems between various researchers and institutions prevent the efficient sharing of data that could help realize their full potential. Resource Description Framework (RDF) provides a flexible method to represent knowledge in triples, which take the form Subject-Predicate-Object. All data resources are described using Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs), which are global in scope. We present an OWL (Web Ontology Language) schema that expands upon the TMA data exchange specification to address this issue and assist in data sharing and integration. METHODS: A minimal OWL schema was designed containing only concepts specific to TMA experiments. More general data elements were incorporated from predefined ontologies such as the NCI thesaurus. URIs were assigned using the Linked Data format. RESULTS: We present examples of files utilizing the schema and conversion of XML data (similar to the TMA DES) to OWL. CONCLUSION: By utilizing predefined ontologies and global unique identifiers, this OWL schema provides a solution to the limitations of XML, which represents concepts defined in a localized setting. This will help increase the utilization of tissue resources, facilitating collaborative translational research efforts.

An informatics supported web-based data annotation and query tool to expedite translational research for head and neck malignancies.

BACKGROUND: The Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Head and Neck Cancer neoplasm virtual biorepository is a bioinformatics-supported system to incorporate data from various clinical, pathological, and molecular systems into a single architecture based on a set of common data elements (CDEs) that provides semantic and syntactic interoperability of data sets. RESULTS: The various components of this annotation tool include the Development of Common Data Elements (CDEs) that are derived from College of American Pathologists (CAP) Checklist and North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACR) standards. The Data Entry Tool is a portable and flexible Oracle-based data entry device, which is an easily mastered web-based tool. The Data Query Tool helps investigators and researchers to search de-identified information within the warehouse/resource through a "point and click" interface, thus enabling only the selected data elements to be essentially copied into a data mart using a multi dimensional model from the warehouse's relational structure.The SPORE Head and Neck Neoplasm Database contains multimodal datasets that are accessible to investigators via an easy to use query tool. The database currently holds 6553 cases and 10607 tumor accessions. Among these, there are 965 metastatic, 4227 primary, 1369 recurrent, and 483 new primary cases. The data disclosure is strictly regulated by user's authorization. CONCLUSION: The SPORE Head and Neck Neoplasm Virtual Biorepository is a robust translational biomedical informatics tool that can facilitate basic science, clinical, and translational research. The Data Query Tool acts as a central source providing a mechanism for researchers to efficiently find clinically annotated datasets and biospecimens that are relevant to their research areas. The tool protects patient privacy by revealing only de-identified data in accordance with regulations and approvals of the IRB and scientific review committee.

Usefulness of a synoptic data tool for reporting of head and neck neoplasms based on the College of American Pathologists cancer checklists.

The primary source of information that clinicians use when evaluating and managing patients with cancer is the surgical pathology report. Omission of critical information from the report is a recognized problem in pathology, especially considering the expanding amount of information, such as molecular diagnostics data, that is now routinely included in reports. To standardize surgical pathology reports, the College of American Pathologists (CAP) introduced the CAP checklists. In 2004, the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer mandated that 90% of pathology reports indicating a cancer diagnosis at participating centers contain all scientifically validated or regularly used data elements. The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center has implemented synoptic reporting based on the CAP checklists for all major tumor types. We report our experience with synoptic reporting on head and neck neoplasms, demonstrating, in particular, how this can be customized according to needs of each institution.

Residency training in pathology informatics: a virtual rotation solution.

Efforts are being made to provide informatics training in residency programs. However, various factors limit this process: (1) limited access to pathology informatics expertise and resources, (2) crowded rotation schedules, and (3) incompatible rotation structures at different institutions. We devised a novel e-learning solution (located at https://secure. opi.upmc.edu/VRPI/index.cfm) that circumvents these limitations. The course includes didactic lectures given by experts in the field and video-recorded hands-on laboratories. The lectures are supplemented by readings from a textbook. Because it is self-paced, it can accommodate various rotation structures. Module topics and depth of coverage are directed to the level of general practicing pathologists, with quizzes provided for each module. Course progress can be tracked on the Web site by an administrator. The experience so far with this resource has been positive, and it seems to be effective in improving resident competency in pathology informatics and basic computer skills.

Arrested natural killer cell development associated with transgene insertion into the Atf2 locus.

Natural killer (NK) cell development in the bone marrow is not fully understood. Following lineage commitment, these cells appear to advance through a series of developmental stages that are beginning to be characterized. We previously reported a selective deficiency of NK cells in a C57BL/6 mouse with a transgenic construct consisting of the cDNA for the Ly49A major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class 1-specific inhibitory receptor driven by the granzyme A gene. This mouse has few NK cells in peripheral tissues with relative preservation of other immune cells, including T and B cells. Herein we demonstrate that these mice have an accumulation of NK cells with an immature phenotype in the bone marrow, consistent with a block at a previously proposed stage in normal NK-cell development. The phenotype is associated with transgenic insertion into Atf2, the gene for the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor family member ATF-2. Although analysis of Atf2-null NK cells shows no defect, the transgenic mice express abnormal truncated Atf2 transcripts that may mediate a repressor effect because ATF2 can heterodimerize with other bZIP molecules. The defect is cell intrinsic, suggesting that certain bZIP molecules play significant roles in NK-cell development.