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Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by knee cartilage degeneration and secondary bone hyperplasia, resulting in pain, stiffness, and gait disturbance. The relationship between knee OA and neurodegenerative diseases is still unclear. This study used an Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse model to observe whether osteoarthritis accelerates dementia progression by analyzing brain histology and neuroinflammation. Knee OA was induced by destabilizing the medial meniscus (DMM) in control (WT) and AD (5xFAD) mice before pathological symptoms. Mouse knee joints were scanned with a micro-CT scanner. A sham operation was used as control. Motor and cognitive abilities were tested after OA induction. Neurodegeneration, ß-amyloid plaque formation, and neuroinflammation were analyzed by immunostaining, Western blotting, and RT-PCR in brain tissues. Compared with sham controls, OA in AD mice increased inflammatory cytokine levels in brain tissues. Furthermore, OA significantly increased ß-amyloid deposition and neuronal loss in AD mice compared to sham controls. In conclusion, knee OA accelerated amyloid plaque deposition and neurodegeneration in AD-OA mice, suggesting that OA is a risk factor for AD.
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla , Animales , Ratones , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/complicaciones , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/patología , Péptidos beta-Amiloides , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Enfermedades Neuroinflamatorias , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla/complicaciones , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla/patología , Placa Amiloide/complicacionesRESUMEN
The importance of developing a hardmask with excellent performance, and physical and chemical properties to utilize in long-term etching is spotlighted due to the acceleration of development in high-density semiconductors. To develop such a hardmask, amorphous carbon hardmasks doped with various concentrations of N were fabricated with a DC magnetron sputtering system using varying inert gas (Ar to N2) ratios. In contrast to the expectation that doped nitrogen would block the permeation of fluorine and improve the etch resistance, as the nitrogen concentration increased, the selectivity of the doped amorphous carbon films decreased. To understand this degradation with increasing nitrogen concentration, systematic X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), radial distribution function (RDF), and X-ray reflectometry (XRR) analyses were conducted. In this study, we found that as the amount of nitrogen increased, the density of the film decreased, and the amount of pyridinic and pyrrolic nitrogen bonds with low formation energy increased. In contrast, based on time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) analysis of etched nitrogen-doped amorphous carbon films, the penetration depth of fluorine ions from the etchant decreased as the amount of nitrogen increased. Therefore, in order to develop an excellent hardmask using amorphous carbon, it is important to increase the density of the film and the nitrogen concentration in the film while lowering the ratio of pyrrolic N to pyridinic N, i.e., increasing the ratio of graphitic N.
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The popliteal artery damage is present to range from 1.6% to 64% of patients with knee dislocation, and it is crucial to evaluate vascular damage even if there are no prominent ischemic changes in the distal area. The injury of the popliteal artery by high-energy forces around the knee caused by a fall or traffic accident is a potentially limb-threatening complication in traumatic knee dislocation. The popliteal artery injury by blunt trauma has a high risk of limb amputation because the initial symptoms can show normal vascular circulation without urgent ischemia or obvious vascular injury signs. Since the collateral branches can delay the symptoms of decisive ischemia or pulseless extremity, the vascular damage is a major cause of limb amputation. In the present study, we describe a rare case of delayed diagnosis of popliteal artery injury after traumatic knee dislocation, requiring urgent limb revascularization surgery. After revascularization of the occluded popliteal artery, graft interposition was performed, and successful restoration was confirmed. This case illustrates that, even if ankle-brachial index >0.9 or equal pedal pulse to the uninjured extremity, serial vascular evaluation is required if there are soft signs such as diminished pulses, neurologic signs, or high-energy damage such as multiple ligament ruptures since delayed diagnosis of artery injury can be the major cause of limb amputation. The clinicians need to regard high-energy trauma such as multiple ligament rupture around the knee as a hard sign, and immediate computed tomography angiography can be helpful for accurate diagnosis and treatment.
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PURPOSE: (1) To analyze three-dimensional (3D) morphologic features of atypical femur fracture at actual size without projection error; and (2) to provide clinical implications of cephalomedullary nail (CMN) fixation by separating the medullary canal and the cortex. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-nine atypical femurs (opposite non-fractured femurs) were reconstructed as 3D models with medullary canal by importing CT data into Mimics® software. A reference line was drawn from the tip of the greater trochanter to the center of the intercondylar notch and used for classifying bowing grade according to the centerline of medulla. Proximal and distal straight lines (length of 60 mm, diameter of 1 mm) were placed in the centerline of medulla. Acute angles between the two straight lines were measured as lateral and anterior bowing. The acute angle by straight line and reference line was measured as proximal and distal bowing in both AP and lateral view. The diameter of curve (DOC) of medulla along the posterior border was measured. RESULTS: The anterior bowing of all femur on lateral view was an average of 13.82° (range, 6.2°-31.1°, SD 3.91), and the values of proximal and distal anterior bowing were an average of 7.82° (range, 2.7°-14.3°, SD 2.23) and 6.0° (range, 2.2°-16.8°, SD 2.31), respectively. The lateral bowing of all femur on AP view was an average of 5.49° (range, 0.1°-17.3°, SD 4.48), and the values of proximal and distal anterior bowing were an average of 3.64° (range, 0.1°-11.3°, SD 2.70) and 2.48° (range, 0-7.4°, SD 1.98), respectively. The medullary canal was changed to be straightened and more bowed anteriorly. Concerning the lateral bowing grade of entire diaphysis, it was grade -I for 15 femurs, grade 0 for 21 femurs, grade I for nine femurs, grade II for five femurs, and grade III for nine femurs. Regarding anterior bowing grade, it was grade II for 14 femurs and grade III for 45 femurs. The average diameter of medullary canal was 1276.3 ± 232.25 mm. CONCLUSION: Asian atypical femur had three morphologic features: (1) straightened medullary canal, (2) positive values of lateral bowing, and (3) significantly increased ante-curvature of medullary canal. Considering that conventional CMN had about 4° of mediolateral angle, the disparity between implant and medullary canal might be clear. Thus, new nail design for Asian atypical femur that could increase the radius of curve (ROC) but decrease the mediolateral angle needs to be introduced.
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Fijación Intramedular de Fracturas , Humanos , Fijación Intramedular de Fracturas/métodos , Clavos Ortopédicos , Fémur/diagnóstico por imagen , Fémur/cirugía , Fémur/anatomía & histología , Diáfisis , Extremidad InferiorRESUMEN
Posterior lumbar fusion is a safe and effective surgical method for diseases, such as lumbar stenosis, spondylolisthesis, lumbar instability, spinal deformity, and tumor. Pedicle screw (PS) fixation was first introduced by Bouche and has been adopted as the gold standard for posterior lumbar fusion. Santoni and colleagues introduced a new methodological screw insertion technique that uses a cortical bone trajectory (CBT), described as that from a medial to lateral path in the transverse axial plane and caudal to the cephalad path in the sagittal plane through the pedicle for maximum contact of the screw with the cortical bone. Owing to the lower invasiveness, superior cortical bone contact, and reduced neurovascular injury incidence, the CBT technique has been widely used in posterior lumbar fusion; however, these advantages have not been proven in clinical/radiological and biomechanical studies. We designed the present study to review the existing evidence and evaluate the merit of CBT screw fixation. Six electronic databases were searched for relevant articles published in August 2020 using the search terms "cortical bone trajectory," "CBT spine," "CBT fixation," "cortical pedicle screws," and "cortical screws." Studies were analyzed and divided into the following groups: "biomechanics investigation," "surgical technique," and "clinical/radiological studies." Most studies compared CBT and PS fixation, and the CBT screw fixation method showed better or similar outcomes.
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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to verify the practicability of the cortical bone trajectory (CBT) method by comparing the clinical outcomes including the complications between the CBT method and pedicle screws (PSs). METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), web of Science, and SCOPUS electronic databases were searched for relevant articles published through March 2021 that compared the outcomes of the CBT and PSs. The data search, extraction, analysis, and quality assessment were performed according to the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines. The clinical and radiological outcomes of both techniques were evaluated using various outcome measures. RESULTS: Sixteen studies with a total of 1173 patients were included in the study. The outcomes in the meta-analysis indicated that the use of CBT fixation showed better results for overall complications (P < 0.0001), symptomatic adjacent segment disease (sASD) (P = 0.007), superior facet joint violation (SFJV) rate (P = 0.007), operating time (P = 0.007), intraoperative blood loss (P < 0.00001), incision length (P = 0.002), length of hospital stay (P = 0.0006), and revision rates (P = 0.02). However, there were no statistically significant differences in fusion rates or detailed complications including hardware complications, wound infections (all P > 0.05) between the CBT method and PS fixation groups. CONCLUSIONS: The present study revealed that the CBT method was associated with higher functional recovery, lower surgical morbidity rates, lower revision rates, and lower overall complication rates including sASD and SFJV rates. However, both the CBT method and PSs had similar fusion rates, complications including hardware complications (screw malposition, screw loosening, and screw pullout) and wound infections. Thus, the CBT method did not outperform the PSs in all aspects. Therefore, it is recommended to select a surgical method in consideration of the patient's bone mineral density, the condition of the pars interarticularis, or the skill level of the surgeon. Prognostic evaluation through long-term follow-up is required, and more high-quality randomized controlled trials are required to verify and strengthen our results. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, Therapeutic Study.
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Tornillos Pediculares , Fusión Vertebral , Hueso Cortical/diagnóstico por imagen , Hueso Cortical/cirugía , Humanos , Vértebras Lumbares/cirugía , Fusión Vertebral/efectos adversos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to perform a meta-analysis comparing biomechanical and clinical outcomes between anterior-only and combined anterior and posterior fusions to determine which method of cervical fusion yielded better results for unstable cervical injuries. METHODS: The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science and SCOPUS electronic databases were searched for relevant articles published through 2000-2019 that compared the biomechanical and clinical outcomes of anterior-only and combined anterior and posterior fusion for unstable cervical fracture. RESULTS: Eight biomechanical and four clinical studies were included in the analysis. There were significant biomechanical differences between the groups with respect to flexion-extension, axial rotation and lateral bending. Combined fusion provided better biomechanical stability for unstable cervical injuries than anterior-only fusion, regardless of the number of corpectomies or the presence of a posterior column injury. However, despite significant biomechanical differences, there were no significant differences in clinical outcomes, such as the degree of neurologic improvement and complications between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Anterior-only and combined anterior and posterior fusions for unstable subaxial cervical injuries can both restore cervical stability. Although combined fusion might have some advantages in terms of stability biomechanically, there were no significant differences in clinical outcomes, such as the degree of neurologic improvement and perioperative complications. Therefore, rather than the routine use of combined fusion for unstable cervical injuries, the selective use of anterior-only or combined fusion according to the type of injury is recommended.
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Inestabilidad de la Articulación , Fusión Vertebral , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Vértebras Cervicales/cirugía , Humanos , Inestabilidad de la Articulación/cirugía , Rango del Movimiento Articular , RotaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Of the many issues regarding surgical techniques related to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), single-bundle (SB) or double-bundle (DB) ACLR is one of the most debated topics. However, it is unclear which of the techniques yields better outcomes after ACLR for ACL injury. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to compare the benefits of SB versus DB ACLR in terms of biomechanical outcomes. METHODS: The electronic databases MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for relevant articles comparing the outcomes of SB-ACLR versus DB-ACLR that were published until November 2019. RESULTS: Seventeen biomechanical studies were included. The anterior laxity measured using the anterior drawer test showed significantly better results in DB-ACLR when compared with SB-ACLR. In addition, outcomes of the anterior tibial translation test under a simulated pivot shift presented with better results at low flexion and 30° in DB-ACLR, compared with SB-ACLR. However, there were no significant biomechanical differences between the groups in internal rotation. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that both techniques for ACLR are associated with restoration of normal knee kinematics. DB-ACLR is superior to SB-ACLR in terms of restoration of anteroposterior stability. However, which technique yields better improvement in internal rotation laxity, and internal rotation laxity under a simulated pivot shift at a specific angle, remains unclear. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: This is a level II meta-analysis.
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We present a new approach based on static density functional theory (DFT) to describe paramagnetic manganese oxides, representative paramagnetic Mott insulators. We appended spin noncollinearity and a canonical ensemble to the magnetic sampling method (MSM), which is one of the supercell approaches based on the disordered local moment model. The combination of the noncollinear MSM (NCMSM) with DFT+U represents a highly favorable computational method called NCMSM+U to accurately determine the paramagnetic properties of MnO with moderate numerical cost. The effects of electron correlations and spin noncollinearity on the properties of MnO were also investigated. We found that the spin noncollinearity plays an important role in determining the detailed electronic profile and precise energetics of paramagnetic MnO. Our results illustrate that the NCMSM+U approach may be used for insulating materials as an alternative to the ab initio framework of dynamic mean field theory based on DFT in the simulation of the room-temperature paramagnetic properties.
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BACKGROUND: Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a tragic event that has a major impact on individuals and society as well as the healthcare system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the strength of association between surgical treatment timing and neurological improvement. METHODS: Fifty-six patients with neurological impairment due to traumatic SCI were included in this study. From January 2013 to June 2017, all their medical records were reviewed. Initially, to identify the factors affecting the recovery of neurological deficit after an acute SCI, we performed univariate logistic regression analyses for various variables. Then, we performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis for variables that showed a p-value of < 0.2 in the univariate analyses. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test was used to determine the goodness of fit for the multivariate logistic regression model. RESULTS: In the univariate analysis on the strength of associations between various factors and neurological improvement, the following factors had a p-value of < 0.2: surgical timing (early, < 8 hours; late, 8-24 hours; p = 0.033), completeness of SCI (complete/incomplete; p = 0.033), and smoking (p = 0.095). In the multivariate analysis, only two variables were significant: surgical timing (odds ratio [OR], 0.128; p = 0.004) and completeness of SCI (OR, 9.611; p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Early surgical decompression within 8 hours after traumatic SCI appeared to improve neurological recovery. Furthermore, incomplete SCI was more closely related to favorable neurological improvement than complete SCI. Therefore, we recommend early decompression as an effective treatment for traumatic SCI.
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Descompresión Quirúrgica/estadística & datos numéricos , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/cirugía , Adulto , Anciano , Análisis de Varianza , Disfunción Cognitiva/epidemiología , Descompresión Quirúrgica/efectos adversos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/epidemiología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/epidemiología , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/fisiopatología , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Epidural steroid injection is one of the most commonly used non-surgical treatments for degenerative lumbar vertebral disease. Its use has increased as degenerative lumbar vertebral disease has increased in frequency. Concomitant complications are being reported more often. In this report, we report a rare case of iatrogenic hemorrhagic cyst following epidural steroid injection. The patient underwent operative treatment with complete resolution of his symptoms.
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Ganglión , Hemorragia , Inyecciones Epidurales/efectos adversos , Laminectomía/métodos , Anciano , Descompresión Quirúrgica/métodos , Disección/métodos , Femenino , Ganglión/diagnóstico , Ganglión/etiología , Ganglión/fisiopatología , Ganglión/cirugía , Glucocorticoides/administración & dosificación , Hemorragia/diagnóstico , Hemorragia/etiología , Hemorragia/cirugía , Humanos , Inyecciones Epidurales/métodos , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/terapia , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/terapia , Región Lumbosacra , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.
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PURPOSE: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is one of the most common injuries that occur in the knee, and ACL reconstruction (ACLR) is commonly performed for preventing aggravation of degenerative changes and restoring of knee stability in young, athletic patients. This meta-analysis has a purpose of evaluating the clinical and arthrometrical outcomes of ACLR in a group of middle age patients (40 years and older) and comparing with patients under 40 years of age. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and SCOPUS electronic databases were searched for relevant articles comparing the outcomes of ACLR between younger and older than 40 years of age until December 2016. Data searching, extraction, analysis, and quality assessment were performed based on the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines. Clinical outcomes were evaluated and compared between groups. The results were presented as mean difference for continuous outcomes with 95% confidence intervals whereas risk ratio for binary outcomes. RESULTS: Seven studies were included in the meta-analysis. Based on International Knee Documentation Committee classification, side-to-side difference, Tegner activity score, Lysholm knee score, there were no significant clinical and mechanical differences between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis confirmed that after ACLR, middle age (ï¼40 years) and young age (ï¼40 years) patients did not present with significant difference in clinical and arthrometric results.
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High-mobility indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) are achieved through low-temperature crystallization enabled via a reaction with a transition metal catalytic layer. For conventional amorphous IGZO TFTs, the active layer crystallizes at thermal annealing temperatures of 600 °C or higher, which is not suitable for displays using a glass substrate. The crystallization temperature is reduced when in contact with a Ta layer, where partial crystallization at the IGZO back-channel occurs with annealing at 300 °C, while complete crystallization of the active layer occurs at 400 °C. The field-effect mobility is significantly boosted to 54.0 cm2/V·s for the IGZO device with a metal-induced polycrystalline channel formed at 300 °C compared to 18.1 cm2/V·s for an amorphous IGZO TFT without a catalytic layer. This work proposes a facile and effective route to enhance device performance by crystallizing the IGZO layer with standard annealing temperatures, without the introduction of expensive laser irradiation processes.
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A three-dimensional feed-horn antenna for the 10-microm-wavelength infrared region has been suggested, characterized, and fabricated. It is applied to an infrared detector for efficient collection of infrared radiation and to reduce background noise. The optimum size of the horn antenna was designed for maximum antenna directivity. The three-dimensional feed-horn antenna mold was fabricated by rotating and tilting illumination, whereas the antenna plate was acquired through electroplating. Antenna characteristics were measured by coupling of the antenna with a microbolometer. Measurement results show that the directivity of the antenna is 16.1 dB and the background noise is reduced by a factor of approximately 2 compared with an open-structure infrared detector.