Broad-spectrum pH functional chitosan-phosphatase beads for the generation of plant-available phosphorus: utilizing the insoluble P pool.

Utilization of organic phosphates and insoluble phosphates for the gradual generation of plant-available phosphorus (P) is the only sustainable solution for P fertilization. Enzymatic conversions are one of the best sustainable routes for releasing P to soil. Phosphatase enzyme aids in solubilizing organic and insoluble phosphates to plant-available P. We herein report the preparation of highly functional chitosan beads co-immobilized with acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes via a glutaraldehyde linkage. The dual enzyme co-immobilized chitosan beads were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetric (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive x-ray (SEM-EDX) analyses to confirm the immobilization. The co-immobilized system was found to be active for a broader pH range of ∼4-10 than the individually bound enzymes and mixed soluble enzymes. The bound matrix exhibited pH optima at 6 and 9, respectively, for acid and alkaline phosphatase and a temperature optimum at 50°C. The phosphate-solubilizing abilities of the chitosan-enzyme derivatives were examined using insoluble tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) for wide pH conditions of 5.5, 7, and 8.5 up to 25 days. The liberation of phosphate was highest (27.20 mg/mL) at pH 5.5 after the defined period. The residual soil phosphatase activity was also monitored after 7 days of incubation with CBE for three different soils of pH ∼5.5, 7, and 8.5. The residual phosphatase activity increased for all the soils after applying the CBE. The germination index of the Oryza sativa (rice) plant was studied using different pH buffer media upon the application of the CBE in the presence of tri-calcium phosphate as a phosphate source. Overall, the dual-enzyme co-immobilized chitosan beads were highly effective over a wide pH range for generating plant-available phosphates from insoluble phosphates. The chitosan-enzyme derivative holds the potential to be used for sustainable phosphorus fertilization with different insoluble and organic phosphorus sources.

Pollution indices of selected metals in tea (Camellia sinensis L.) growing soils of the Upper Assam region divulge a non-trifling menace of National Highway.

The study investigated the influence of a National Highway (NH) traversing tea estates (TEs) on heavy metal (HM) contamination in the top soils of Upper Assam, India. The dispersion and accumulation of six HMs, viz. cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn), within tea-growing soils were assessed using diverse indices: contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (DC), enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), modified degree of contamination (MDC), Nemerow pollution index (PINemerow), pollution load index (PLI), potential ecological risk factor (Eri), and potential ecological risk index (RI). The order of HM prevalence was Fe > Mn > Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd. Elevated Cd levels near the NH prompted immediate attention, while Cd and Zn showed moderate pollution in CF, EF, and RI. The remaining metals posed minimal individual risk (Eri< 40), resulting in an overall contamination range of "nil to shallow," signifying slight contamination from the studied metals. From MDC values for investigated metals, it was found to be "zero to very low degree of contamination" at all locations except the vicinity of NH. Soil pollution, as determined by PLI, indicated unpolluted soils in both districts, yet PINemerow values indicated slight pollution. The statistical analysis revealed that there is a significant decrease in most of the indices of HM as the distance from NH increases. The application of multivariate statistical techniques namely Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis showed the presence of three distinct homogenous groups of distances based on different indices. This investigation underscores NH-associated anthropogenic effects on TE soil quality due to HM deposition, warranting proactive mitigation measures.

Intercalation vs Adsorption Strategies of Myo-Inositol Hexakisphosphate into Zn-Fe Layered Double Hydroxide: A Tiff between Anion Exchange and Coprecipitation.

Myo-inositol hexakisphosphates (IHPs) or phytates are the most abundant organic phosphates having the potential to serve as a phosphorus reserve in soil. Understanding the fate of IHP interaction with soil minerals tends to be crucial for its efficient storage and utilization as a slow-release organic phosphate fertilizer. We have systematically compared the effective intercalation strategy of a phytate onto Zn-Fe layered double hydroxide (LDH) acting as storage/carrier material through coprecipitation and anion exchange. Powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, FTIR spectra, and molecular modeling demonstrated the formation of phytate-intercalated Zn-Fe LDH through coprecipitation with a maximum loading of 41.34% (w/w) in the pH range of ∼9-10 in a vertical alignment through monolayer formation. No intercalation product was obtained from the anion exchange method, which was concluded based on the absence of shifting in the XRD (003) peak. A change in the zeta potential values from positive to negative and subsequent increase in solution pH, with decreasing phytate concentration, are suggestive of adsorption of IHP onto the LDH surface. The batch adsorption data were best fitted with Langmuir isotherm equation and followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 45.87 mg g-1 at a temperature of 25 ± 0.5 °C and pH 5.63.

The Level of Selected Metals in Made Tea and Tea Infusion from the Roadside Tea Plants and Health Risk Assessment.

The effects of human activities are becoming clearer every year, with multiple reports of struggling and eroded ecosystems resulting in new threats of plant and animal extinctions throughout the world. It has been speculated that roadside tea-growing soils impact on metal dynamics from soil to tea plants and subsequently to tea infusion which may be threatened by increasingly unpredictable and dangerous surroundings. Furthermore, heavy metals released from vehicles on the national highway (NH) could be a source of metal contamination in roadside tea soils and tea plants. This study was articulated to realize the effect of NH on a buildup of selected metals (Cu, Cd, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn) in made tea along with repeated tea infusion. In general, metal concentration was found significantly higher in made tea prepared from the young shoots collected from the vicinity of NH. The results also showed that distance from the NH and infusion process significantly influenced to content of the analysed metal in tea infusions. The mean average daily intake (ADI) and hazard quotient (HQ) values of analysed tea samples were found in the orderMn˃Fe˃Zn˃Cu˃Ni˃Cd and Mn˃Cu˃Zn˃Fe˃Ni˃Cd, respectively. The HQ values of all analysed metals were found << 1, indicating that ingestion of tea infusion with analysed heavy metals should not cause a danger to human health. However, this study further demonstrates the consumption of tea infusion prepared from made tea around the vicinity of NH may contribute to a significantly higher quantity of metal intake in the human body. From the hierarchical cluster analysis, it has been observed that there are three homogenous groups of analysed heavy metals.

Impact of the Season on Total Polyphenol and Antioxidant Properties of Tea Cultivars of Industrial Importance in Northeast India.

Tocklai vegetative (TV) cultivars are extensively planted in the tea-growing regions of Northeast India. The present investigation explores the impact of season on the total polyphenol (TP) content and the antioxidant activity of thirty-one TV cultivars (TV1-TV31) and four other commercially popular cultivars, namely, Betjan, Kharijan, S.3A/3, and T.3E/3. The TP content of the cultivars was observed to be highest in the monsoon season, with values ranging from 230.57 to 283.53 mg g-1. In the pre-monsoon season and autumn, the TP content ranged from 197.87 to 256.77 mg g-1 and from 169.97 to 223.50 mg g-1, respectively. Antioxidant activity was measured through DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. The cultivars showed the highest antioxidant activity in the monsoon in tandem with TP content. A bivariate correlation indicated a highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) positive correlation of antioxidant activity with TP content (R2 = 0.83-0.96).

Change in the air due to the coronavirus outbreak in four major cities of India: What do the statistics say?

The onset of the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) has impacted all sectors of society. To avoid the rapid spread of this virus, the Government of India imposed a nationwide lockdown in four phases. Lockdown, due to COVID-19 pandemic, resulted a decline in pollution in India in general and in dense cities in particular. Data on key air quality indicators were collected, imputed, and compiled for the period 1st August 2018 to 31st May 2020 for India's four megacities, namely Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Hyderabad. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model and machine learning technique e.g. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with the inclusion of lockdown dummy in both the models have been applied to examine the impact of anthropogenic activity on air quality parameters. The number of indicators having significant lockdown dummy are six (PM2.5, PM10, NOx, CO, benzene, and AQI), five (PM2.5, PM10, NOx, SO2 and benzene), five (PM10, NOx, CO, benzene and AQI) and three (PM2.5, PM10, and AQI) for Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Hyderabad respectively. It was also observed that the prediction accuracy significantly improved when a lockdown dummy was incorporated. The highest reduction in Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) is found for CO in Hyderabad (28.98%) followed by the NOx in Delhi (28.55%). Overall, it can be concluded that there is a significant decline in the value of air quality parameters in the lockdown period as compared to the same time phase in the previous year. Insights from the COVID-19 pandemic will help to achieve significant improvement in ambient air quality while keeping economic growth in mind.

Insights into the effects of tea pruning litter biochar on major micronutrients (Cu, Mn, and Zn) pathway from soil to tea plant: An environmental armour.

A field study was conducted from 0 to 360 days to investigate the effect of tea pruning litter biochar (TPLBC) on the accumulation of major micronutrients (copper: Cu, manganese: Mn, and zinc: Zn) in soil, their uptake by tea plant (clone: S.3 A/3) and level of contamination in soil due to TPLBC. To evaluate the level of contamination due to TPLBC, a soil pollution assessment was carried out using the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), potential ecological risk factor (PERF), individual contamination factor (ICF), and risk assessment code (RAC). The total content of Cu, Mn, and Zn gradually increased with increasing doses of TPLBC at 0D, and then decreased with time. The fractionation of the three micronutrients in soil changed after the application of TPLBC. The contamination risk assessment of soil for Cu, Mn, and Zn based on the Igeo, EF, CF, PERF,ICF, and RAC suggested that the application of TPLBC does not have any adverse effect on soil. Except for Mn, the bioconcentration and translocation factors were less than one for Cu and Zn. Results from this study revealed that the application of 400 kg TPLBC ha-1 is significantly better than the other treatments for Cu, Mn, and Zn at a 5% level of significance.

Tea pruning litter biochar amendment in soil reduces arsenic, cadmium, and chromium in made tea (Camellia sinensis L.) and tea infusion: A safe drink for tea consumers.

Effect of tea pruning litter biochar (TPLBC) on arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) content in made tea and successive tea infusions were investigated in a greenhouse experiment with two tea cultivars (TV23 and S.3A/3). Made tea prepared from TV23 and S.3A/3 clone, a decrease in the concentration of As, Cd, and Cr by 36.73%, 16.22%, 13.96%, and 36.63%, 27.78%, 10.54%, respectively over control on the application of the highest dose of TPLBC (500 kg TPLBC ha-1). Irrespective of treatments, studied element concentrations were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) in the first infusion and lower in the third. Considering Ten g made tea consumption per person per day, the maximum average daily intakes of As, Cd and Cr in a higher dose of TPLBC were far below the tolerable weekly intake prescribed by the World Health Organization. As hazard quotient values of selected elements were ≪ 1, no significant adverse health consequences are expected for tea consumers.

Boosting nitrogen fertilization by a slow releasing nitrate-intercalated biocompatible layered double hydroxide-hydrogel composite loaded with Azospirillum brasilense.

Indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers leads to soil environmental disbalance and therefore, preparation and application of environment-friendly slow-release multifunctional fertilizers are of paramount importance for sustainable crop production in the present scenario. In this study, we propose a slow-release multifunctional composite nitrogen (N) fertilizer, which possesses the ability to supply plant accessible N in the form of ammonium (NH4 +) and nitrate (NO3 -) to improve nitrate assimilation coupled with zinc (Zn, a major micronutrient for plants in the soil) after its degradation. For this purpose, NO3 --intercalated zinc-aluminum (Zn-Al) layered double hydroxide (LDH) was synthesized using a co-precipitation protocol. The prepared LDH was added as 25.45% of total polymer weight to a sodium carboxymethyl cellulose/hydroxyethyl cellulose citric acid (NaCMC/HEC-CA) biodegradable hydrogel. A. brasilense, commonly used nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soils, was added to the LDH-hydrogel composite along with LDH alone to augment the availability of NH4 + and NO3 -. Adjusting the pH under acidic (pH 5.25) and neutral (pH 7) conditions, the release pattern of NO3 - from LDH and the composite was monitored for 30 days at normal temperature. The pH was selected based on the soil analysis data of North East India. The LDH-composite released 90% (w/w) and 85.45% (w/w) of intercalated NO3 - at pH 5.25 and 7.00 respectively in 30 days. However, 100% (w/w) and 87% (w/w) of intercalated NO3 - at pH 5.25 and 7.00 respectively were released in 30 days when only LDH was applied, which indicated the lower performance of LDH alone in comparison to the LDH-composite for the nitrate holding pattern. The pH of the bacteria-loaded system was observed to be acidic (pH = 5-6) during the study of nitrate assimilation and Zn2+ release. A. brasilense improved nitrate assimilation and increased the NH4 + ion concentration in the studied system. A significant increase in Zn2+ release was observed from day 5 in the presence of A. brasilense in the LDH-composite compared with that in the absence of A. brasilense. In conclusion, the prepared LDH-hydrogel-A. brasilense composite fertilizer system increases the availability of plant accessible N form (both NO3 - and NH4 +) and can potentially improve soil fertility with the addition of Zn and bacteria to the soil in the extended course.

Sick or rich: Assessing the selected soil properties and fertility status across the tea-growing region of Dooars, West Bengal, India.

Harnessing the potential yields of evergreen perennial crops like tea (Camellia sinensis L.) essentially requires the application of optimum doses of nutrients based on the soil test reports. In the present study, the soil pH, organic carbon (OC), available potassium as K2O (AK), and available sulphur (AS) of 7300 soil samples from 115 tea estates spread over the Dooars ranging from 88°52'E to 89°86'E longitude and 26°45'N to 27°00'N latitude of West Bengal, India have been documented. About 54% of soil samples were found within the optimum range of soil pH (4.50-5.50) for tea cultivation. The overall range of OC was found from 0.28% to 6.00% of which, 94% of the analyzed samples were within the range of satisfactory to excellent level of OC i.e. (>0.80% to 6.00%). Around 36.3% of soil samples were found to have high AK (>100 mg kg-1) but 37.1% of soils were found to have high AS content (>40 mg kg-1). The nutrient index status of soil pH was low in Dam Dim, Chulsa, Nagrakata, Binnaguri, and Jainti sub-districts. Soils from five sub-districts had a high nutrient index (2.47 to 2.83) for soil organic carbon. However, it existed in the medium index (1.69 and 2.22) for Dalgaon and Kalchini sub-districts. Only Nagrakata sub-district soil samples were in the high nutrient index (2.65) for AK. All analyzed samples showed a medium nutrient index (1.97 to 2.27) for AS. The result indicated that soil pH was significantly negatively correlated with soil OC (-0.336) and AK (-0.174). However, the soil OC was significantly positive correlated with AK (0.258) and AS (0.100). It could be concluded that a balanced fertilizer application would be needed as a part of the soil improvement program through soil chemical tests for sustainable tea cultivation.

Impact of processing method on selected trace elements content of green tea: Does CTC green tea infusion possess risk towards human health?

This study reported the content of selected metals, viz. cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) as well as non-carcinogenic risks of orthodox green tea and CTC (crush, tear and curl) green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) in India. Results revealed that significantly higher amount of Cr (1.26-10.48 mg kg-1), Cu (13.40-22.73 mg kg-1), Fe (54.14-99.65 mg kg-1), Ni (3.43-7.09 mg kg-1), and Zn (25.04-38.04 mg kg-1) in CTC green tea than orthodox one. However, no definite trend was observed for Cd and Pb, with overall contents ranged from 6.68 to 23.32 µg kg-1 and 0.04 to 0.13 mg kg-1, respectively. The extraction of the elements in tea infusion was higher for CTC green tea. The hazard quotient and hazard index values of all the studied metals were less than unity, confirming no significant health effect for consumers assuming drinking of 750 mL tea infusion prepared from 10 g green tea per day per person.

Biochar amendment reduced the risk associated with metal uptake and improved metabolite content in medicinal herbs.

Contaminations of heavy metals such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in medicinal plants (MPs) not only restrict their safe consumption due to health hazards but also lower their productivity. Biochar amendments in the soil are supposed to immobilize the toxic metals, improve the soil quality and agricultural productivity. However, the impact of biochar on growth attributes, metal accumulation, pharmacologically active compounds of MPs, and health risk is less explored. An experiment was performed on three medicinal plants (Bacopa monnieri (L.), Andrographis paniculata (Burmf.) Nees, and Withaniasomnifera (L.)) grown in a greenhouse in soil co-contaminated with Pb and Cd (at two concentrations) without and with biochar amendments (2 and 4% application rates). The fractionation of Pb and Cd, plant growth parameters, stress enzymes, photosynthetic capacity, pharmacologically active compounds, nutrient content, uptake and translocation of metals, antioxidant activities, and metabolite content were examined in the three MPs. The accumulation of Pb and Cd varied from 3.25-228 mg kg1 and 1.29-20.2 mg kg-1 , respectively, in the three MPs, while it was reduced to 0.08-18 mg kg-1 and 0.03-6.05 mg kg-1 upon biochar treatments. Plants grown in Pb and Cd co-contaminated soil had reduced plant biomass (5-50% depending on the species) compared to control and a deleterious effect on photosynthetic attributes and protein content. However, biochar amendments significantly improved plant biomass (21-175%), as well as photosynthesis attributes, chlorophyll, and protein contents. Biochar amendments in Pb and Cd co-contaminated soil significantly reduced the health hazard quotient (HQ) estimated for the consumption of these medicinal herbs grown on metal-rich soil. An enhancement in secondary metabolite content and antioxidant properties was also observed upon biochar treatments. These multiple beneficial effects of biochar supplementation in Pb and Cd co-contaminated soil suggested that a biochar amendment is a sustainable approach for the safe cultivation of MPs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Changes in major catechins, caffeine, and antioxidant activity during CTC processing of black tea from North East India.

Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) leaves undergo complex chemical transformations during black tea processing. However, the dynamic chemical changes during tea processing have not been explored in popular cultivars of North East India. In this study, changes in catechins, caffeine, total polyphenol (TP) and formation of theaflavins were examined throughout the different stages of CTC (curl, tear and crush) black tea processing based on UPLC metabolomic analysis along with antioxidant activity for eight cultivars viz. S.3A/3, TV1, TV7, TV9, TV17, TV22, TV23 and TV25. The results demonstrated that the most prolific changes were observed after complete maceration of tea leaves. The total catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and (-)-epicatechin gallate levels decreased by 96, 97 and 89%, respectively as the processing progressed from fresh leaves to black tea. The TP level decreased by 26 to 37% throughout the processing path. The caffeine content increased by 18% during processing. The total theaflavin reached the highest level at 20 min of fermentation and then decreased by 13 to 36% at 40 min. Cultivar TV23 and S.3A/3 had a high content of total theaflavin with 17.9 and 16.9 mg g-1, respectively. The antioxidant activity was observed to be decreased by 31% for the black tea as compared to fresh leaves. It is also observed that the total phenolic content exerted a greater effect on antioxidant activity rather than catechins and theaflavins. This study provides an insightful observation of black tea processing which will immensely help in improving the quality of processed tea.

Assessment of mobility and environmental risks associated with copper, manganese and zinc in soils of a dumping site around a Ramsar site.

This study reports the environmental fate and ecological hazard of the three heavy metals (HMs), viz. copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) in soil influenced by municipal solid waste (MSW) dumping. The experimental site is situated in the vicinity of Deepor Beel, a Ramsar site located in Guwahati, India. This study assessed (i) the distribution pattern of Cu, Mn and Zn in six geochemical fractionations; (ii) the mobility, bioavailability and toxicity of Cu, Mn and Zn based on eight contamination and ecological indices, and (iii) the impact of Cu, Mn and Zn on soil quality. Altogether, 18 soil samples were collected and analysed from the study site using stratified random sampling. Pollution indices and multivariate statistics were applied on the data to identify the level and source of analysed HMs. Sequential extraction has revealed that the binding strength of Cu, Mn and Zn had a uniform trend. Mobility and potential bioavailability of studied HMs were in the order Mn > Cu > Zn. Analysed HMs were dominantly associated with non-bioavailable fractions. The observed low values of various contamination factors indicated the lesser contamination load posed by these metals. Conversely, their high enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index values indicated the sources of these metals were anthropogenic. Overall, the pollution and ecological indices registered lower contamination. Yet, it would be prudent to adopt efficient MSW management strategies for eliminating any future risk emanating out of this dumping site and posing threat to nearby Deepor Beel and its associated flora and fauna.

Temperature effect on biochar produced from tea (Camellia sinensis L.) pruning litters: A comprehensive treatise on physico-chemical and statistical approaches.

The present study aimed to optimize the production of biochar from tea (Camellia sinensis L.) pruning litter. Characterization of biochar prepared from four tea pruning litters (mixed, Tocklai Vegetative 1, 22 and 25) at five pyrolysis temperatures (250, 300, 350, 400, 450, and 500 °C for 3 h) were documented. The results demonstrated that yield, total nitrogen, H:C, and O:C decreased steadily with increasing pyrolysis temperature. However, water holding capacity, ash content, fixed carbon, C:N, NH4+-N, NO3--N, trace elements, total P and K, and germination index increased consistently with increasing pyrolysis temperature. All the prepared biochars are suitable for agriculture application as H:C and O:C ratios of prepared biochars are <0.6 and <0.4, respectively. Low pyrolysis temperature (<300 °C) was optimal to get more stable biochar with respect to essential nutrients. Biochar derived from Tocklai Vegetative 1 at 300 °C has more potential for agronomic applications. Principal component analysis showed >96% variability.

The Inorganic Component as a Possible Marker for Quality and for Authentication of the Hazelnut's Origin.

The inorganic component of hazelnuts was considered as a possible marker for geographical allocation and for the assessment of technological impact on their quality. The analyzed samples were Italian hazelnuts of the cultivar Tonda Gentile Romana and Turkish hazelnuts of the cultivars Tombul, Palaz and Çakildak. The hazelnuts were subjected to different drying procedures and different conservative methods. The concentration of 13 elements, namely Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Sn, Sr and Zn, were quantified by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). All the samples were previously digested in a microwave oven. Before proceeding with the analysis of the samples, the whole procedure was optimized and tested on a certified reference material. The results show that the inorganic component: (i) can represent a fingerprint, able to identify the geographical origin of hazelnuts, becoming an important quality marker for consumer protection; (ii) is strongly influenced by the treatments undergone by the investigated product during all the processing stages. A pilot study was also carried out on hazelnuts of the cultivar Tonda Gentile Trilobata Piemontese, directly harvested from the plant during early development to maturity and analyzed to monitor the element concentration over time.

Contents of Chromium and Arsenic in Tea (Camellia sinensis L.): Extent of Transfer into Tea Infusion and Health Consequence.

Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is the most popular beverage in the world after water. Due to acidophilic nature of tea plant, it has inherent tendency to uptake metals/metalloids including the toxic ones from the soil which is of great concern worldwide. In this study, level of chromium (Cr) and arsenic (As) were assessed in four hundred ninety-seven (497) black tea samples collected from six tea growing regions of Assam and North Bengal, India. The average concentration of Cr and As in the tested black tea samples was 10.33 and 0.11 µg g-1, respectively. Since tea is consumed as a beverage, transfer of Cr and As from black tea to its hot water extract (also known as tea infusion) was also accessed. The amount of Cr and As determined in the tea infusion was much less (< 0.20 to 1.38 µg g-1 for Cr and < 3.60 to 34.79 µg kg-1 for As) than those in the black teas with the transfer rate up to 5.96% and 8.53%, respectively. The present study showed that values of hazard quotient were well below one suggesting that intake of Cr and As from consumption of five cups of tea equivalent to 10 g black tea would not impose any health hazard.

Quality characteristics of infusion and health consequences: a comparative study between orthodox and CTC green teas.

The present study compares the effects of two green tea processing techniques, viz. orthodox and CTC (curl, tear and crush) on the quality parameters and sensory profiles under the geographical and climatic conditions of Assam, India. The results showed that CTC green tea infusions had 13.3, 7.5, 7.1, 9.8, 5.4, 17.3, 17.1 and 18.6% more total polyphenol, total catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epicatechin (EC), water extract and theanine level, respectively than the infusions prepared from orthodox green tea. The sensory evaluation preferred the orthodox over CTC processing mode. Risk assessment with daily consumption of five cups (10 g) of green tea reveals that the EGCG level is free from the risk of hepatotoxicity and caffeine will not inflict any health hazard.

Disentanglement of the secrets of aluminium in acidophilic tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.) influenced by organic and inorganic amendments.

Field experiment was carried out for four years in mature tea (Camellia sinensis L.) growing plot to investigate the impacts of different doses of inorganic and organic fertilizers on aluminium (Al) distribution pattern in soil and different parts of tea plant, leaf pigment concentration, gas exchange parameters, as well as the yield of tea. Results indicated that application of 6 × 103 kg compost ha-1 significantly increased the dry matter yields of tea. Pluckable shoot of tea plant were markedly stimulated in the presence of Al irrespective of treatment imposed. Furthermore, Al induced growth stimulation in tea plant was facilitated by higher photosynthesis rate as well as gas exchange parameters. For the present experiment, Tea Research Association Heavy Metal Contamination Index (TRAHMCI) decreases with increase the fertilizer dose and all the experimental soils were found non-polluted with respect to Al. Localization of Al in the root apex predominantly accumulated in the cortex. The translocation of Al from root to shoot was driven by the gradient in hydrostatic pressure and water potential. In all tea infusions influenced by different treatments, Al concentrations were within the maximum permissible limit of Al in drinking water by Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA, 2 mg kg-1 bw-1) and the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) established by EFSA (European Food Safety Authority, 1 mg kg-1 bw-1). Application of stepwise multiple regression model indicates that around 75% of the variability in the yield of the crop can be expressed by the selected parameters under study. The Hierarchical cluster analysis reveals that two homogenous groups of treatment can be formed based on all the studied parameters.